Assignment 1

MATHS 340: Real and Complex Calculus

Levi Li (Student ID: 633154028)

August 10, 2021

1.
Proof. Let u(t), v(t) be differentiable in Rn . Invoke the algebraic definition of
the dot product:
n
X
u(t)·v(t) = ui (t)vi (t)
i=1

where ui (t) and vi (t) are single-variable scalar functions.

Assume the usual product rule holds for single-variable scalar functions, then
" n #
d d X
[u(t) · v(t)] = ui (t)vi (t)
dt dt i=1
n
X d
= [ui (t)vi (t)]
i=1
dt
n  
X dui (t) dvi (t)
= vi (t) + ui (t)
i=1
dt dt
n n
X dui (t) X dvi (t)
= vi (t) + ui (t)
i=1
dt i=1
dt
du(t) dv(t)
= · v(t) + · u(t)
dt dt
0 0
= u (t) · v(t) + v (t) · u(t)

2.
Let r : R −→ Rn be a smooth parametrized curve.

(a)
Proof. Let ||r0 (t)|| = v = const., a constant independent of variable t, then
d dv
(||r0 (t)||) = =0
dt dt

1
Use the result from part (a), we obtain

d 0
[r (t) · r0 (t)] = r00 (t) · r0 + r0 · r00 = 2r00 (t) · r0
dt
Or
1 d 0
r00 (t) · r0 = [r (t) · r0 (t)]
2 dt
Since two vectors are orthogonal iif their dot product is zero, to complete the
proof we only need to show
1 d 0
[r (t) · r0 (t)] = 0
2 dt
This equation indeed holds because
1 d 0 1 d
[r (t) · r0 (t)] = ||r0 (t)||2


2 dt 2 dt
d
= ||r0 (t)|| (||r0 (t)||)
dt
dv
=v
dt
=0

Therefore, r00 (t) is orthogonal to r0 (t) for all t.

(b)
The algorithm is as follows:

r0 (t)
b1 (t) =
||r0 (t)||
r00 (t)
b2 (t) = 00
||r (t)||
b3 (t) = b1 (t) × b2 (t)

From (a), we know that r0 (t) is orthogonal to r00 (t). So b1 (t) is orthonormal to
b2 (t). The third vector b3 (t) is generated by the cross product between b1 (t)
and b2 (t) according to the right-hand rule. Its orthonormality is justified as
below:

b1 · b3 = b1 · (b1 × b2 )
= (b1 × b1 ) · b2
= ||b1 × b1 || ||b2 || cos hb1 × b1 , b2 i
= ||b1 ||2 ||b2 || cos hb1 × b1 , b2 i sin hb1 , b1 i
=0

Similarly,

2
 b2 · b3 = b2 · (b1 × b2 )
= (b1 × b2 ) · b2
= b1 · (b2 × b2 )
= ||b1 || ||b2 × b2 || cos hb1 , b2 × b2 i
= ||b1 || ||b2 ||2 cos hb1 , b2 × b2 i sin hb2 , b2 i
=0

Lastly, by using the Lagrange identity, we get

b3 · b3 = (b1 × b2 ) · (b1 × b2 )
= (b1 · b1 )(b2 · b2 ) − (b1 · b2 )(b2 · b1 )
= ||b1 ||2 ||b2 ||2 − 0
=1

(c)
 
cos(t)
Let r(t) :=  sin(t) . We first calculate
t
 
− sin(t) q √
r0 (t) =  cos(t)  , ||r0 || = sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) + 1 = 2
1

 
− cos(t) q
r00 (t) =  − sin(t)  , ||r00 || = sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) = 1
0

Then use the algorithm in (b), we obtain

 
− sin(t)
1 
b1 (t) = √ cos(t) 
2 1
 
− cos(t)
b2 (t) =  − sin(t) 
0
     
− sin(t) − cos(t) sin(t)
1  1
b3 (t) = √ cos(t)  ×  − sin(t)  = √ − cos(t)
2 1 0 2 1

3
3.
(a)
We know how spherical basis vectors are expressed in terms of Cartesian basis
vectors:

er = cos(θ) sin(ϕ)ex + sin(θ) sin(ϕ)ey + cos(ϕ)ez

eθ = − sin(θ)ex + cos(θ)ey
eϕ = cos(θ) cos(ϕ)ex + sin(θ) cos(ϕ)ey − sin(ϕ)ez

We collect these three equations in a matrix form shown below:

    
er cos(θ) sin(ϕ) sin(θ) sin ϕ cos(ϕ) ex
 eθ  =  − sin(θ) cos(θ) 0  ey 
eϕ cos(θ) cos(ϕ) sin(θ) cos(ϕ) − sin(ϕ) ez
 
ex
= A ey 
ez
This matrix has determinant

det(A) = cos(ϕ) − sin2 (θ) cos(ϕ) − cos2 (θ) cos(ϕ) + 0 − sin(ϕ) cos2 (θ) sin(ϕ) + sin2 (θ) sin(ϕ)
   

= − cos2 (ϕ) − sin2 (ϕ)

= −1 6= 0

thence it is invertible.
Denote A = (aij )3×3 . To find its inverse, recall that

AA∗ = det(A)I
(A−1 A)A∗ = det(A)A−1

Thus,
1 1 T
A−1 = A∗ = (Aij )3×3
det(A) det(A)
where Aij is the cofactor of aij and is defined by (−1)i+j Mij . So
 T
− cos(θ) sin(ϕ) − sin(θ) sin(ϕ) − cos(ϕ)
1 
A−1 = sin(θ) − cos(θ) 0 
−1
− cos(ϕ) cos(θ) − sin(θ) cos(ϕ) sin(ϕ)
 
cos(θ) sin(ϕ) − sin(θ) cos(ϕ) cos(θ)
=  sin(θ) sin(ϕ) cos(θ) sin(θ) cos(ϕ) 
cos(ϕ) 0 − sin(ϕ)
Therefore,
    
ex cos(θ) sin(ϕ) − sin(θ) cos(ϕ) cos(θ) er
ey  =  sin(θ) sin(ϕ) cos(θ) sin(θ) cos(ϕ)   eθ 
ez cos(ϕ) 0 − sin(ϕ) eϕ

4
which implies

ex = cos(θ) sin(ϕ)er − sin(θ)eθ + cos(ϕ) cos(θ)eϕ

ey = sin(θ) sin(ϕ)er + cos(θ)eθ + sin(θ) cos(ϕ)eϕ
ez = cos(ϕ)er − sin ϕeϕ

(b)
       
e e er  er
∂  r ∂  x
 
∂ ∂
eθ = A ey = AA−1  eθ  = A A−1  eθ 
∂θ ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ
eϕ ez eϕ eϕ
   
− sin(θ) sin(ϕ) cos(θ) sin(ϕ) 0 cos(θ) sin(ϕ) − sin(θ) cos(ϕ) cos(θ) er
=  − cos(θ) − sin(θ) 0  sin(θ) sin(ϕ) cos(θ) sin(θ) cos(ϕ)   eθ 
− sin(θ) sin(ϕ) cos(θ) cos(ϕ) 0 cos(ϕ) 0 − sin(ϕ) eϕ
  
0 sin(ϕ) 0 er
= − sin(ϕ) 0 − cos(ϕ)  eθ 
0 cos(ϕ) 0 eϕ

which implies
∂er
= sin(ϕ)eθ
∂θ
∂eθ
= − sin(ϕ)er − cos(ϕ)eϕ
∂θ
∂eϕ
= cos(ϕ)eθ
∂θ

4.
(a)
Let the interval I = [0, π], we can parametrize the semicircle by r : I −→ R2
such that
 
3 cos(θ)
r(θ) =
3 sin(θ)

Then
 
−3 sin(θ)
q
0 0
r (θ) = , ||r (θ)|| = 9 sin2 (θ) + 9 cos2 (θ) = 3
3 cos(θ)

Let’s calculate the mass first. Notice that we can now express the linear density
ρ in terms of θ:

ρ(θ) = (3 cos(θ))2 = 9 cos2 (θ)

5
So
Z Z
m= dm = ρ ds
Z π
= ρ(θ)||r0 (θ)||dθ
θ=0
Z π
= 27 cos2 (θ)dθ
Zθ=0
π
1 + cos(2θ)
= 27 dθ
θ=0 2
27π
=
2
We can now calculate the center of mass
Z
1
R= ρrds
m
Z π  
2 3 cos(θ)
= ρ(θ) (3dθ)
27π θ=0 3 sin(θ)
Z π  
2 cos(θ)
= (9 cos2 (θ)) dθ
3π θ=0 sin(θ)
6 π cos3 (θ)
Z  
= dθ
π θ=0 cos2 (θ) sin(θ)

But
Z π Z π Z π Z π
cos3 (θ)dθ = cos2 (θ) cos(θ)dθ = cos(θ)dθ − sin2 (θ) cos(θ)dθ
θ=0 θ=0 θ=0 θ=0
Z 0
π
= sin(θ)|0 − u2 du
u=0
=0

And
Z π π
Z π
cos2 (θ) sin(θ)dθ = − cos2 (θ)0 − 2 cos2 (θ) sin(θ)dθ
θ=0 θ=0
Z π
2
=⇒ cos2 (θ) sin(θ)dθ =
θ=0 3
Therefore,
 
0
R=
4/π

(b)
The following code will help check the calculations and make the plot in MATLAB:

6
clc , clear

% Let ’ s check t h e c a l c u l a t i o n f i r s t

syms t h e t a

% We check t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e mass m

f = cos ( theta )ˆ2

m = 27 ∗ i n t ( f , 0 , p i )

% Now we a r e c h e c k i n g t h e c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e COM

rho = 9∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ˆ 2
r = [ 3 ∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ; 3∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ]
R = ( 1 /m) ∗ i n t ( 3 ∗ rho ∗ r , t h e t a , 0 , p i )

% P l o t t h e w i r e and i t s COM

clc , clear
r = 3
theta = linspace (0 , pi )
x = r ∗ cos ( theta )
y = r∗ sin ( theta )
plot (x , y)

h o l d on
p l o t ( 0 , 4/ pi , ’ . ’ , ’ MarkerSize ’ , 3 0 ) %P l o t t h e COM
hold o f f

g r i d on
l e g e n d ( ’ Wire ’ , ’COM’ )

7
 Figure 1: The plot of the wire together with its center of mass

5.
(a)
Let’s form vectors a and b which determine the parallelogram:

a = (1, 4)T − (1, 1)T = (0, 3)T

b = (2, 3)T − (1, 1)T = (1, 2)T

The area of the parallelogram is then

  
 0 1 
A = |det(a, b)| = det =3
3 2 

(b)
We can also view this parallelogram as a Type II region bounded by curve x = 1,
x = 2, y + 1 = 2x and y − 2 = 2x. The calculation of its area is then performed
via the following double integral:
Z Z 2 Z 2x+2 Z 2 Z 2x+2 
A = da = dxdy = dy dx = 3
x=1 y=2x−1 x=1 y=2x−1