ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY

[Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle

and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC]
(A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu)
KARAIKUDI – 630 003

Directorate of Distance Education

B.Sc. [Computer Science]

I - Semester
130 14

LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C
Author
Shweta Harsh Tiwari, Freelance Author

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 LAB: PROGRAMMING IN C

BLOCK 1: C PROGRAM FUNDAMENTALS

1. Simple C programs
2. Using IF and switch constructs programs
3. Looping related problems

BLOCK 2: FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS, STRINGS

4. Programs using functions
5. IF statement, If..else statement, nesting if else statement, else if ladder, switch statement, goto statement, while
statement, do statement, for statement
6. One-dimensional arrays, two dimensional arrays, multi dimensional arrays
7. Initialization of string variables, reading and writing strings, string handling functions

BLOCK 3: STRUCTURE AND UNIONS

8. Programs using structures
9. Programs using unions

BLOCK 4: POINTERS
10. Initialization of pointer variables, address of variable, accessing a variable through its pointer
11. Pointer as Functions
12. Strings with Pointer: pointers and character strings, pointers and structures

BLOCK 5: FILES
13. Programs based on file handling
14. Error Handl
 INTRODUCTION

C Programming is an ANSI/ISO standard and powerful programming language

NOTES for developing real-time applications. C programming language was invented by
Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972. It was invented for implementing
UNIX operating system. C is most widely used programming language even today.
All other programming languages were derived directly or indirectly from
C programming concepts.
This lab manual, Programming in C, contains several programs based on
C concepts, such as IF and Switch, Looping, Functions and Arrays, to provide
the concept of programming for beginners. In addition, it will help students in
coding and debugging their programs. The book provides all logical, mathematical
and conceptual programs that can help to write programs very easily in C language.
These exercises shall be taken as the base reference during lab activities for students
of B.Sc. (Computer Science). There are also many Try Yourself Questions provided
to students for implementation in the lab.

Self-Instructional
Material
 C Program Fundamentals

BLOCK 1 C PROGRAM
FUNDAMENTALS
NOTES
The first program while learning any programming language is ‘Hello world’
program. This program is used to check the programming environment. It will give
you idea of program editor, how to compile program and how to run program?
This program is very useful in learning the menus, shortcut and increase our
confidence. It is the easiest program but still we have to run this program for
understanding programming. For every program you have to first :
Write a program code  compile (Ctrl+F9)  Run(Alt +F9)  observe
the output  save your program (F2), you can also save your program before
compiling.
1. Write a program to print “Hello world!” on screen (Hello.c)
Step 1: Type the program in C or C++ editor

Step 2: Click on compile to translate it into binary format (automatically

.obj (object) file created. Short cut for compiling is Ctrl +F9

Self-Instructional
Material 1
C Program Fundamentals Step 3: Run the program and automatically *.exe is generated. Short cut for run is
Alt +F9.Output window will show you the output
Output:
NOTES

2. Write a program to input your name and age and display on screen.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

int age; /*variable declaration */

char myname[20];

printf(“Enter your name:”);

gets(myname); /*input for string present in
string.h*/

printf(“\n Enter your age”);

scanf(“%d”,&age); /*input for integer*/

printf( “Your name is %s and your age is %d”, myname, age

); /*output for string and
integer*/
getch();
}
Output Window:

Self-Instructional
2 Material
 3. Write a program to input principle, rate and time and display simple C Program Fundamentals

interest.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES
void main()
{
float p,r,t,SI; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter Principle amount :”);

scanf(“%f”,&p); /*input */

printf(“Enter rate of interest :”);

scanf(“%f”,&r);

printf(“Enter time in years :”);

scanf(“%f”,&t);

SI=(p*r*t)/100;

printf(“You have to pay simple interst of Rs.%f”,SI);

/*output */
printf(“\nTotal amount =%f”,p+SI);
getch();

Output:

4. Write a program to enter temperature in Fahrenheit and convert it

in Celsius.
Formula :- C= (F-32)* 5/9
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float f,c; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
Self-Instructional
Material 3
C Program Fundamentals printf(“Enter Temperature in Fahrenheit :”);
scanf(“%f”,&f); /*input */
c=(f-32)*5/9; //calculation

NOTES printf( “%f degree Fahrenheit = %f degree celsius”,f,c);

getch();
}
Output:

5. Write a program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.

Formula :- F=c*9/5+32
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float f,c; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter Temperature in Celsius :”);
scanf(“%f”,&c); /*input */
f=c*9/5+32; //calculation
printf( “%f degree Celsius = %f degree Fahrenheit “,c,f);
/*output */
getch();
}
Output:

6. Write a program to swap the values of variables.

Swapping is the technique to interchange the values, this technique is used
in many situation in programming.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
Self-Instructional
4 Material
 { C Program Fundamentals

int x, y, temp; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter the values of two variables X and Y”); NOTES
scanf(“%d%d”,&x, &y); /*input */
printf(“value of X=%d and value of Y=%d”,x,y);

temp=x; //swapping
x=y;
y=temp;

printf(“\nAfter swaping \nvalue of X=%d and value of

Y=%d”,x,y);

getch();

}
Output:

7. Write a program to calculate your present age by entering your year

of birth.
Formula : current year- DOB_year
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int age,dob_year,curr_year; /*variable declaration */
struct date d; /*creates date variable

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter your BIRTH year”);

scanf(“%d”,&dob_year);

Self-Instructional
Material 5
C Program Fundamentals getdate(&d); //get current date in d variable

curr_year=d.da_year; //get current year in variable

NOTES age=curr_year-dob_year; //calculate age

printf(“\nYour age is %d”,age);

getch();

}
Output:

8. Write a program to enter measurement in meter and convert it into

feet.
Formula : ft=m/0.3048
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
float m,f; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter measument in meters”);

scanf(“%f”,&m);

f=m/0.3048;

printf(“\n%f Meter= %f feet”,m,f);

Self-Instructional
6 Material
 getch(); C Program Fundamentals

}
Output:
NOTES

9. Write a program to convert feet to meter.

Formula : m= f * 0.3048
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
float m,f; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter measument in feets”);
scanf(“%f”,&f);

m=f*0.3048;

printf(“\n%f Feet= %f Meter”,f,m);

getch();
}
10. Write a program to display ASCII character of any value between
0 to 255.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>

Self-Instructional
Material 7
C Program Fundamentals void main()
{
unsigned int A; /*variable declaration */

NOTES clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter value for ASCII character between 0-255

“);
scanf(“%d”,&A); //input value of ASCII character

printf(“\nASCII value %d = ASCII character %c”,A,A);

getch();
}
Output:

11. Program to convert ASCII character to ASCII value.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
unsigned char A; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter ASCII character by pressing any key form

keyboard “);
scanf(“%c”,&A); //input value of ASCII character

printf(“\nASCII character %d = ASCII value %d”,A,A);

getch();
}
Note: const is a keyword used to declare constant variable.

Self-Instructional
8 Material
 12. Write a program to calculate area and circumference of circle. C Program Fundamentals

Declare PI as constant.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
const float PI=3.14; /* constant variable
declaration */
float r,A,C;

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter Radius of a circle “);

scanf(“%f”,&r); //input value of radius

A=PI *r*r;
C=2*PI*r;

printf(“\nArea od a circle =%f \n\n\n Circumference of

circle=%f”,A,C);//output
getch();

}
Output:

13. What will be the output of program given below?

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int a=3,b=5,c;
c=!a||(b=7);
printf(“\nb=%d\nc=%d”, b,c);
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
Material 9
C Program Fundamentals 14. Write the ouput of following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES void main()
{
int x,y,z;
x=48;
y=49;
z=50;

printf(“\n%c \t%c \t%c”,x,y,z);

getch();
}
15. Write the ouput of the program given below.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z;
x=10;
y=11;
z=12;

printf(“\n%x \t%x \t%x”,x,y,z);

getch();
}
16. Write the output of following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z;
x=10;
y=11;
z=12;
printf(“\n%o \t%o \t%o”,x,y,z);
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
10 Material
 C Program Fundamentals
Try yourself:-
(i) Write a program to calculate volume of cylinder.
Volume of cylinder= PI*r*r*h
NOTES
(ii) Write a program to calculate curved surface area of cylinder.
Curved surface area of cylinder= 2*PI*r*h

17. Write a program to input a character in lower case and convert it

into upper case.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
char x; /* variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter any letter in small between a-z:- “);

scanf(“%c”,&x); //input value of x

x=x-32; //ASCII difference between small

and capital is 32( 97-65=32)

printf(“\nSmall Letter x %c is converted into capital

letter %c”,x+32,x);//output
getch();

}
Output:

Functions to read and write character form keyboard are:

Header file <stdio.h>
Functions to read single character: getch (), getchar ()
Example: x=getch ();
x=getchar ();
Function to put/write single character: putchar (variable);
Example: putchar(x);

Self-Instructional
Material 11
C Program Fundamentals 18. Write a program to enter a character by using getchar (), convert it
into opposite (small to capital and capital to small) and use putchar
() function to display result.
#include<stdio.h>
NOTES
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
Char x; /* variable declaration */
Clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/
printf (“Enter any letter :- “);
x=getchar (); //input value of x
if (x>=65 && x<=90) //check letter is capital
x=x+32;
else if (x>=97 && x<=122)
//check letter is small
x=x-32;
else
printf (“Letter is not an Alplabet , Sorry can’t
convert”);
printf (“\nConverted letter is “);
putchar (x); //output
getch ();
}
Output:
In case of capital letter

In case of small letter

In case of any other character

Self-Instructional
12 Material
 19. Write a program to check whether number is negative or positive C Program Fundamentals

using if….else.
Logic : if number >=0 then positive else negative
#include<stdio.h>
NOTES
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/
printf (“Enter any number :- “);
scanf (“%d”,&x); //input value of x
if (x>=0) //check for positive number
printf (“%d is a positive number”,x);
else
printf (“%d is negative number”,x);
getch ();
}
Output:
In case of positive number

In case of negative number

20. Write a program to enter a number and display whether the number
is positive or negative using ternary operator.
Ternary operator is a control statement similar to if…else
statement:
Syntax of ternary operator is:
(Condition)?true statement :false statement ;
Where condition is formed using variable and operator
(relational operator), true statement is the statement
to be executed when the condition is true and false
statement will be executed when the condition is false
(just like else statement). It is used when logic is
very simple in conditional statement.
Self-Instructional
Material 13
C Program Fundamentals Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES #include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter any number :- “);

scanf (“%d”,&x); //input value of x

(x>=0)?printf (“Number is positive”):printf(“Number is

negative”);

getch ();
}
Output:
In case of positive number

In case of negative number

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to display greatest number out of two numbers
using ternary operator.
(ii) Write a program to enter your age, and display the message whether
“eligible to vote” or “not eligible to vote”.

21. Write a program to check whether number is even or odd.

Logic : If the number is even , it is completely
divisible by 2.
% (modulus ) is a operator , which return remainder
after division and if the remainder is zero that means
number is even. This logic applicable for checking any
number divisibility.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Self-Instructional
14 Material
 #include<dos.h> C Program Fundamentals

void main()
{
int x; /* variable declaration */ NOTES
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter any number :- “);

scanf (“%d”,&x); //input value of x

if (x % 2==0)
printf (“Number is even”);
else
printf (“Number is odd”);

getch ();

}
Output:
In case of even

In case of odd

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to enter a number and display whether number is
divisible by 5 or not.
(ii) Write a program to enter a number and check number is divisible by
2 and 4 both.
(iii) Write a program to enter a number and check whether number is
divisible by 3 and 7.

22. Write a program to check character is vowel or consonant .(Example

of nested if…else)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
Self-Instructional
Material 15
C Program Fundamentals void main()
{
char x; /* variable declaration */

NOTES clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter any character :- “);

x= getchar ();

if ((x>=65 && x<=90) ||(x>=97 &&x<=122))

{
if
(x==’A’||x==’E’||x==’I’||x==’O’||x==’U’||x==’a’||x==’e’||x==’i’||x==’o’||x==’u’)
{
Printf (“Character is vowel”);
}
else
{
printf (“Character is a consonant”);
}
}
else
{
printf (“ Character is not an alphabet”);
}
getch ();

}
Output:
In case of vowel

In case of consonant

In case of not an alphabet

Self-Instructional
16 Material
 23. Write a program to enter two numbers and find the greatest number. C Program Fundamentals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h> NOTES
void main()
{
int x,y; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter any two numbers :- “);

scanf (“%d%d”,&x,&y);

if (x>y)
{
printf (“%d is greater “,x);
}
else if(y>x)
{
printf (“%d is greater”,y);
}
else
{
printf (“Both are equal”);
}
getch ();
}
Output:
In case of greater

In case of equal

Self-Instructional
Material 17
C Program Fundamentals 24. Write a program to enter three numbers and find the smallest number.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES #include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter any three numbers :- “);

scanf (“%d%d%d”,&x,&y,&z);

if (x>y && x>z)

{
printf (“%d is greater “,x);
}
else if (y>x && y>z)
{
printf (“%d is greater”,y);
}
else if (z>x && z>y)
{
printf (“%d is greater”,z);
}
else
{
printf (“All the equal”);
}

getch ();
}
Output:
In case of greater

Self-Instructional
18 Material
In case of all equal C Program Fundamentals

NOTES
25. Write a program to check leap year or not.
Logic :z Leap year is divisible by 4
Use of %(modulus operator) to check divisibility test

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int Y; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

printf (“Enter year to check :- “);

scanf (“%d”,&Y);
if (Y % 4 == 0) //divide by 4 and compare with zero
{
Printf (“%d year is a leap year and it has 29 days in Feb
and Total 366 days in a year”,Y);
}
else
{
printf (“%d year is not a leap year and it has 28 days in
Feb Total 365 days in a year”,Y);
}
getch ();
}
Output:
In case of not a leap year

In case of leap year

Self-Instructional
Material 19
C Program Fundamentals
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to enter your year of birth and check whether the
year is leap year or not and also check how many leap years occurs
NOTES after your birth.
Hint: Refer program 7 for the use of struct date structure. Also refer
program 21 to check leap year . use calculation to find out number
of leap years after your birth.

26. Write a program to enter any character and find whether number is
character, digit, or other character.
Logic : If ASCII value is between (65 and 90) or(97 and
122) then character
Else If value is between (48 and 58) then digit
Else other character

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
char x; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/
printf (“Enter any character to check :- “);
scanf (“%c”,&x);
if ((x >=65 && x<=90)||(x>=97 &&x<=122))
//check for character
{
printf (“%c is an alphabet”,x);
}
else if(x>=48 &&x<=57) //check for digit
{
printf (“%c is a digit “,x);
}
else
{
printf (“%c is not an alphabet nor an digit , it is
other character”);
}
getch ();

Self-Instructional
}
20 Material
Output: C Program Fundamentals

In case of an alphabet

NOTES

In case of an digit

In case of an other character

27. Write a program to enter number and check whether divisible by 4,

12 or both.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x; /* variable declaration */
clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/
printf (“Enter any number to check divisibility :- “);
scanf (“%d”,&x);

if ((x %4 == 0) && (x %12 ==0))

{
printf (“%d is divisible by both 4 and 12”,x);
}
else if(x %4 ==0)
{
printf (“%d is divisible by only 4 and not 12 “,x);
}
else if (x % 12 ==0)
{
printf (“%d is divisible only by 12 and not by 4”,x);
}
else
Self-Instructional
Material 21
C Program Fundamentals {
printf (“%d is not divisible by any of them”,x);
}

NOTES getch ();

}
Output:
In case of only 4

In case of both

In case of divisible by 4 and not 12

In case of not divisible by any of them 4 and 12

28. Write a program to enter a number between (1 to 7) and display

accordingly Sunday to Saturday using switch case.Use goto statement
to continue program till user’s press Y(Yes)
Note: 1 will be considered as Sunday and 7 will be as Saturday.

Switch …case statement is used when we have many cases

or conditions.
Syntax of switch …case is as follows:

switch (variable)
{
case value1: // executed if variable =value1;
break;
case value2: // executed if variable =value2;
break;
default: // executed if variable is not equal to any
value
}
Self-Instructional
22 Material
Program: C Program Fundamentals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h> NOTES
void main()
{
int x; /* variable declaration */
char ch;
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

startagain: //label of goto statement

printf(“\nEnter any number to display corresponding day

(Sun-Sat)between 1 to 7 :- “);
scanf(“%d”,&x);

switch (x)
{
case 1: printf(“Sunday”);
break;
case 2: printf(“Monday”);
break;
case 3: printf(“Tuesday”);
break;
case 4: printf(“Wednesday”);
break;
case 5: printf(“Thursday”);
break;
case 6: printf(“Friday”);
break;
case 7: printf(“Saturday”);
break;
default: printf(“ Not a valid number”);
break;
}
printf(“\nDo you want to continue: Press Y ot N”);
ch=getch();

if(ch==’y’ || ch ==’Y’)
Self-Instructional
Material 23
C Program Fundamentals goto startagain;
else
printf(“\nProgram is closing “);

NOTES getch();
}
Output:

29. Write the output of the following program :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
printf(“Enter no. between 1 and 3 “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
clrscr();
switch(n)
{
case 1: printf(“\n1”);
break;
case 2: printf(“\n2”);
break;
case 3: printf(“\n3”);
break;
default: printf(“\nWrong choice”);
break;
}
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
24 Material
30. Write a program to enter two numbers x and y and also enter an C Program Fundamentals

operator (+,-,*,/,%). Find out the result using switch case.Continue

your program till the user press ‘Y’ to continue.
Hint : use goto statement to continue program till user
press ‘y’ and also use fflsuh(stdin); function to clear
NOTES
buffer, otherwise the user is not allowed to enter
character

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,z; /* variable declaration */
char ch,op;
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

startlabel: //label of goto statement

printf(“\nEnter the operator to be used with x and y( +,

-, *, /,%)”);
fflush(stdin); //to clear memory of temp buffer
scanf(“%c”,&op);
printf(“\nEnter any two numbers as x and y:- “);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
switch (op)
{
case ‘+’: printf(“\nSum=%d”,x+y);
break;
case ‘-’: printf(“\nDifferen=%d”,x-y);
break;
case ‘*’: printf(“\nProduct=%d”,x*y);
break;
case ‘/’: printf(“\nQuotient=%d”,x/y);
break;
case ‘%’: printf(“\nRemainder=%d”,x % y);
break;
default: printf(“ Not a valid operator”);
break;
}
Self-Instructional
Material 25
C Program Fundamentals printf(“\nDo you want to continue: Press Y ot N”);
ch=getch();

if(ch==’y’ || ch ==’Y’)
NOTES goto startlabel;
else
printf(“\nProgram is closing “);

getch();
}
Output:

31. Write a program to display numbers from 1 to 10 using goto

statement.
Note: goto can be used to repeat statement for number of
times. Goto is controlled by if…else statement. Remember
when we use goto statement in program the speed of a
program is getting slow. It’s better to use loop instead
of goto statement. Goto is not considered as good
programming practice.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x=1; /* variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

Self-Instructional
26 Material
 labelx: C Program Fundamentals

printf(“\n%d”,x);
x=x+1;
NOTES
if(x<=10)
goto labelx;

getch();
}
Output:

32. Predict the output of the following program.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int x=1; /* variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

A:
printf(“\n%d”,x);
x=x+1;

B:
printf(“\n%d”,x+1);
x=x+2;

if(x<=10)
goto A;
else if(x<=20)
goto B;
else
goto C;
Self-Instructional
Material 27
C Program Fundamentals C:
getch();
}

NOTES 33. Predict the output of the following program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int a=10; /* variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

Label1:

printf(“\n%d”,a);
a=a+10;

Label2:
printf(“\n%d”,a);
a=a+20;
if(a<=100)
goto Label1;
else if(a>=100 && a<=300)
goto Label2;

getch();
}
34. Write a program to display numbers from 20 to 1 in reverse order
using goto statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int a=20; /* variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
Label1:

Self-Instructional
28 Material
 printf(“\n%d”,a); C Program Fundamentals

a=a-1;

if(a>=1)
goto Label1; NOTES

getch();
}
Output:

35. Write a program to print your name on Screen using goto statement
for infinite time.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

Label1:
printf(“Shweta Tiwari”);

goto Label1;

getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 29
C Program Fundamentals Output:

NOTES

Press Alt+Ctrl+Del and open task manager and close the program.
Looping
Looping means to repeat certain statements for finite or infinite number of time
.C language has three types of loops. You can use any of the loop to write a
program. It’s totally based on programmer choice to select type of loop. Once
you will be able to run your program manually on paper then you will be mastering
loop. When we run program on paper, then the process is known as dry run.
Nested Loop:
Loop within loop is called nested loop.
Three types of loops are
 while loop
 do while loop
 for loop
 Syntax of while loop…
initialization;
while (condition is true)
{
Statements to be executed;
}
 Syntax of do while loop: do while will be executed at
least once as the condition is checked at the end.
Initialization;

Self-Instructional
30 Material
 do{ C Program Fundamentals

statements;
}while(condition is true);
 Syntax for for…loop NOTES
for(initialization; condition ; increment/ decrement )
{
Statement;
}
36. Write a program to print first 10 even numbers using while loop.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int E=2; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

while(E<=20)
{
printf(“\n%d”,E);
E=E+2;
}
getch();
}
Output:

37. Write a program to print numbers from 10 to 1 in reverse order

using while loop.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
Self-Instructional
Material 31
C Program Fundamentals {
int n=10; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

NOTES
while(n>=1)
{
printf(“\n%d”,n);
n=n-1;
}

getch();
}
Output:

Note: In program 31, observe the condition and statement. condition is

E<=20 and E=E+2(increment , from less to high) . In program number 32,
condition is n>=1 and statement is n=n-1 ;(more to less, decrement ).

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to display first 20 odd numbers using the while
loop.
(ii) Write a program to print table of 5 on screen using while loop.

38. Write a program to print the series on screen using while loop.
6 12 18 24 30 ……..n times
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,t=6,x=1; /*variable initiliazation */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while(x<=n)
Self-Instructional
32 Material
 { C Program Fundamentals

printf(“\t%d”,x*t);
x=x+1;
} NOTES
getch();
}
Output

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to display your name for 10 times on screen using
while loop.
(ii) Write a program to display the following series on screen.
4 10 16 22 28 34

39. Write a program to print fabonacci series.

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13……..n
Fabonacci series is sued to learn programming and looping concept.The
first two elements of fabonacci series are 0 and 1 and next element will be
the sum of last two elements.In this we will take two variables a=0 and b=1
as first two elements and find out the next element by adding them .Also in
every loop turn last two elements will be changed.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=0,b=1,c,n; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter the value of n for number of term in
Fabonacci series”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

printf(“\t%d\t%d”,a,b); // as we displayed two terms

so n>=3
while(n>=3)
{

Self-Instructional
Material 33
C Program Fundamentals c=a+b;

printf(“\t%d”,c);

NOTES a=b;
b=c;

n=n-1;
}

getch();

}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to print the n th value of Fibonacci series.
Example n=10 then the result 10th Fibonacci
element = 34

40. Write a program to enter a number and check whether number is

prime or not.
Simple logic behind prime number is divisible by 1 and itself. We will count
the number of times the number is completely divisible by other number
from 1 to n.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,count=0,x=1; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter the number to check whether numner is prime

or not”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

while (x<=n)
{

Self-Instructional
34 Material
 if(n % x == 0) C Program Fundamentals

count++;

x++;
NOTES
}
if(count==2)
printf(“Number is prime “);
else
printf(“Number is not a prime number that means composite
number”);

getch();
}
Output:
In case of not a prime number

In case of prime number

41. Write a program to find out the Armstrong numbers from 0 to 999
range.
This program computes all Armstrong numbers in the range of 0 and 999.
An Armstrong number is a number such that the sum of its digits raised to
the third power is equal to the number itself.
For example, 371 is an Armstrong number, since
33 + 73 + 13 = 371.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=0,count=0,x,y,z,temp,sum=0; /*variable
initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

Self-Instructional
Material 35
C Program Fundamentals while (a<=999)
{

temp=a;
NOTES
x=temp%10; //taking out last digit
temp=temp/10;
y=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;
z=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;

sum=(x*x*x)+(y*y*y)+(z*z*z);
if(sum==a)
{
count++;
printf(“\nArmstrong number%d=%d”,count,a);
}
a++;
}

getch();
}
Output:

42. Write a program to enter a number between 100 and 999 and reverse
its digits.
Example : 546 will be 645
Simple logic is to take all the digits in different
variable and multiply them with 100,10,1 and add them
to get reverse number
X=5
Y=4
Z=6
(X *100)+(Y*10)+(Z*1) to get reverse number

Self-Instructional
36 Material
 Program: C Program Fundamentals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() NOTES
{
int a=0,x,y,z,temp,rev=0; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

A:
printf(“Enter number between 100 to 999”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
if(a<100 ||a>999)
{
printf(“Please enter three digit number”);
goto A;
}

temp=a;

x=temp%10; //taking out last digit

temp=temp/10;
y=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;
z=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;

rev=(x*100)+(y*10)+(z*1);
printf(“\nNumber =%d \t Reverse number=%d”,a,rev);

getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 37
C Program Fundamentals 43. Write a program to enter three digit number and check whether
number is palindrome or not. Palindrome is the number which will be
same on reversing it.
#include<stdio.h>
NOTES
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=0,x,y,z,temp,rev=0; /*variable initiliazation
*/

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

A:
printf(“Enter number between 100 to 999”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
if(a<100 ||a>999)
{
printf(“Please enter three digit number”);
goto A;
}

temp=a;

x=temp%10; //taking out last digit

temp=temp/10;
y=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;
z=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;

rev=(x*100)+(y*10)+(z*1);
if(a==rev)
printf(“\nNumber =%d is palindrome”,a);
else
printf(“\nNumber =%d is not a palindrome”,a);

getch();

Self-Instructional
}
38 Material
Output: C Program Fundamentals

In case of not a palindrome

NOTES

In case of palindrome

44. Write a program to display sum of first 10 natural numbers.

Sum = 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n=1,sum=0; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

while(n<=20)
{
sum=sum+n;
n++;
}
printf(“Sum of first 10 natural number is =%d”,sum);

getch();
}
Output:

45. Write a program to find the factorial of a number.

Factorial of 5 =5*4*3*2*1 i.e. 120

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() Self-Instructional
Material 39
C Program Fundamentals {
int n,fact=1,temp; /*variable initiliazation */

NOTES clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter the number to take out factorial”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
temp=1;
while(temp<=n)
{
fact=fact*temp;
temp++;

}
printf(“Factorial of a number %d is %d”,n,fact);

getch();
}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to find number of digits in a number.
(ii) Write a program to find frequency of each digit in a number.
(iii) Write a program to find the product of digits in a number.
(iv) Write a program to find sum of first and last digit.
(v) Write a program to print sum of first ten even numbers.
(vi) Write a program to print product of first and last digit.
(vii) Write a program to display first ten natural numbers from n to
1(descending order).

Note: do while loop will be executed at least once, whether

the condition is true or false. In this first the statements
are executed and then the condition is checked.

Self-Instructional
40 Material
 46. Write a program to print table of any number entered by user upto n C Program Fundamentals

number of times.
Example: Table of : 7
Upto how many times : 15 NOTES
Then the table of 7 will be displayed upto 7 × 15 = 105
In this loop will be executed according to the number entered by user and
that’s why the condition is checked at last and the value is entered by user
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,t,x=1; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“You want to display table of:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\n You want to display table of %d upto how many
times?”,n);
scanf(“%d”,&t);
do
{
printf(“\n%d x %d = %d”,n,x,n*x);
x++;
}while (x<=t);

getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 41
C Program Fundamentals 47. Write a program to print natural numbers upto n times.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES void main()
{
int n,x=1; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“You want to display natural numbers upto how
many times:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

do
{
printf(“\n%d”,x);
x++;
}while (x<=n);

getch();
}
Output:

48. Write a program to print a random number till user want to print. In
this program user is going to generate random numbers till user
press ‘Y’ to continue.
rand () function is used in C to generate random numbers. If we generate
a sequence of random number with rand () function, it will create the
same sequence again and again every time program runs. Say if we are
generating 5 random numbers in C with the help of rand () in a loop, then
every time we compile and run the program our output must be the same
sequence of numbers.
Self-Instructional
42 Material
 rand () function is present in <stdlib.h> C Program Fundamentals

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> NOTES
void main()
{
char ch; /*variable declaration */
int x=1,n;

clrscr (); /*to clear screen*/

do
{
printf (“\nYour %d random number is %d”,x,rand());
x++;
printf (“\n\nDo you want to continue generating random
number,Press’Y’ or’N’:”) ;
fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}while (ch==’Y’ || ch==’y’);

getch();
}
Output:

49. Write a program to find out the number of digits in a number entered
by user.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()

Self-Instructional
Material 43
C Program Fundamentals {
int x,count=0,temp; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

NOTES
printf(“Enter the number to find out number of
digits “);
scanf(“%d”,&x);
temp=x;
do
{
temp=temp/10;
count++;
}
while (temp>0);
printf(“This number contain %d digits”,count);

getch();
}
Output:

50. Predict the output of the following program.

Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=10,j=20; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

do
{
printf(“\ni=%d\tj=%d”,i++,j++);
i++;
j—;
}
while (i<=20);
Self-Instructional
44 Material
 getch(); C Program Fundamentals

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to generate the following output: NOTES
10 20 40 80 160 320

51. Predict the output of the following program.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,j=2; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
do
{
printf(“\ni=%d\tj=%d”,++i,—j);
j—;
}
while (i<=10);
getch();
}

Try yourself:
Write a program to generate following output.
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 72 81 100

52. Write the outout of following program :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
printf(“%d”,++i);
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 45
C Program Fundamentals 53. Write the output for the following program :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES void main()
{
int i=1,j=2; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
do
{
printf(“\ni=%d\tj=%d”,i++,j++);
j++;
}
while (i<=10,j<=10);
getch();
}
54. Write the output of the following program.
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
do
{
printf(“\nOutput =%d”,i * ++i);
i++;
}
while (i<=10);
getch();
}

For loop
For loop is the loop which contain initialization , condition checking and increment
and decerment in one single statement .Steps of for loop is shown in the form of
flowchart:

Self-Instructional
46 Material
 C Program Fundamentals
i. Initialization

ii. condition
NOTES

If condition is true

iii. statements if condition is false

iv. Increment/
decrement

Note: If the increment is pre increment or pre decrement then , step iv. Will be executed
(increment/decrement) before step iii.(statements)
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition ; increment /decrement )
{
Statements;
}
Example:
for( int x=1; x<=10;x++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,x);
}
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
55. Write a program to print first 10 odd numbers on screen.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
for (i=1;i<=19;i=i+2)
{
printf(“\n%d”,i);
Self-Instructional
Material 47
C Program Fundamentals }

getch();
}
NOTES Output:

56. Write a program to enter a number (n) and find out sum of series
upto n times.
Sum= 1+2 +3+4+5 +6…….n

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,sum=0,i; /*variable declaration */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter the value of n:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf(“%d+”,i);
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“ =%d”,sum);
getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
48 Material
 57. Write a program to print Fibonacci series upto n using for loop. C Program Fundamentals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() NOTES
{
int a=0,b=1,c,n; /*variable initiliazation */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

printf(“Enter the value of n for number of term in
Fabonacci series”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\t%d\t%d”,a,b); // as we displayed two terms
so n>=3
for (;n>=3;n—)
{
c=a+b;
printf(“\t%d”,c);
a=b;
b=c;
}

getch();
}
Output:

58. Write a program to print factorial of a number using for loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,fact=1,temp; /*variable initiliazation */
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter the number to take out factorial”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
temp=1;
for(temp=1;temp<=n;temp++)
{
Self-Instructional
Material 49
C Program Fundamentals fact=fact*temp;
}
printf(“Factorial of a number %d is %d”,n,fact);

NOTES getch();
}
Output:

59. Write a program to enter a number and reverse its digits.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,temp,revnum,remainder; /*variable declaration
*/
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/
printf(“Enter the number to reverse it “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(temp=n,revnum=0;temp!=0;temp=temp/10)
{
remainder=temp%10;
revnum=revnum*10+remainder;
}
printf(“Original number=%d and reverse
number=%d”,n,revnum);
getch();
}
Output:

60. Write the output of the following program :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Self-Instructional
50 Material
 int i=1,j,k; C Program Fundamentals

i=1;
j=1;
clrscr(); NOTES
for(k=1;k<=3;k++)
{
printf(“\n%d\t%d\t%d”,i,j,k);
}
getch();
}

Nested loop
Loop within a loop is called nested loop.
Generally we use nested loop using for loop , as it is short to write and easy
to understand
Nested loop has more than one loop . The first loop is known as outer loop
. the loop within the loop is known as inter loop.
Nested loop working is explained through flowchart

61. Write a program to print the pattern on screen using nested loop.
1
12
123
1234
12345
Self-Instructional
Material 51
C Program Fundamentals In the program outer loop is for number of rows(5)
Inner loop is used to print elements in one col

If we observe the pattern , when row=1, then col=1(1)

NOTES When row=2 , then col =2 (1,2)
When row=3, then col=3(1,2,3)
When row=4, then col=4(1,2,3,4)
When row=5, then col=5(1,2,3,4,5)
In each program of pattern first you establish relation between row and col.
Number of rows will be executed in outer loop. And number of columns in
inner loop.
Now observe the program.
Once you will be able to establish relation then you can make any program.
These pattern are used to learn programming concept. These concept will
be implemented in programming like matrix multiplication, arrays etc.These
pattern are very important to learn programming concepts.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int row,col; /*variable declaration
*/

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(row=1;row<=5;row++) //outer loop

{

for (col=1;col<=row;col++) //inner loop

{
printf(“\t%d”,col)
} //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”) //to change row
otherwise all the
elements will be printed
on same line
} //closing of outer loop
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
52 Material
Output: C Program Fundamentals

NOTES

62. Write a program to print the following pattern on screen

12345
1234
123
12
1

Now in this program the scenario is reverse.

When row=1 , then col=5
When row=2 , then col=4
When row=3, then col=3
When row =4, then col=2
When row =5, then col=1
If the scenario is reverse we can do reverse counting
i.e. from row 5 to 1.
Now row=5 ,then col=5
Row=4, then col=4
Row=3, then col=3
Row=2, then col=2
Row=1 then col=1
Now observe the program

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int row,col; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(row=5;row>=1;row—) //outer loop

Self-Instructional
Material 53
C Program Fundamentals {

for (col=1;col<=row;col++) //inner loop

{
NOTES printf(“\t%d”,col);
} //closing of inner loop

printf(“\n”); //to change row

otherwise all the
elements will be
printed on same line

} //closing of outer loop

getch();
}
Output:

63. Write a program to print the following pattern on screen.

*
**
***
****

Now in this program the logic is same as in program

number 61.
Number of rows = number of columns
Only difference is that, instead of value of column
we have to print *

Now observe the program and compare with program

number 61.

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Self-Instructional
54 Material
 int row,col; /*variable declaration */ C Program Fundamentals

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(row=1;row<=4;row++) //outer loop NOTES

{

for (col=1;col<=row;col++) //inner loop

{
printf(“\t *”);
} //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”); //to change row
otherw ise all th e
elements will be
printed on same line
} //closing of outer loop
getch();
}
Output:

64. Write a program to print the following pattern on screen.

10 8 6 4 2
10 8 6 4
10 8 6
10 8
10

This program is similar to program number 62.

The only difference is instead of column number, we
have to print even number in reverse order.

Now observe the program with two different logic and

same output

Logic 1 program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Self-Instructional
Material 55
C Program Fundamentals int row,col,n; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(row=5;row>=1;row—) //outer loop

NOTES
{

for (col=1,n=10;col<=row;col++,n-=2)
//inner loop
{
printf(“\t%d”,n);
} //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”); //to change row otherwise all
the elements will be printed
on same line
} //closing of outer loop
getch();
}
Output:

Logic 2 Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int row,col,n; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(row=2;row<=10;row=row+2) //outer loop

{

for (col=10;col>=row;col=col-2) //inner loop

{
printf(“\t%d”,col);
} //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”); //to change row otherwise
all the elements will be
printed on same line
Self-Instructional
56 Material
 } //closing of outer loop C Program Fundamentals

getch();
}
Output: NOTES

Now it depend on totally your logic to make program.

Brain booster:- You can try out for any third logic.
65. Write a program to print the following pattern on screen.
*
**
***
****
*****
*****
****
***
**
*
In this pattern if you combine the two programs with
two different nested loop then you get the following
pattern.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int row,col,n; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

//loop 1
for(row=1;row<=5;row++) //outer loop
{
for (col=1;col<=row;col++ //inner loop
{
printf(“\t*”);
Self-Instructional
Material 57
C Program Fundamentals } //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”); //to change row otherwise
all the elements will be
printed on same line
NOTES } //closing of outer loop
//loop2

for(row=5;row>=1;row—);
{
for (col=1;col<=row;col++)
{
printf(“\t*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

getch();
}
Output:

66. Write a program to print the above output pattern on screen for two
times.

Self-Instructional
58 Material
Program: C Program Fundamentals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() NOTES
{
int row,col,n; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(n=1;n<=2;n++)
{

for(row=1;row<=5;row++) //outer loop

{

for (col=1;col<=row;col++)//inner loop

{
printf(“\t*”);
} //closing of inner loop
printf(“\n”); //to change row otherwise
all the elements will be
printed on same line
} //closing of outer loop

for(row=5;row>=1;row—)
{
for (col=1;col<=row;col++)
{
printf(“\t*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 59
C Program Fundamentals
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to print the following pattern on screen
5 4 3 2 1
NOTES 4 3 2 1
3 2 1
2 1
1
(ii) Write a program to print the following pattern on screen
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5

67. Write a program to print sum of the following series

Sum= 1/1! + 2/2! +3/3! +4/4! +5/5!

In this program we have to take float for result.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,fact;
float sum=0; /*variable declaration */

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(fact=1,j=i;j>=1;j—)
{
fact=fact*j;
}
sum=sum+(float)i/fact;
}
printf(“Sum of series =%f”,sum);
getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
60 Material
 Functions, Arrays and Strings

BLOCK 2 FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS

AND STRINGS
NOTES
Arrays
 Arrays can be defined as group of similar data type accessed by one variable.
 Items can be accessed by using subscript.
 A one-dimensional array is like a list
 A two dimensional array is like a table or matrices.
 Multidimensional arrays have no limits on the number of dimensions in an
array.
 Arrays can be declared as :
Data type variablename[n];
Where variable name is array name and n is the number of elements in an
array.
Example:
int a[10];
 Array is actually a pointer (address variable).
 Array can be initialized at the time of declaration by using { } :
Example: int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
float b[5]={1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5};
 Array can also be initialized by user at run time.
 Arrays can also be created dynamically by using calloc () function at run
time.
 Array store its first element at [0] subscript.
 Arrays looks like
A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]

A 10 20 30 40 50

Address 1001 1003 1005 1007 1009

1. Write a program to declare an array of five elements and display it

on screen.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
Self-Instructional
Material 61
Functions, Arrays and Strings int a[5],i; //array declaration

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=4;i++) //array initilazation

NOTES
{
printf(“\nEnter the element %d of array”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}

for(i=0;i<=4;i++) //array display

{
printf(“\nElement %d of array=%d”,i+1,a[i]);
}

getch();

}
Output:

2. Write a program to enter an array of 10 elements and display its

sum.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i,sum=0; //array declaration
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=9;i++) //array initilazation

{
printf(“\nEnter the element %d of array”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);

Self-Instructional
62 Material
 sum=sum+a[i]; Functions, Arrays and Strings

}
printf(“\nSum of all elements= %d “,sum);
getch(); NOTES
}
Output:

3. Write a program to enter five elements of an array and display them

in reverse order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5],i; //array declaration

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=4;i++) //array initilazation

{
printf(“\nEnter the element %d of array”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}

for(i=4;i>=0;i—)
{
printf(“\nElement %d of array =%d”,i+1,a[i]);
}
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 63
Functions, Arrays and Strings Output:

NOTES

4. Write a program to sort an array of 20 elements.

Note: Sorting will use swapping logic
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i,j,temp; //array declaration

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=9;i++) //array initilazation

{
printf(“\nEnter the element %d of array”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}

for(i=0;i<=9;i++) //sorting
{
for(j=0;j<=9;j++)
{
if(a[i]<a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}

Self-Instructional
64 Material
 for(i=0;i<=9;i++) Functions, Arrays and Strings

{
printf(“%d\t”,a[i]);
} NOTES
getch();
}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to enter 5 elements in an array and swap first and
last item and then display array.
(ii) Write a program to display the size of array using sizeof().
Hint: n=sizeof(a)/sizeof(int);
sizeof() function is present in stdio.h. It will give you the total memory
size occupied by variable and then divide by sizeof each data type.
If array contain 5 elements then sizeof()function returns 10,then 10/
2=5 are the number of elements .
(iii) Write a program to create array of 10 elements and replace all the
prime numbers by 0.
Note: This program requires nested loop , one for array and other
for checking prime number.
(iv) Write a program to initialize an array of 20 elements and replace all
the even number by 0 and all the odd number by 1.
(v) Write a program to search a number in an array of size 10 and also
display the position of array element if found otherwise display the
message” not found”.

Self-Instructional
Material 65
Functions, Arrays and Strings Two dimensional Array:
 Two dimensional array is used to represent matrices.
 It is divided into rows and columns
NOTES  It is declared as datatype variable[n][m];
Example: int A[2][3];
This creates array of 2 rows and 3 columns.
A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2]

A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2]

 It can be initialized at the time of declaration like this :

int A [2][3]={
{10, 20, 30}
{100,200,300}
};
Or
int A[2][3]={10,20,30,100,200,300};

A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2]

10 20 30

A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2]

100 200 300

 It can be created dynamically at run time by using calloc () function.

 To enter the values of two dimensional array we use nested loop.
 Valid and invalid declaration of c
int abc[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Valid declaration*/
int abc[][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Valid declaration*/
int abc[][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /*invalid declaration*/
int abc[2][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /*invalid declaration */
5. Write a program to create and initialize 3 × 3 array and display it.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j; //array declaration

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

Self-Instructional
66 Material
 for(i=0;i<=2;i++) //array initilazation Functions, Arrays and Strings

{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{ NOTES
printf(“\nEnter the element[%d][%d] of
array”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

getch();

}
Output:

6. Write a program to perform matrix addition on 2 × 2 matrix

Ex ample
First Matrix + Second Matrix = third
matrix
3 4 1 4 4 8
1 2 8 3 9 5

Self-Instructional
Material 67
Functions, Arrays and Strings Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

NOTES void main()

{
int a[2][2],b[2][2],c[2][2],i,j;
//array declaration

clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=1;i++) //array initilazation

{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\nEnter the element a[%d][%d] of array”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=1;i++) //array initilazation
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\nEnter the element b[%d][%d] of array”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}
printf(“\nA=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
Self-Instructional
68 Material
 { Functions, Arrays and Strings

printf(“\t%d”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”); NOTES
}
printf(“\nB=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,b[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“\nC=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,c[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 69
Functions, Arrays and Strings 7. Write a program for matrix multiplication for 2 × 2 matrix
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
NOTES void main()
{
int a[2][2],b[2][2],c[2][2],i,j,k,sum=0;
//array declaration
clrscr(); /*to clear screen*/

for(i=0;i<=1;i++) //array initilazation

{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\nEnter the element a[%d][%d] of
array”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=1;i++) //array initilazation
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\nEnter the element b[%d][%d] of
array”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=1;i++) //multiplication
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
for (k=0,sum=0;k<=1;k++)
{
sum=sum+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}

Self-Instructional
70 Material
 c[i][j]=sum; Functions, Arrays and Strings

}
}
NOTES
printf(“\nA=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

printf(“\nB=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,b[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}

printf(“\nC=\n”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
printf(“\t%d”,c[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 71
Functions, Arrays and Strings Output:

NOTES

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to enter 3 × 3 matrix and replace all the even number
by 0 and odd number by 1. The matrix you get is sparse matrix.
(ii) Write a program to arrange the elements of 2 × 2 matrix in descending
order.
(iii) Write a program to find maximum and minimum of array from 4 × 4
matrix.
(iv) Write a program in c to find the transpose of matrix (transpose is
row will be converted as columns and columns will be considered
as rows)

String Handling in c
 String is an array of characters.
 At last string contain NULL character(‘\0’) for ending the string
 In c language <string.h> header file is used for string handling.
 It contains some of the common functions like
strcpy() – to copy string
strcat() – to concatenate string
strlen()- to display string length
strcmp()- to compare strings
 Different ways of declaring string are:
char str1[20]; // Character array
char str2[20] = { ‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘\0’ };
// Array initialization
char str3[20] = “hello”; // Shortcut array
Self-Instructional initialization
72 Material
 char str4[20] = “”; // Empty or null C string Functions, Arrays and Strings
of length 0,equal to “”
We can also declare a C string as a pointer to a
char:
char* str5 = “hello”;
NOTES
 To read string use : gets(str); function
 To display string use : puts(str); function
8. Write a program in C language to read a string and display it.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char str[30];
printf(“Enter String “);
gets(str);
printf(“\nString is “);
puts(str);
getch();

}
Output:

9. Write a program to copy string from str1 to str2.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter String “);
gets(str1);
strcpy(str2,str1);
printf(“\nCopied String is “);
Self-Instructional
Material 73
Functions, Arrays and Strings puts(str2);
getch();
}

NOTES Output:

10. Write a program to enter two strings, compare them and display the
message whether the strings are equal or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter String1 “);
gets(str1);
printf(“Enter String2”);
gets(str2);
if (strcmp(str1,str2)==1)
{
printf(“Both the strings are same”);
}
else
{
printf(“String are not same”);
}
getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
74 Material
 11. Write a program to enter a string and find out whether the string is Functions, Arrays and Strings

palindrome or not.
In this we use strrev(str); function to reverse the
string.
NOTES
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[30],str2[30];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter String1 “);
gets(str1);

strcpy(str2,strrev(str1)); //reverse the string and

copy it to str2
if (strcmp(str1,str2)==0) //compare two strings
{
printf(“Both the strings are Palindrome”);
}
else
{
printf(“String are not palindrome”);
}
getch();

}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to find the length of string using strlen() function.
(ii) Write a program to concatenate the two strings entered by user.
(iii) Write a program in c to change the case of letters into opposite .i.e
capital will change into small and small will change into capital.

Self-Instructional
Material 75
Functions, Arrays and Strings User defined functions
User defined function are used in structural programming. C is structural
programming and it supports user defined functions. When we create functions, it
NOTES require three things:
 declaration (before definition ),
 definition ,
 function call
Function declaration is used before definition .To declare any function we
have to write:
Return type fun_name (arguments);
o Return type can be any data type which is returned by function.
o Function name should be unique, without spaces and it should not be
keyword.
o Arguments are the list of values provided to function for calculation
Function definition:
Return type fun_name (arguments)
{
_______________;
_______________;
}

Function call:
Function call is used to call function and after execution of function it come back to
the position from where we called the function. Function cannot be executed without
call.
Fun_name (argument value);
User defined functions are of four types:
(a) Return no value , passes no arguments
(b) Return no value , passes arguments
(c) Return value , passes no argument
(d) Return value , passes arguments
Now consider the same program with four different types:
12. Write a program to create a function sum with all four types and call
it in program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void sum1(); //function declaration with no return
Self-Instructional
76 Material
value, no arguments Functions, Arrays and Strings

void sum2(int, int); //fucntion declaration with no

return value, passes arguments

int sum3(); //declaration with return value, NOTES

passes no arguments
int sum4(int, int); //declaration with return value,
passes arguments

void main()
{
char ch=’y’;
int a,b,c,n;
clrscr();

while (ch==’y’ ||ch==’Y’)

{

printf(“\nEnter which function you want to call”);

printf(“\n1. No return value, no argument”);
printf(“\n2. No return value, passes arguments”);
printf(“\n3. Return value, Passes no argument”);
printf(“\n4. Return value, Passes arguments”);
printf(“\n Enter your choice form 1-4”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n==1)
{
sum1(); //function call
printf(“return from function “);
}
else if(n==2)
{
printf(“Enter two number for addtion”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
sum2(a,b); //function call
}
else if(n==3)
{
c=sum3(); //function call

Self-Instructional
Material 77
Functions, Arrays and Strings printf(“Sum=%d”,c);
}
else if(n==4)

NOTES {
printf(“Enter two number for addtion”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
c=sum4(a,b); //function call
printf(“sum=%d”,c);
}
else
{
printf(“Invalid choice, Try again”);
}
printf(“\nDo you want to continue, press ‘y’ or
‘n’”);
fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}
getch();
}

void sum1() //function definition

{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter two number for addtion”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
c=a+b;
printf(“Sum=%d”,c);
}

void sum2(int x, int y) //fucntion definition

{
int z;
z=x+y;
printf(“Sum=%d”,z);
}

Self-Instructional
78 Material
 Functions, Arrays and Strings
int sum3() //function definition
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“Enter two number for addtion”);
NOTES
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
c=a+b;
return(c);
}

int sum4(int a, int b) //function definition

{
int c;
c=a+b;
return(c);
}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a function which return the value and passes argument for
calculating factorial of a number.
(ii) Write a function in c which return value but passes no argument for
calculating Simple Interest.
(iii) Write a function in c which return no value, but passes argument for
displaying Fibonacci series upto n times.
(iv) Write a function in c which return no value , but passes argument for
finding out number of digit in a number.

Self-Instructional
Material 79
Functions, Arrays and Strings Recursive function:- Recursive function is a function which call itself.
Function which calls itself is called recursive function. The working of
recursive function is shown in flowchart.

NOTES

13. Write a recursive function to count_upto 10.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void count_uptoten(int count);

void main()
{
count_uptoten ( 0 );
}

void count_uptoten ( int count )

{
/* keep counting if we have a value less than ten
if ( count < 10 )
{
count_uptoten( count + 1 );
}
}
14. Write a recursive function to calculate factorial of a number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fact(int n);

void main()
Self-Instructional
80 Material
 { Functions, Arrays and Strings

int n;
printf(“Enter the number to take out factorial:
“);
NOTES
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Factorial of number%d is %d”, n,
fact(n));
}

int fact(int n)
{
if (n >= 1)
return n*fact(n-1);
else
return 1;
}
Output:

15. Write the output of following program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n=10;
printf(“%d”,n);
main();
getch();
}

Try yourself:
(i) Write recursive function to print your name for 10 times.
(ii) Write recursive function to display the sum of array.
(iii) Write recursive function to display sum of n numbers.

Self-Instructional
Material 81
Structures and Union

BLOCK 3 STRUCTURES AND UNION

NOTES Structure and Union (User Defined data type)
C language also provide a facility to create user defined data type using the keyword
struct and union. Structure and union are the two data types which can be created
in a program.Some structure are predefined as we have used it previously struct
date which is present in dos.h header file. If the structure is predefined we can use
it in our program using the header file.
 Defining structure
struct structname
{
Datatype membername;
Dataype membername;
_______;
_______;
};
 Declaring structure variable
struct structname variablename;
 Accessing structure member
structvariablename.membername;
Next program of examples will show how to define structure, declare a
structure variable, accessing structure members.
1. Write a program to create a structure called as employee with the
following members:
Empno, Fname, basicsalary, da, ta, hra, deduction,
grosssal, netsal.
Also write function for getinfo () and putinfo()
Calculate da=7%,ta=3500,hra=16%
Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct emp //defining structure

{
int empno;
char fname[30];

Self-Instructional float basicsal;

82 Material
float da; Structures and Union

float ta;
float hra;
float deduction; NOTES
float gross;
float netsal;
};

struct emp getinfo(struct emp); //declaring function

void putinfo(struct emp); //declaring function

void main()
{
struct emp E; // de cla ri ng st ru ct
variable
clrscr();
E=getinfo(E); //fucntion call
putinfo(E); //fucntion call
getch();
}

struct emp getinfo(struct emp E) //function definition

{
printf(“\nEnter emp code”);
scanf(“%d”,&E.empno);
printf(“\nEnter emp name”);
fflush(stdin);
gets(E.fname);
printf(“\nEnter basic sal”);
scanf(“%f”,&E.basicsal);
printf(“\nDA ,TA, HRA and gross salis calulated\n”);
E.da=E.basicsal*7/100;
E.ta=3500;
E.hra=E.basicsal*16/100;
E.gross=E.basicsal+E.da+E.ta+E.hra;
printf(“Enter the loan amoun to be deducted”);
scanf(“%f”,&E.deduction);
E.netsal=E.gross-E.deduction;
return(E);
Self-Instructional
Material 83
Structures and Union }

void putinfo(struct emp E)

{
NOTES printf(“\nEmp code=%d”,E.empno);
printf(“\nEmp name=%s”,E.fname);
printf(“\nBasic sal=%f”,E.basicsal);
printf(“\nDA=%f\nTA=%f\nHRA=%f\nGross
sal=%f”,E.da,E.ta,E.hra,E.gross);
printf(“\nLoan amoun deduction=%f”,E.deduction);
printf(“\n Net sal=%f”,E.netsal);
}
Output:

Next program will show you the example of creating array of structure.
2. Write a program to create array of structure for emp. Program should
enter the info of 5 employees and display it.
The same above program is modified to illustrate example.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct emp //defining structure

{
int empno;
char fname[30];
float basicsal;
float da;
float ta;
float hra;

Self-Instructional
84 Material
float deduction; Structures and Union

float gross;
float netsal;
}; NOTES
struct emp *getinfo(struct emp E[]);
//declaring function
void putinfo(struct emp E[]); //declaring function
void main()
{
struct emp E[5],*Eptr; //declaring struct
variable
clrscr();
Eptr=getinfo(E); //fucntion call
putinfo(Eptr); //fucntion call
getch();
}

struct emp * getinfo(struct emp E[5])

//function definition
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf(“\nEnter emp code”);
scanf(“%d”,&E[i].empno);
fflush(stdin);
printf(“\nEnter emp name”);
gets(E[i].fname);
printf(“\nEnter basic sal”);
scanf(“%f”,&E[i].basicsal);
printf(“\nDA ,TA, HRA and gross salis calulated\n”);
E[i].da=E[i].basicsal*7/100;
E[i].ta=3500;
E[i].hra=E[i].basicsal*16/100;
E[i].gross=E[i].basicsal+E[i].da+E[i].ta+E[i].hra;
printf(“Enter the loan amoun to be deducted”);
scanf(“%f”,&E[i].deduction);
E[i].netsal=E[i].gross-E[i].deduction;
Self-Instructional
Material 85
Structures and Union }
return(E);
}

NOTES void putinfo(struct emp E[5])

{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf(“\nEmp code=%d”,E[i].empno);
printf(“\tEmp name=%s”,E[i].fname);
printf(“\nBasic sal=%f”,E[i].basicsal);
printf(“\tDA=%f\tTA=%f\tHRA=%f\tGross
sal=%f”,E[i].da,E[i].ta,E[i].hra,E[i].gross);
printf(“\nLoan amoun deduction=%f”,E[i].deduction);
printf(“\n Net sal=%f”,E[i].netsal);
}
}
The output will be same as of the above program with the
five employee input and output.
Consider the nest program where the arguments for
structure can be passed seperaetly.
3. Write a program to initialize structure directly at the time of
declaration and print it by using the function putdata (), which accepts
the structure elements separately.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
int marks;
};

void putdata(char name[], int roll_no, int marks);

void main()
{
struct student stu = {“Ram”, 1, 80};
clrscr();
Self-Instructional
86 Material
 putdata(stu.name, stu.roll_no, stu.marks); Structures and Union

getch();
}

void putdata(char name[], int roll_no, int marks) NOTES

{
printf(“Name: %s\n”, name);
printf(“Roll no: %d\n”, roll_no);
printf(“Marks: %d\n”, marks);
printf(“\n”);
}
Output:

Structure within structure (Nested structure)

In this example structure is used within a structure and the condition is called as
nested structure.
4. Program to create structure within structure and access their
members. Create a structure date for DOB and use it within the
structure student.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct dob
{
int dd,mm,yyyy;
};

struct student
{
char name[30];
struct dob d; //structure within structure
};

void main()
{
struct student s;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter name”);
Self-Instructional
Material 87
Structures and Union fflush(stdin);
gets(s.name);
printf(“\Enter dob”);

NOTES scanf(“%d%d%d”,&s.d.dd,&s.d.mm,&s.d.yyyy);
printf(“Name is %s”,s.name);
printf(“\nDOB is %d/%d/%d”,s.d.dd,s.d.mm,s.d.yyyy);
getch();
}
Output:

Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to store and print the roll no., name, age and marks
of a student using structures.
(ii) Write a program to add two distances in inch-feet using structure.
The values of the distances is to be taken from the user.
(iii) Write a program to add, subtract and multiply two complex numbers
using structures to function.
(iv) Write a program to compare two dates entered by user. Make a
structure named Date to store the elements day, month and year to
store the dates. If the dates are equal, display “Dates are equal”
otherwise display “Dates are not equal”.

Union in c language
A union is a special data type available in C that allows to store different data
types in the same memory location.
Unions can be useful in many situations where we want to use the same
memory for two or more members.
Union is like a structure. In union, all members share the same memory
location.
The main difference between union and structure is union occupies less
memory space as compared to structure.
Example of union
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include<conio.h>
Self-Instructional
88 Material
 union userdata { Structures and Union

int i;
float f;
char str[20]; NOTES
};
void main( ) {
union userdata d;
clrscr();
printf( “Memory size occupied by data : %d Bytes\n”,
sizeof(d));
getch();
}
Output:

5. Predict the output for the program.

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
union myunion //union definition
{
char fname[30];
float sal;
int empno;
} U;

struct mystruct
{
char fname[30];
float sal;
int emocode;
} S;

void main()
{
printf(“The size of union = %d”, sizeof(U));
printf(“\nThe size of structure = %d”, sizeof(S));
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
Material 89
Pointers

BLOCK 4 POINTERS
NOTES Pointers
 Pointer are address variable .
 They are used to store address of variable .
 By using pointers we can change the values stored in variable.
 Pointer are declared by using the following syntax
Datatype *pointername;
 Pointer uses two operators :
* read as value stored at
Example: *ptr is read as value stores at ptr(address)
& address of
Example: &a is read as address of a
Example of pointer declaration and initialization and
pointer handling
a ptr ptr2
10 1001 1009

1001 1009 1013

int *ptr, a, **ptr2 ; //ptr is pointer, a is a variable

,ptr2 is used to store address
of pointer
a=10;
ptr =& a; //read as ptr is equal to address
of a
ptr2=&ptr; //store address of ptr in ptr2
printf(“%d”,ptr); //displays address of a i.e. 1001
printf(“%d”,*ptr); //displays value stored at ptr
i.e. 10
printf(“%d”,&a); //displays address of a i.e. 1001
printf(“%d”,a) //displays value of a i.e. 10
*ptr=20; //will initialize a with 20
printf(“%d”, a) //will display 20
*ptr ++; //will increment a or *ptr with
1
printf(“%d”,a) //will display 21
printf(“%d”,**ptr2); //will display 21

Self-Instructional
90 Material
 Note: The very important things are *(value stored at) and & Pointers
(address of ) operator . When you read the operator properly,
there is no chance of errors or mistakes in pointer programs.

Uses of pointer variable

NOTES
 Arrays are also indirectly the pointer variable which stores the starting
address. Pointers are used to handle arrays.
 Strings can also be handled using pointer variable.
 Pointers can also be used for passing arguments to functions.
 When we want to return more than one values from functions than pointers
are used.
 Pointers are used to change values of variable from any other function
 Pointers are used to create dynamic data structure or to create variables at
run time.
 Programs with pointers run more efficiently and are faster.
Write down the output of following programs of pointers
1. Predict the output of the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int x[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50} ;
int *ptr;
ptr = X;
printf(“ %d “, *( ptr + 1) );
getch( );
}
2. Predict the output of the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 5, *p;
p = &i;
printf(“%d\n”, i * *p * i + *p);
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
Material 91
Pointers 3. Predict the output of the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

NOTES void main()

{
int x = 10, *y, *z; // Assume address of x is 1001
and integer is 2 byte size
y = &x;
z = y;
*y++;
*z++;
x++;
printf(“x = %d, y = %d, z = %d \n”, x, y, z);
getch();
}
4. Predict the output of the following program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x = 100;
int *p1, **p2;
p1 = &x;
p2 = &p1;
printf(“x = %d, p1 = %d, p2 = %d\n”, x, *p1, **p2);
getch();
}
5. Predict the output of the following program.
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char x[] = { ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’,’E’ };
char * ptr = &x[0];
*ptr++;
printf(“%c %c “, *++ptr, —*ptr);
getch();
}
Self-Instructional
92 Material
6. Write a program to access string through pointer. Pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main() { NOTES

char str[15] = “Hello World!”;

char *ptr = str; //string to pointer

while(*ptr != ‘\0’) //print string using while loop

{
printf(“%c”, *ptr);
ptr++;
}
getch();
}
7. Write a program to represent array of strings through pointer. Store
the strings shown in figure into array of string using pointer.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 B h o p a l ‘\0’

1 N a g p u r ‘\0’

2 C h e n n a i ‘\0’

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char *ptr[3] = //array of pointer
{
“Bhopal”,
“Nagpur”,
“Chennai”,
};
int i, j;
for (i = 0; i <=2; i++)
{
j = 0;
Self-Instructional
Material 93
Pointers while(*(ptr[i] + j) != ‘\0’)
{
printf(“%c”, *(ptr[i] + j));

NOTES j++;
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}
8. Write a program to arrange the stirng in lexographical order
(dictionary order).
#include <string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int i, j;
char str[10][20], temp[20];

printf(“Enter 5 words:\n”);

for(i=0; i<5; ++i)

scanf(“%s[^\n]”,str[i]);

for(i=0; i<5; ++i)

for(j=i+1; j<5 ; ++j)
{
if(strcmp(str[i], str[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp, str[i]);
strcpy(str[i], str[j]);
strcpy(str[j], temp);
}
}

printf(“\nIn lexicographical order: \n”);

for(i=0; i<10; ++i)
{
puts(str[i]);
}
Self-Instructional
94 Material
 getch(); Pointers

}
Output:
NOTES

Dynamic memory allocation:

When we create variables at run time is called dynamic memory allocation. We
use <stdlib.h> header file use the functions which are used in memory allocation.
There are two functions used in dynamic memory allocation.
 malloc() – used to allocated memory with the number of
bytes required by data type
 calloc()- used to allocate array elements at run time. It
initializes array to zero and return the pointer.
One function to free memory space occupied by malloc(),
calloc() or any other variables.
 free()- de allocate the memory space
Syntax of malloc ()
pointer = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size);
Example
ptr = (int*) malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

The above statement will allocate either 20 or 40 bytes according

to size of int 2 or 4 bytes.

Syntax of calloc()
pointer = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size);
Example
ptr = (int*) calloc(5, sizeof(int));
The above statement allocates continous space in memory for
an array of 5 elements each of size of int, i.e, 2 or 4 bytes.
Syntax of free( )
free(pointer);
Example
free(ptr);
Self-Instructional
Material 95
Pointers It is always a better practice to free the space occupied in
our program before ending it.
9. Write a program to create array of n elements using pointer and
malloc ( ) function and display its sum.
NOTES
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, *ptr, sum = 0;
clrscr();

printf(“Enter number of elements: “);

scanf(“%d”, &n);

ptr = (int*) malloc(n* sizeof(int));

//memory allocated using malloc
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf(“Error! not sufficient memory “);
exit(0);
}
printf(“Enter elements of array: “);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, ptr + i);
sum = sum+ *(ptr + i);
}
printf(“Sum = %d”, sum);
free(ptr);
getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
96 Material
 10. Write a program to create array using calloc () function for n number Pointers

of elements and display them.

#include <stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
NOTES
#include<conio.h>

void main () {
int i, n;
int *p;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter Number of elements to be entered:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

p = (int*)calloc(n, sizeof(int));
printf(“%d numbersof elements “,n);

for( i=0 ; i < n ; i++ )

{
scanf(“%d”,&p[i]);
}

printf(“The numbers entered are: “);

for( i=0 ; i < n ; i++ )
{
printf(“%d “,p[i]);
}
free( p );
getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 97
Files

BLOCK 5 FILES
File is a physical place in secondary memory. Variables are created in RAM and
NOTES
files are created in hard disk. The data stored in files are permanent. When the
program stop executing all the data is lost and if we want to save it permanently
than we have to use files.
C uses some special statements to perform operations on files.In c language
we can create two types of files
 Text file
 Binary file
Text file are having extension as .txt file.Text file is less secure and takes
huge amount of storage.
Binary files
Binary files are having .bin files in your computer. Binary files store the data in the
form of binary format. They are more secure and store large amount of data.
File operation
The basic file operations are
 Create file
 Open file
 Read and write in file
 Close file
For any type of file operation first we need to create file pointer. This pointer
is used to create, open, read and write and close file. All the functions related with
files are present in <stdio.h>
FILE *fptr;
Function to open file
fptr = fopen(“fileopen.ext”,”mode”)
where mode can any one of the following
“r” Opens file in read only mode
“rb” Opens file in read only in binary format
“w” Opens file in write mode
“wb” Opens file in binary write mode
“a” Opens files in append mode, add at last
“ab” Opens files in append mode , binary format
“r+” Opens file in read and write mode
“rb+” Opens files in read and write mode in binary
“w+” Open in both read and write mode
“wb+” Open in both read and write mode in binary mode

Self-Instructional
98 Material
Function to close file Files

fclose(fptr);
Function to put string in file
fputs(“string …”,fptr); NOTES
Function to get string from file
char *fgets(char *str, int n, FILE *stream)
Where fgets returns file pointer, str is the string to get values from file, n is
the maximum number of character and file * stream is file pointer.
Example fgets(str,50,fptr);
Will get the maximum 50 characters from file in str string.
Function for file pointer positioning
fseek (fptr, n,position);
where fptr is file pointer, n is the number of character
from position , and position can be any one out of three
SEEK_SET/ SEEK_CUR / SEEK_END
SEEK_Set is used for beginning
SEEK_CUR is used for current position
SEEK_END is sued for ending position
Example
fseek(fptr,10,SET_CUR)
file pointer is set after 10 characters form current position
How to write in file using function from keyboard to file?
scanf( ) fprintf ( )
Keyboard Variable File
Read from keyboard(Input)scanf( )to variable variable to file (output)fprintf( )
Read from keyboard(Input)scanf( )àto variable àvariable
to file (output)fprintf( )
How to read from file and display on monitor?

File Variable Monitor

fscanf ( ) printf( )
Read from file(input from file )fscanf()àto variable àoutput
to monitor printf()
1. Write a program to write in text file using file pointer and functions.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void main()
{

Self-Instructional
Material 99
Files int n; //file pointer
FILE *fptr;
char ch=’y’;

NOTES fptr = fopen(“myfile.txt”,”w”); //op en file in

write mode
if(fptr == NULL) //check if unable to
open file
{
printf(“Error!Not able to open file”);
exit(1);
}

while (ch==’y’||ch==’Y’)
{
printf(“Enter num to be written on file : “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);

fprintf(fptr,”%d”,n); //write in file

printf(“\nDo you want to write more number”);
fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}

fclose(fptr);
printf(“file succefully created”);
getch();
}
Output:

If you will observe the file myfile.txt is created in your current drive.
2. Write a program to open file, read from file and display it on monitor.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
Self-Instructional
100 Material
 { Files

int n; //file pointer

FILE *fptr;
clrscr(); NOTES
fptr = fopen(“myfile.txt”,”r”); // op en file in
write mode
if(fptr == NULL) //check if unable to
open file
{
printf(“Error!Not able to open file”);
exit(1);
}
fscanf(fptr,”%d”,&n); //read from file
printf(“\n%d”,n); //write on monitor
fclose(fptr);
printf(“\nfile succefully closed “);
getch();
}
Output:

3. Write a program to append data in myfile.txt and again open the file
and display the data.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int n; //file pointer
FILE *fptr;
char ch=’y’;
clrscr();
fptr = fopen(“myfile.txt”,”a”); / / o p e n f i l e in
append mode
if(fptr == NULL) //check if unable to
open file
{
printf(“Error!Not able to open file”);
Self-Instructional
Material 101
Files exit(1);
}
while (ch==’y’||ch==’Y’)

NOTES {
printf(“Enter number to be append in file “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
fprintf(fptr,”%d”,n); //write in file
printf(“\nDo you want to add more numbers”);
fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}
fclose(fptr);
printf(“\nfile succefully append and closed “);
fptr=fopen(“myfile.txt”,”r”);
fscanf(fptr,”%d”,&n);
printf(“%d”,n);
getch();
}
Output:

4. Write a program to show the use of fseek.

#include <stdio.h>

void main () {
FILE *fptr;

fptr = fopen(“myfile.txt”,”w+”);
fputs(“I learned c langauge”, fptr);

fseek( fptr, 1, SEEK_END );

fputs(“ with lot of fun”, fptr);
fclose(fptr);
getch();
}

Self-Instructional
102 Material
 5. Write a program to read file in reverse order and display it. Files

//Write a program to print reverse content of file

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> NOTES
void main()
{
FILE *fp;

int count = 0;
int i = 0;
char c;
fp = fopen(“myfile.txt”,”r”);
if( fp == NULL )
{
printf(“\n File can not be opened : \n”);
exit(1);
}

//moves the file pointer to the end.

fseek(fp,0,SEEK_END);
//get the position of file pointer.
count = ftell(fp);

while( i < count )

{
i++;
fseek(fp,-i,SEEK_END);
c=fgetc(fp);
printf(“%c”,c);
}
printf(“\n”);
fclose(fp);

getch();
}
Output:

Self-Instructional
Material 103
Files
Try yourself:
(i) Write a program to open a file”mydata.txt” in write mode and write
your name, age and address in file .
NOTES (ii) Write a program to open the file “mydata.txt” in read mode and
display the data present in it.
(iii) Write a program to create file “myinfo.txt” to open file in read and
write mode and write information about your hobbies using string
and display the information from file.

Command line argument

Command line argument are the values passed form command line .These values
are called command line arguments. They are important for your program, when
we want to control your program from outside instead of hard coding those values
inside the code.
The command line arguments are handled using main () function arguments
where argc refers to the number of arguments passed, and argv [ ] is a pointer
array which points to each argument passed to the program.
Remember to run command line program form dos shell, by typing the
program name and argument.
Steps to run command line argument program
(i) Save file
(ii) Compile file
(iii) Press F9 to make file
(iv) Ctrl+F9 to run file for first time
(v) Then open dos shell
(vi) You are in c:\turboc++\bin>
(vii) Type cd..
(viii) You will get c:\turboc++>
(ix) Then type cd source
(x) You will get c:\turboc++\source> prompt
(xi) Type the program name and arguments and press enter

Self-Instructional
104 Material
 Files

NOTES

6. Program to display the number of arguments provided in command

line argument.
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
clrscr();
if( argc >= 2 )
{
printf(“The arguments supplied are:\n”);
for(i = 1; i < argc; i++)
{
printf(“%s\t”, argv[i]);
}
}
else
{
printf(“argument list is empty.\n”);
}
return 0;
}
This program shows the arguments provided to command
line.

Self-Instructional
Material 105
Files 7. Write a program in c to copy the one file to another using command
line arguments.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
NOTES
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE *fptr1,*fptr2;
char ch;

clrscr();
if(argc!=3)
{
printf(“\n Enter Two File Names for copyfile \n”);
exit(1);
}

if(argc==3)
{
fptr1 = fopen (argv[1],”r”);
fptr2 = fopen (argv[2],”w”);
if(fptr1==NULL )
{
puts(“\nFile can not be Open...\n”);
exit(1);
}
while((ch=getc(fptr1))!=EOF)
{
putc(ch,fptr2);
putchar(ch);
}
printf(“\n1 File copied \n”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n Now goes to File Menu - DOS Shell option
in TurboC++\n “);

Self-Instructional
106 Material
 printf(“\n and then Enter Two File Names for copy Files
\n”);
printf(“\n Press Enter to continue... \n”);
}
NOTES

fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
return(1);
}
This program will act as copy command of dos and copy the file1 to file2

8. Predict the output of the code given below.

If we type > file good night as command line
arguments
#include<stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
printf(“%d %s”, argc, argv[1]);
return 0;
}
9. Write a program to add two numbers in command line arguments.
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
int i, sum = 0;
if (argc != 3) {
printf(“Please enter two numbers.”);
exit(1);
}
printf(“The sum is : “);
sum= atoi(argv[1])+atoi(argv[2]);
printf(“%d”, sum);
return 0;
}

Self-Instructional
Material 107
Files Instant Programming card for c language

NOTES

Self-Instructional
108 Material