Leona

Melodia T. Matheus, MD, FPCS, FPSGS

MUSCLES OF ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE ACTION
THE SCALP SUPPLY
Frontalis Galea Skin & SQ of Temporal br. Act together to draw
aponeurotica eyebrows & of Facial nerve scalp back, raises
forehead eyebrows, and
Occipitalis Lateral 2/3 of Galea Post. auricular wrinkles forehead
Supr. nuchal aponeurotica br. of Facial (expression of
line nerve surprise)

Frontalis

Occipitalis
EXTRINSIC ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE ACTION
EAR MUSCLES SUPPLY
Auricularis Ant. part of Projection on Temporal br. Draws ear
anterior temporal fascia front of helix of Facial n. forward
Auricularis Temporal Cranial portion Temporal br. Draws ear
superior fascia of auricle of Facial n. upward
Auricularis Mastoid Lower part of Post. auricular Draws ear
posterior process cranial portion br. of Facial n. backward
of auricle

Auricularis
superior

Auricularis
anterior Auricularis
posterior

MUSCLES OF ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE ACTION
THE EYELIDS SUPPLY

Orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part Medial palpebral Lateral Temporal & Closes eyelids gently
raphe palpebral Zygomatic
Orbital part Medial palpebral raphe branches Closes eyelids
ligament and Loops return of Facial n. tightly (as in
adjoining bone to origin winking)

Corrugator Medial end of Skin above Temporal br.

Draws eyebrows
supercilii superciliary arch middle of of Facial n. downward & medialward
superciliary (concern or worry)
arch

Corrugator supercilii

Orbicularis oculi
Orbital part
Palpebral part
MUSCLES OF THE NOSE

Buccal br.
(anger or exertion)

(distaste or dislike)

Procerus

Nasalis

Dilator
naris
 Levator labii
superioris
alaque nasi

Levator labii
superioris
Risoriuis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
minor
Zygomaticus Depressor anguli oris
major
Depressor labii
Mentalis inferioris
Temporalis

O – temporal fossa
I – coronoid process
NS – Mandibular n.
(Deep temporal br.)
A – Closes jaw; retracts
mandible
Masseter

O – zygomatic arch
I – ramus of mandible
NS – Mandibular n.
(Masseteric br.)
A – closes jaw; protracts
mandible
Medial pterygoid

O – superf head:
tuberosity of maxilla
deep head: lat
pterygoid plate
I – angle of mandible
NS – Mandibular n.
(Med. Pterygoid br.)
A – closes jaw
Lateral pterygoid

O – upper head: greater

wing of sphenoid
lower head: lat.
pterygoid plate
I – neck of mandible
NS – Lat. Pterygoid n.
A – pulls neck of mandible forward
with articular disc (opens jaw)
Levator palpebrae superioris
O – lesser wing of sphenoid
I – superior tarsal plate and
skin through aponeurosis
NS – oculomotor nerve
A – raises upper lid

“PTOSIS” = lagging of the lid
—  Common origin – Common tendinous ring
surrounding the optic canal
—  Insertion – Sclera
—  NS – oculomotor except lateral rectus (abducent)
—  Action – SR : up & medially
IR : down & medially
MR : medially
LR : laterally
 Supr. rectus

Infr. rectus

Supr. rectus
Lat. rectus
Med. rectus

Infr. rectus
—  Superior Oblique Supr. oblique

O – body of sphenoid
I – sclera
NS – trochlear nerve
A – down and lateral Infr. oblique

—  Inferior oblique
Supr. oblique
O – floor of orbit
I – sclera below infr.
rectus
NS – oculomotor nerve
A – up and lateral Infr. oblique
MUSCLES OF THE AUDITORY OSSICLES

Tensor tympani

Stapedius
Palatoglossus

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus
MUSCLES ORIGIN ACTION

Hyoglossus Body & greater cornu of Flattens the tongue, approximating
hyoid bone dorsum to hyoid bone

Genioglossus Mental spine, above Pulls tongue backward & downward
Geniohyoid

Styloglossus Anterior border of styloid Chief protractor of tongue
process

Palatoglossus Lower surface of the soft Depresses the palate, narrowing
palate faucial isthmus

*Common Insertion: Tongue
Common Nerve supply: Hypoglossal nerve, EXCEPT Palatoglossus = supplied by
Pharyngeal plexus
—  Circularly-oriented and longitudinally-arranged
muscles

—  The muscular wall of the pharynx is made up of

an outer layer of 3 circularly disposed muscles,
the CONSTRICTORS

—  The constrictors are :

—  SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR
—  MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR
—  INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR
—  ACTION OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

During swallowing, successive contractions
of superior, middle, and inferior constrictors help
propel the bolus (ball) of food down into the
esophagus.

—  ACTION OF THE PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

Contraction of the longitudinal muscles of
the pharynx helps raise the pharynx, aiding it in
engulfing the bolus of food
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

Palatopharyngeus

Stylopharyngeus
—  ACTION OF THE
PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

Between acts of swallowing,
the lowest fibers of the
inferior constrictor
(Cricopharyngeus) act as
a sphincter
—  Guards the entrance to
the esophagus
—  Prevents entry of air into
the digestive system
 Superior constrictor

Stylopharyngeus
Middle constrictor

Inferior constrictor

Cricopharyngeus
—  MOTOR INNERVATION OF MUSCLES OF THE
PHARYNX AND LARYNX :
VAGUS NERVE (X).

—  Exception: STYLOPHARYNGEUS = receives its motor
innervation from GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX).
* Note: this is the ONLY muscle innervated by this nerve
Leona Melodia T. Matheus, MD, FPCS, FPSGS
 ANTERIOR

—  Skin

—  Superficial Fascia

—  Deep Fascia
—  Investing layer
—  Pretracheal layer
—  Prevertebral layer

POSTERIOR
 Platysma

O: deep fascia over deltoid
& pectoralis major
I: body of mandible &
angle of mouth
NS: facial n. (cervical br.)
A: depresses mandible &
angle of mouth

 Sternocleidomastoid

O: manubrium sterni &
medial 3rd of clavicle
I: mastoid process
NS: spinal accessory &
C2-C3
A: 2 muscles = extend
head & flex neck
1 muscle = rotates
head to opposite side

 Trapezius

O: occipital bone
ligamentum nuchae
spines of C7-T12
I: S = lat. 3rd of clavicle
M = acromion &
I = spine of scapula
NS: spinal accessory & C3-C4
A: S = elevate scapula
M = pull scapula medially
I = pull medial border
of scapula downward
Mylohyoid

Digastric
Superior belly
Inferior belly

Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric ,
inferior belly

Stylohyoid
Thyrohyoid

Sternohyoid

Omohyoid
Superior belly
Inferior belly

Sternothyroid
 Longus capitis


Longus cervicis

MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION INNERVATION ACTION

Longus Transverse Anterior arch C2-C6 Flexes the neck

colli processes of C1 (Atlas) and head
(cervicis) of C5-T3

Longus Ant. tubercles Basilar part C1-C3/4 Flexes the neck
capitis of transverse of occipital at atlanto-
processes bone occipital joint
of C3-C6
 Rectus capitis
anterior

Rectus capitis
lateralis

MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION INNERVATION ACTION

Rectus C1 (Atlas) Basilar part Ventral Flexion of neck

capitis of occipital primary at atlanto-
anterior bone rami of C1-2 occipital joint

Rectus Upper surface Under surface C1-C2 Lateral flexion,
capitis of transverse of jugular stabilize atlanto-
lateralis process of process of occipital joint
C1 (Atlas) occipital bone
 Scalene
muscles
Anterior
Middle
Posterior

(C3-6)

(C1-6)
Anterior View Sagittal View

P A
 O: post. surf. of cricoid cartilage O: upper border of cricoid cartilage
O: ant. & lat. cricoid cartilage I: front of muscular process of
I: lower border of thyroid cartilage I: back of muscular process of
arytenoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

O: lower half of thyroid cartilage O: post. & med. surf. of arytenoid O: muscular process of arytenoid
I: base & ant. surf. of arytenoid I: corresponding part of opposite cartilage I: apex of opposite cartilage
—  MUSCLES WHICH AFFECT THE
TENSION OF THE VOCAL CORDS

—  The Cricothyroid muscles are the

muscles primarily responsible for
regulating the tension of the vocal cords.

—  The small Thyroarytenoid (Vocalis)

muscles, which lie parallel and inferior to
the vocal cords control fine adjustment of
vocal cord tension.

—  Abductor: The POSTERIOR
CRICOARYTENOID is the
only abductor of the vocal cords

—  Adductors: The major adductors of the vocal cords
are Lateral Cricoarytenoid, Thyroarytenoid, and
Transverse Arytenoid muscles
—  MUSCLES WHICH CLOSE OFF THE VESTIBULE
OF THE LARYNX, AS HAPPENS DURING
SWALLOWING
—  The muscles which are mainly responsible for closing
off the vestibule are:
Thyroepiglottis
Oblique arytenoid
—  Innervated by Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Thyroarytenoid (Vocalis)
Thyroepiglottic muscle
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid

•  Innervated by External laryngeal nerve
Cricothyroid