Chapter 1

Introduction:
Matter, Energy, and Measurement
Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy, Woodward
Chemistry: The Central Science, 14th edition

This chapter: Overview of what chemistry is about and what chemists do.

Matter
And
Measurement

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 Chapter Outline
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 Classifications of Matter
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.4 Units of Measurements
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement
1.6 Dimensional Analysis

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And
Measurement

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1.1 The Study of Chemistry

What is Chemistry?
• Chemistry is the study of the
properties and behavior of
matter.

• It is central to our fundamental

understanding of many
science-related fields.

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1.1 The Study of Chemistry

Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space.

Matter
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Measurement

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1.1 The Study of Chemistry

Why Study Chemistry?

“As you study, keep in mind that the chemical facts and concepts you are
asked to learn are not ends in themselves; they are tools to help you
better understand the world around you.”

Pandemic (70% alcohol,

copper mask?)
pH (water, face powder,
etc)
Waste management
(biodegradable, non-bio)
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And
Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

States of Matter

• The three states of matter

are
1) solid.
2) liquid.
3) gas.

• In this figure, those states

are ice, liquid water, and
water vapor.
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1.2 Classifications of Matter

States of Matter

Different Kinds of Plasma

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Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Classifications of Matter
• A substance has distinct properties
and a composition that does not vary
from sample to sample. (examples:
water, table salt (sodium chloride))

ØAn element is a substance which can

not be decomposed to simpler
substances.

ØA compound is a substance which

can be decomposed to simpler Matter
And
substances. Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Elements and Composition

• There are currently 118 named

elements.
• Only five elements make up 90%
of the Earth’s crust by mass.
• Only three elements make up
90% of the human body by mass!
• Note the importance of oxygen!

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And
Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Representing Elements

• Chemists usually represent elements as symbols.

• Symbols are one or two letters; the first is always
capitalized.
• Some elements are based on Latin, Greek, or other Matter
And
foreign language names. Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Compounds and Composition

• Compounds have a definite

composition. That means
that the relative number of
atoms of each element in
the compound is the same
in any sample.
• This is The Law of
Constant Composition (or
The Law of Definite
Matter
Proportions). And
Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Classifications of Matter
• Mixtures exhibit the properties of the
substances that make them up.
• Mixtures can vary in composition throughout a
sample (heterogeneous) or can have the same
composition throughout the sample
(homogeneous).
• Another name for a homogeneous mixture is
solution.

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And
Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Identify the classification of matter:

Element? Compound? Mixture?

Element Element Compound Mixture

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Measurement

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 MIXTURE

ELEMENT
COMPOUND MOLECULE OF Matter
And
ELEMENT Measurement

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1.2 Classifications of Matter

Classification of Matter
Based on Composition
• If you follow this
scheme, you can
determine how to
classify any type of
matter.
– Homogeneous
mixture
– Heterogeneous
mixture
– Element
– Compound

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 Chemistry studies

Matter has Properties

Pure Mixtures
Substances

Heterogeneous
Mixture
Separation by
Compounds Element
chemical methods

Homogeneous
Mixture

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And
Measurement

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 SAMPLE EXERCISE 1
Distinguishing among Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures

”White gold” contains gold and a “white”

metal, such as palladium. Two samples of
white gold differ in the relative amounts
of gold and palladium they contain. Both
samples are uniform in composition
throughout. Use the figure shown to
classify white gold.

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Measurement

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 SAMPLE EXERCISE 2
Distinguishing among Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures

Aspirin is composed of 60.0% carbon,

4.5% hydrogen and 35.5% oxygen by
mass, regardless of its source. Classify
aspirin.

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Measurement

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Physical Properties
• Physical properties can be observed without
changing a substance into another substance.
– Some examples include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling
point, and hardness.

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Measurement

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties
• Chemical properties can only be observed when a
substance is changed into another substance.
– One common chemical property is flammability, or the ability to burn
in oxygen.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Types of Properties
• Intensive properties are independent of the
amount of the substance that is present.
– Examples include density, boiling point, or color.
– These are important for identifying a substance.
• Extensive properties depend upon the amount
of the substance present.
– Examples include mass, volume, or energy.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Types of Changes
• Physical changes are changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a substance.
– Examples include changes of state, temperature, and
volume.
• Chemical changes result in new substances.
– Examples include combustion, oxidation, and
decomposition.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Changes in State of Matter

• Converting between
the three states of
matter is a physical
change.
• When ice melts or
water evaporates,
there are still 2 H
atoms and 1 O atom in
each molecule.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Chemical Reactions (Chemical Change)

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances

are converted to new substances. Here, the copper penny
reacts with nitric acid; it gives a blue solution of copper(II)
nitrate and a brown gas called nitrogen dioxide.
NOTE: Physical properties, like color, often helps us
Matter
SEE that chemical change has occurred. And
Measurement

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1.3 Properties of Matter

SAMPLE EXERCISE 3

Which of these changes are physical and

which are chemical?

a. Plants make sugar from carbon dioxide

and water
b. Water vapor in the air forms frost.
c. A goldsmith melts a nugget of gold and
pulls it into wire.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Separating Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated based on physical
properties of the components of the mixture.
Some methods used are
– filtration
– distillation
– chromatography

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And
Measurement

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Filtration

• In filtration, solid
substances are
separated from liquids
and solutions.

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Measurement

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Distillation

• Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to
separate a
homogeneous
mixture into its
components.

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1.3 Properties of Matter

Chromatography

• This technique
separates
substances on
the basis of
differences in
the ability of
substances to
adhere to the
solid surface, in
this case, dyes
to paper.
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Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Numbers and Chemistry

• Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many
topics are quantitative (have a numerical value).
• Concepts of numbers in science
– Units of measurement
– Quantities that are measured and calculated
– Uncertainty in measurement
– Significant figures
– Dimensional analysis

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Units of Measurements – SI Units

• Système International d’Unités (“The International
System of Units”)
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.

Matter
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Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Units of Measurements – Metric system

• The base units used in the
metric system
– Mass: gram (g)
– Length: meter (m)
– Time: second (s or sec)
– Temperature: degrees
Celsius (°C) or Kelvins (K)
– Amount of a substance:
mole (mol)
– Volume: cubic centimeter
(cc or cm3) or liter (l)
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1.4 Units of Measurement

Units of Measurements – Metric system prefixes

Prefixes convert the

base units into units
that are appropriate
for common usage
or appropriate
measure (as seen
with mL on the can
in the last slide).

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Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Mass and Length

• These are basic units we measure in science.
• Mass is a measure of the amount of material
in an object. SI uses the kilogram as the base
unit. The metric system uses the gram as the
base unit.
• Length is a measure of distance. The meter is
the base unit.

Matter
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Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Volume
• Note that volume is not a base
unit for SI; it is a derived unit
from length (m × m × m = m3).
• The most commonly used metric
units for volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm)
long on each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter
(cm) long on each side, also
called 1 cubic centimeter
(cm × cm × cm = cm3). Matter
And
Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Glassware for measuring volume

Glassware for Measuring Volume

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Temperature
• Heat flows spontaneously from an object with a
higher temperature to an object with a lower
temperature.

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Measurement

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 Mass Conversion

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Length Conversion

1 cm = 2.54 inches

Temperature Conversion
°F = 9/5(°C) + 32
°C = 5/9(°F − 32)
K = °C + 273.15
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1.4 Units of Measurement

Energy

• The unit of energy: Joule (J). It is a derived unit:

– KE = ½ m v2
– If the object is 2 kg, and it moves at 1 m/s, it will posses 1 J of
kinetic energy:
– 1J = ½ (2 kg) (1 m/s)2 OR: 1 J ≡ 1 kg · m2/s2
• The kJ is commonly used for chemical change.
• Historically, the calorie was used: 1 cal = 4.184 J
• This calorie is NOT the nutritional Calorie. That one is a
kcal.
• 1 nutritional Calorie = 1 Cal = 1000 cal Matter
And
Measurement

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1.4 Units of Measurement

Density

• Density is a physical
property of a substance.
• It has units that are derived
from the units for mass and
volume.
• The most common units are
g/mL or g/cm3.
• D = m/V

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And
Measurement

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 Chapter Outline
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 Classifications of Matter
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.4 Units of Measurements
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement
1.6 Dimensional Analysis

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And
Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Numbers Encountered in Science

• Exact numbers are counted or given by definition.
For example, there are 12 eggs in 1 dozen.

• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on how

they were determined. Scientific instruments have
limitations (equipment errors) and individuals can
read some instrumentation differently (human
errors).

Matter
And
Measurement

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 Which of the following is an inexact quantity?

a. The number of people in your chemistry class

b. The mass of a penny
c. The number of grams in a kilogram
d. A and C

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Uncertainty in Measurement
• Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.
• All measured numbers have some degree of
inaccuracy.
• The last digit measured is considered reliable, but
NOT exact.

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Accuracy vs. Precision

• Precision is a measure of
how closely individual
measurements agree with
one another.
• Accuracy refers to how
closely individual
measurements agree with
the correct, or “true,” value.
• Experimentally, we often
take several measurements
and determine a standard Matter
deviation. And
Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Significant Figures
• All digits of a measured quantity, including the
uncertain ones, are called significant
figures.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay
attention to significant figures so we do not
overstate the accuracy of our answers.

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And
Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.
ex. 2005 kg (four significant figures);
7.09 cm (three significant figures)
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
ex. 0.01 g (one significant figure)
0.00089 cm (two significant figures)
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a
decimal point is written in the number.
ex. 0.0200 g (three significant figures)
Matter

3.0 cm (two significant figures) And

Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

If a number has no decimal point, EXPONENTIAL

NOTATION can be used to indicate whether end zeros are
significant.

10, 300 g can be written to show three, four or five significant figures depending
on how the measurement is obtained;

1.03 x 104 g (three significant figures)

1.030 x 104 g (four significant figures)
1.0300 x 104 g (five significant figures)

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Seatwork

How many significant figures are there in each

of the following:
1. 0.006 L
2. 0.0605 dm
3. 60.5 mg
4. 605.5 cm2
5. 6.0 kg
6. 0.0050 L
7. 15,900 mg
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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Significant Figures in Calculations

• When addition or subtraction is performed, the result has the same
number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest
decimal places.
20.42 --- two decimal places
1.322 --- three decimal places
83.1 --- one decimal place
104.842 ----- 104.8

• When multiplication or division is performed, the result contains the

same number of significant figures as the measurement with the
fewest significant figures.

Area = (6.221 cm) (5.2cm) = 32.3492 cm2 round off to 32cm Matter
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Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

In rounding off numbers;

• If the leftmost digit removed is less than 5, the preceding
number is left unchanged.
Ex. Rounding 7.248 to two significant figures gives 7.2

• If the leftmost digit removed is 5 or greater, the preceding

number is increased by 1.
Ex. Rounding 4.735 to three significant figures gives 4.74
Rounding 2.376 to two significant figures gives 2.4

*Always carry one or two additional significant figures

through a multistep calculation and round off the final
answer only.
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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Seatwork

• Carry out the following operations as if they were calculations

of experimental results, and express each answer in the
correct units with the correct number of significant figures:

1) 7.310 km / 5.70 km
2) (3.26 x 10-3 mg) – (7.88 x 10 -5 mg)
3) (4.02 x 106 dm) + (7.74 x 107 dm)

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Measurement

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 Chapter Outline
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 Classifications of Matter
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.4 Units of Measurements
1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement
1.6 Dimensional Analysis

Matter
And
Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Dimensional Analysis
• Dimensional analysis is used to change units.
• We apply conversion factors (e.g., 1 in = 2.54 cm),
which are equalities.
• We can set up a ratio of comparison for the equality:
1 in./2.54 cm or 2.54 cm/1 in.
• We use the ratio which allows us to change units (puts
the units we have in the denominator to cancel).
• We can use multiple conversions, as long as each one
is an equality.

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Dimensional Analysis: Let the units guide you

Given unit x desired unit

= desired unit
given unit

o We use the ratio which allows us to change units

(put the units we have in the denominator to cancel).
o If the desired units are not obtained in a calculation,
an error must have been made somewhere.

Matter
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Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Examples
1. Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 x 102 g
occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3.
2. Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol
if its density is 0.791 g/mL.
3. What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold
(density = 19.32 g/cm3) if the length of the cube
is 2.00 cm?

Matter
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Measurement

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Examples
1. If a woman has a mass of 115 lb, what is her
mass in grams?
2. Convert 12.3 inches to m.

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1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement

Examples

3. To identify a liquid substance, a student

determined its density. Using a graduated
cylinder, she measured out a 45-mL sample
of the substance. She then measured the
mass of the sample, finding that it weighed
38.5 g. She knew that the substance has to
be either isopropyl alcohol (density 0.785
g/mL) or toluene (density 0.866 g/mL). What
are the calculated density and the probable
identity of the substance? Matter
And
Measurement

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 Chemistry studies

Matter has Properties

is classified as either

Substance Mixtures

is either which is either

Heterogeneous
Element Compound Mixture
which are unique atoms
represented by
which is Chemically Homogeneous
United Mixture
Symbol Atomic No. Elements
in that are either

Periodic Table Ionic Covalent

Compound Molecule
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 End of Chapter

Matter
And
Measurement

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