PRAYER BEFORE CLASS:

Our most gracious and Heavenly Father, we

praise and thank you for this day. Watch
over us as we go about our works and
studies. Fill our minds with knowledge and
help us understandthe topic that we are
going to tackle today. Bless us, Father, with
your wisdom as we begin our class. Help us
in every way so that we may become
children you want us to be. Amen.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY
CITY OF MALABON UNIVERSITY
Intellectual Revelutions that defined Society
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:
Science is as old as the world
itself.

How can science be defined?

SCIENCE AS AN IDEA:
SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY:
SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE:
SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY:
The idea of scientific revolution
is claimed to have in the early
16th century in Europe.

Why in Europe?
Printing Machine
and the blooming of intellectual activities done in various
places of learning, and the growing numbers of scholars
in various field of human interests.
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
was the period of enlightenmet when
the developments in the field of
mathematics, physics, astronomy
biology, and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.
 Scientific revolution is very
SCIENCE
significant in the IDEAS
development of human
beings, transformation of the
society, and in formulation of SCIENTIFIC
scientific ideas. It is REVOLUTION

significantly improved the

HUMANS SOCIETY
conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments,
Figure: Influences to Scientific Revolution
and observation.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

Creativity SCIENTISTS SCIENCE

IDEAS

Curiosity Passion to know SCEINCE

DISCOVERIES

Critical Passion to TECHNOLOGY

Thinking discover

Figure: Variables that influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science

Discoveries and Technology
Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical
thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and natural world.
The love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to
discover.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
Born: February 19, 1473, Toruń, Poland
Died: May 24, 1543, Frombork, Poland
Education: University of Ferrara (1503–
1503), MORE
Influenced: Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler,
Isaac Newton, MORE
Parents: Barbara Watzenrode, Nicolaus
Copernicus Sr.

Nicolaus Copernicus
One of the Renaissance men,
particularly in the field of science. was a Polish astronomer and
mathematician known as the
Copernicus resembled the Greek father of modern
ancient philosopher or thinkers -- astronomy. He was the first
he did not do anything extensive European scientist to
such as observing heavenly propose that Earth and other
bodies or inviting people to test planets revolve around the
his ideas. His ideas were an sun, the heliocentric theory
example of what is presently of the solar system.
called as a thought experiment.
Nicolaus Copernicus liberal arts, including astronomy
and astrology,

Who Was Copernicus? was sent to Italy to study

Nicolaus Copernicus was born medicine and law.
on February 19, 1473
“On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres,” in 1543
in Torun, a city in north-central
Poland on the Vistula River. Copernicus later studied at the University

University of Krakow (today’s of Padua and in 1503 received a

doctorate in canon law from the
Jagiellonian University)
University of Ferrara. He returned to
Poland, where he became a church
administrator and doctor.
Nicolaus Copernicus
appointed as a canon

at Frombork Cathedral
in Poland.

Epitome
publish in 1496 by a German
author, Johannes Mueller

This book contains Mueller's

observations of the heaven and some
commentary on earlier works especially
that of Ptolemy.
Nicolaus Copernicus There was no proof that Copernicus
was concerned about the risk of
Copernicus's idea and model of persecution by the church if he
the universe was essentially published hid idea formally.
complete in 1510.
The publication of his book De
Manuscript
Commentariolus (Little Commentary) revolutionibus orbium
coelestinum (On the Revolutions
which laid the basis for his sun- of the Heavenly Spheres) in
centered or heliocentric theory, a
1543 is often cited as the start of
radical departure from the
the scientific revolution.
conventional wisdom of his era.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Ptolemaic System
The cosmology of early 16th-century (which by definition are perfectly
Europe held that Earth sat stationary round)
and motionless at the center of several From ancient times, philosophers
adhered to the belief that the
rotating, concentric spheres that bore
heavens were arranged in circles
the celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, (which by definition are perfectly
the known planets, and the stars. round), causing confusion among

astronomers who recorded the often
eccentric motion of the planets, which
sometimes appeared to halt in their
orbit of Earth and move retrograde
across the sky.
Nicolaus Copernicus
In the second century, Ptolemy sought to resolve this problem by
arguing that the sun, planets, and moon move in small circles around
much larger circles that revolve around Earth. These small circles he
called epicycles, and by incorporating numerous epicycles rotating at
varying speeds he made his celestial system correspond with most
astronomical observations on record.
The Ptolemaic system remained Europe’s accepted cosmology for
more than 1,000 years, but by Copernicus’ day accumulated
astronomical evidence had thrown some of his theories into
confusion. Astronomers disagreed on the order of the planets from
Earth, and it was this problem that Copernicus addressed at the
beginning of the 16th century.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus placed the Sun to be the
What Did Nicolaus Copernicus centerpiece of the universe.
Discover?
In “On the Revolutions of the
Copernicus's model of the Earth
Heavenly Spheres,” Copernicus’
orbiting around the Sun
groundbreaking argument that Earth
and the planets revolve around the automatically positioned the
sun led him to make a number of planets into a logical sequence.
other major astronomical
discoveries.
 The result would from a
Nicolaus Copernicus sequence from Mercury, with a
Copernicus outlined two kinds of
shortest year, through Venus,
planetary motion: Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
with the longest year.
(1) the orbits of Venus and
however, was the position of
Mercury lay inside the orbit of
the stars. The stars cannot be
the Earth, thus, closer to the
placed in a fixed position like
Sun: and
crystals in a distance sphere.
(2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn,
For decades, “On the Revolutions of the
and Jupiter lay outside the Heavenly Spheres” remained unknown to all but
Earth's orbit, thus farther from the most sophisticated astronomers, and most
of these men, while admiring some of
the Sun. Copernicus’ arguments, rejected his heliocentric
basis
 Activity: 1
Nicolaus Copernicus

Think about these questions:

Do you think thought experiment is still

useful in science in the present time?
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
Born: February 12, 1809, The Mount House,
Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
Died: April 19, 1882, Home of Charles
Darwin - Down House, Downe, United
Kingdom
Children: Francis Darwin, Anne Darwin,
Charles Waring Darwin, MORE
Spouse: Emma Darwin (m. 1839–1882)
Full name: Charles Robert Darwin
Parents: Susannah Darwin, Robert Darwin
Influenced: Sigmund Freud, Richard
Dawkins, Francis Darwin, MORE
Charles Darwin
It turned out that Darwin
Charles Darwin is famous for his
was more interested in
theory of evolution. He changed our
natural history than
concept of the world's creation and
medicine.
its evolution.

He would also spend time taking long walks to

observe his surroundings while collecting
specimens and he pored over books in his father's
library.
Charles Darwin Darwin was also fortunate that the
Beagle took him to the Galapagos
Five-year voyage throught the HMS Islands, where he observed various
Beagles on the Island of Galapagos. animals and birds that had evolved in
an isolated environment. His
observations led him to his famous
theory of natural selection.

In 1831, when Darwin was just 22 years old, he set sail on a

scientific expedition on a ship called the HMS Beagle. He was
the naturalist on the voyage. As a naturalist, it was his job to
observe and collect specimens of plants, animals, rocks, and
fossils wherever the expedition went ashore.
Charles Darwin: South
American journeys
A map of Charles
Darwin's South
American journeys
from February 1832 to
September 1835.

 The HMS Beagle resting on the sands near Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia,
South America. The vessel was commanded by British naval officer and
scientist Robert Fitzroy and carried a crew, which included British
naturalist Charles Darwin, on a survey mission that circumnavigated the
world between 1831 and 1836.
 adaptive radiation in
Galapagos finches
Fourteen species of
Galapagos finches that
evolved from a
common ancestor. The
different shapes of
their bills, suited to
different diets and
habitats, show the
process of adaptive
radiation.
 Charles Darwin Darwin published his
book
The Origin of Species in
1589.

This book is considered to be one of

the most important works in scientific
literature.

Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species

Title page of the 1859 edition of Charles Darwin's On the
Origin of Species.
 Charles Darwin
Darwin's observational skills as a scientist were
extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of
plants ans animals into the realms of human

The Descent of Man

published in 24 February 1871

"It has often and confidently been asserted, that man's origin
can never be known: but ignorance more frequently begets
confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little,
and not those who know much, who so positively assert that
this or that problem will never be solved by science."
– Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin Embryology (here comparing a

human and dog) provided one
mode of evidence
Human

how similar human beings are to

other animals?

Dog
Charles Darwin
Darwin's accomplishments were so diverse that it is
useful to distinguish two field to which he made major
contributions:
(1) evolutionary biology and
(2) philosophy of science.

Charles Darwin died in 1882 at the age of

seventy-three. He is buried in Westminster Abbey
in London, England.He had a seizure in March
1882 and died of a heart attack on April 19.
 Activity: 2
Charles Darwin

Think about these questions:

What is Darwin's contribution to modern

science?
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Born: May 6, 1856, Příbor, Czechia
Died: September 23, 1939, Hampstead,
London, United Kingdom
Grandchildren: Lucian Freud, Clement
Freud, Sophie Freud, MORE
Siblings: Anna Freud, Alexander Gotthold
Ephraim Freud, MORE
Children: Anna Freud, Ernst L. Freud, Sophie
Freud, Oliver Freud, Martin Freud, Mathilde
Freud
Spouse: Martha Bernays (m. 1886–1939)
Full name: Sigismund Schlomo Freud
Sigmund Freud
Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology.

However, apart from these, Freud also made a significant

contribution in the scientific world through the development
of an important observational method to gather reliable
data to study human's inner life.

This method is popularly known as the method of

psychoanalysis.

also the founder of psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud
People are skeptical about the
Freud is famous for inventing and legitimacy of Freud's theories because
developing the technique of they lack the scientific evidence that
psychoanalysis; for articulating the psychological theories have today.
psychoanalytic theory of motivation,
mental illness, and the structure of the
subconscious; and for influencing However, it remains true that Freud
scientific and popular conceptions of had a significant and lasting
human nature by positing that both influence on the field of psychology.
normal and abnormal thought. He provided a foundation for many
concepts that psychologists used
and continue to use to make new
discoveries.
Sigmund Freud Freud was born in a much later
period from the scientific
revolution but his contribution
Perhaps Freud's most important
to knowledge can be seen in
contribution to the field of psychology
many aspects of human scene,
was the development of talk therapy as
including art, literature,
an approach to treating mental health philosophy, politics, and
problems. psychotherapy.

The facts remain that Freudian

ideas and theories are still
considered nowadays as a great
inspiration to examine human
mind and behavior in a more
scientifically accepted way.
 Activity: 3
Sigmund Freud

Think about these questions:

If Freud is still alive, what do you think

are the major changes he would make
to his theory?
Thank you!