MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet

Basic Computing

Notes COMMUNICATIONS ON
INTERNET

In the previous lesson you have learnt about data communication and networking
concept. Communication means transfer of data. Undoubtedly Internet is the
fastest means of communication today and that is why it is called the
“Information Superhighway”. It has revolutionized almost every facet of our
lives. Whether we have to exchange messages, share pictures and videos, find
information on any topic, debate in a group, or view live lectures, Internet is
there to provide all these services to you at the click of the button. It has grown
and evolved over the years and changed the way we communicate across the
globe today. Internet has shrunk the world into a global village. Desktop
computers, mainframes, cell phones, security alarms, video game consoles, GPS
units, etc., are all connected to the net.
In this lesson, you will learn about internet, its related terminologies and also
about some common ways of communication on Internet like email, instant
messaging, newsgroup, blogging, social networking etc.

OBJECTIVES
After reading this lesson, you will be able to :
z define Internet;
z describe Internet related terminologies;
z list Internet protocols (TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP);
z use Internet;
z assess various Internet services like;
„ email;

78 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
„ Instant Messaging and Chat Rooms;
„ Blogs;
„ Newsgroups;
„ Video Conferencing;
„ Social Networking;
z explain Cookies and Cloud Computing;
Notes
6.1 INTERNET
Internet (Inter-Network) or simply ‘Net’ is a vast communication network which
connects thousands and millions of computers across the globe. It is also called
network of networks because it is made up of thousands of smaller networks
that can exchange information with each other. The users connected to Internet
can share resources and communicate with each other. Internet offers many
methods of connecting with people like emailing, chatting, blogging, social
networking etc. Internet is an information hub. We can find information on
almost any topic in the world. Any user can create content, offer services and
sell products on the internet without requiring permission from any central
authority. That is why we have wide range of applications and services to avail
on the net.
Although no single person or organization actually runs the internet, yet tens
of thousands of interconnected networks run by service providers, individual
companies, universities, government etc. together run the Internet. Hence we
say that ‘No one but still everyone runs the Internet’. In fact, today, the net
has grown into a spectacular combination of private sector, government sector
and entrepreneurial broadcasters.
To connect to Internet, we need the following:
(i) A web browser installed on our computer
(ii) A modem
(iii) A telephone connection
(iv) A connection from an Internet Service Provider(ISP) like Airtel, MTNL etc.
Internet uses certain rules called protocols which allow sharing of resources
among various users on the network. You will learn about these protocols later
in this lesson.

6.1.1 History of Internet

The Department of Defence in USA created a small network called ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) to protect government

Computer Science 79
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
communication systems in the event of a military strike. Using standard
protocols, this network connected only contractors, military personals and
university researchers who were involved in the project, so that they could
communicate and share data with each other. The popularity of ARPANET
spread among researchers and soon National Science Foundation launched
NSFNet that linked several high speed computers. This later came out to be
known as Internet. By late 1980s, thousands of cooperating networks were part
of Internet. Present day Internet is now a platform for all types of resources.
Notes In fact, it continues to grow as an informational and communication resource
with each passing day. It provides personal, economic, educational, and political
resources to each connected user across the globe. It has truly become a
communication highway for millions of users.

6.2 INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

You will come across various terminologies associated with communications on
Internet during the course of this lesson. Let us first understand these
terminologies.

Webpage

The document that can be viewed in the web browser is known as the web page.

Website

The collection of web pages interlinked with each other through hyperlinks is
known as website. The first page of a website is known as the home page.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web(WWW) or simply the ‘web’ is a system of Internet servers
that support documents formatted using HTML. These documents or web pages
may contain links to other documents (hyperlinks), text, graphics, audio or video
files. So a user can search for the desired data or information by navigating from
one web page to another.

Web Browser

A web browser is a free software application that is used to view web pages,
graphics and almost any other online content. It is specifically designed to
convert HTML and XML into readable document. A web browser helps us to
navigate through the World Wide Web. Some of the common web browsers are
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Netscape Navigator and Safari.

80 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
Web Server

It is the server on the World Wide Web that responds to the request made by
the web browsers.

URL

Every web page or file has a unique address assigned to it. This special format
of the address is known as Uniform Resource Locator or URL. Hence a URL Notes
specifies the unique address assigned to each web resource (viz., web page,
video, image, song etc.). The general format of URL is given below:

type:// address/path

In the above format

type – specifies the type of server or protocol

address – specifies the name / address of the server on the Internet

path – specifies the location of file on the server

For example, consider the following URL

www.airindia.in/travel-info.htm

In the above example http identifies both protocol and server followed by a colon
(: ) and two forward slashes (//). www.airindia.in is the name of the server and
travel-info.htm is the name of the HTML file on the server. This type of character
based naming system is known as Domain Name System(DNS).

Here, it should be mentioned that names of the servers commonly begin with
‘www’ for World Wide Web. Types of domain names are given in the table below:

Domain Name Purpose

.com For commercial firms/companies/organizations

.edu For educational organizations
.gov For government organizations
.mil For military bodies/ regiments etc.
.net For network bodies/organizations
.org For non- profit organizations
.biz For business firms/bodies/organizations

Computer Science 81
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
In addition to the above table, sometimes, a two letter abbreviation indicating
the country name is also used. For example, in the domain name www.yahoo.co.in,
‘in’ indicates the country India.
A URL and the IP addresses help us to name, find and bookmark specific pages
and files for our web browsers.

IP Address
Notes
As mentioned before, every web page has a specific address. Similarly every
computer on the network also has a unique address. This is called the IP address
where IP stands for Internet Protocol.’ Any computer’s IP address is a four-
part or eight- part electronic serial number with each part separated by dots (.)
or colons(:). For example ‘212.30.0.220’ is an IP address. Any device, may
it be laptop, computer or smartphone that accesses the net, is assigned at least
one IP address for tracking purposes.

HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. Here, ‘hypertext’ refers to
the hyperlinks that an HTML page may contain and the ‘markup language’ refers
to the way tags are used to define the page layout and the elements within the
page and also to make the document interactive through hyperlinks. Hence it
defines how web pages are formatted and displayed in the web browser. In
simple terms, HTML specifies how to display text, pictures, images, videos or
even hyperlinks in the browser. Please note that HTML is neither a word
processing application nor a Desk Top Publishing (DTP) software nor a
programming language. It is just a markup language that specifies the web page
layout and hyperlinks through special layout commands called tags. So we have
separate tags for headings, titles, fonts, images, tables, hyperlinks etc.
The general structure of an HTML document is given below:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
……
</HEAD>
<BODY>
….
</BODY>
</HTML>
You will learn HTML in detail in the web designing lesson.

82 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
XML

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is the language that is used to display

the content of a web page in a structured manner. It defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-
readable and hence can be read by any XML compatible application. XML is
basically a mechanism for defining tags and structural relationships between
these tags. It focusses on cataloguing and databasing the text content of the
web page. This flexible language is used to describe data, to create information Notes
formats and to electronically share structured data using Internet.

XML files contain tags and text similar to HTML. But unlike HTML, XML
is not a markup language. Instead it is a ‘meta-language’ which can be used
to create markup languages for specific applications. It allows us to create a
database of information without having an actual database. HTML defines how
elements are displayed and printed while XML assigns meaning to the elements.
Also, HTML uses predefined tags but XML requires the developer of the content
to define most of the tags. However, XML can be used with HTML pages also.

For example, in a web page, XML may describe the items that have to be
accessed when the web page loads and HTML defines the layout of the items
to be displayed. Just like database records, any data item such as ‘roll no’,
‘name’,‘date of birth’ can be specified. Because of this provision of common
method of identifying the data and separating the data from presentation, XML
has become the standard format for electronic interchange and web services.

ISP

ISP or Internet Service Provider is either a private company or a government

agency that offers varying services like viewing web pages, emailing, hosting
and publishing web pages, blogging etc. Some of the examples of ISPs are
MTNL, Airtel, TataDocomo etc. Generally these ISPs offer their services at
various speed connections for a monthly fee.

Now-a-days we are also able to get wireless services from various Wireless
Internet Service Providers (WISPs) that cater to laptop and smartphone users
who travel on a regular basis.

6.3 INTERNET PROTOCOLS

You have learnt that, protocol is the set of rules that are followed while
communicating on any network. No activity, may it be sending messages or
sharing files, can be done on any network without using protocols. Some of

Computer Science 83
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
the common protocols used while communicating on Internet are: TCP/IP,
FTP, HTTP etc.

Let us discuss these in details.

6.3.1 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

TCP/IP protocol is the basic protocol of the Internet. It is not a single protocol
but a suite of protocols that define the set of commands that specify the sender,
Notes
receiver and the data that is being transmitted. For any communication, we need
two things- the message to be transmitted and means to transmit it. The TCP
part of the protocol handles the message to be transmitted. It breaks the message
into small units called packets and then transmits them over network. The
packets when received are again reassembled back by TCP of the receiver. It
also retransmits any part of data that was not received by the destination
computer. The IP part of the protocol is concerned with the transmission of data
to the right destination. It assigns a unique IP address to each and every recipient
of the network. By this, it makes sure that the data is transmitted at the correct
destination.

TCP/IP can also be used as a communication protocol over a private network.

When our computer is connected to the Internet, it is provided with a copy of
the TCP/IP program in order to allow communication with other computers on
the network. Nearly all computers today support TCP/IP. Since TCP/IP has
become the foundation of Internet, so this software is built into all major
operating systems viz. Windows, Unix and Mac OS.

6.3.2 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

FTP defines the set of rules to transfer any type of file on a TCP/IP based network.
It is most commonly used to download a file from a server or to upload a file
to a serverusing Internet. FTP divides the file into multiple segments and assigns
a reference number to each segment. These segments are then transmitted and
reassembled at the destination computer so that the exact copy of the original file
is received. FTP also performs automatic error detection and correction during
the file transfers. There are hundreds and thousands of FTP files over the Internet.
Files stored on an FTP server can be accessed using FTP client such as web
browser, FTP software program or using command line interface.

6.3.3 HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is the set of rules that are used to transfer hypertext on World Wide Web.
Hypertext can be in the form of text, graphic, sound or video. HTTP is the

84 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
language of web pages and consists of two forms- (i) the set of requests from
browsers to servers and (ii) the set of responses from server to the browsers
at the user end. It has various built in request methods which allow the users
to read, store or remove a web page, to connect two or more web pages or
even remove the existing connection between two web pages.

HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted. It also defines the
actions taken by the web servers and browsers in response to various commands.
Notes
For example, when we enter the
URL of a website in the address https stands for Hyper Text Transfer
bar of the browser, an HTTP Protocol Secured’. In this protocol, a
command is sent to the web server special layer of encryption is added to
directing it to find and transmit the hide user’s personal information and
requested web page in the browser passwords. This is specifically used by
window. As soon as the user opens ecommerce sites to secure online
any of the browser applications, transactions.
HTTP protocol is automatically
put to action.

6.4 WORKING OF INTERNET

Each of the computers connected on the network is called host. These computers
are connected to each other using various communication media like telephone
lines, fibre optic cables, microwaves and satellites. Internet allows many
computers to connect and communicate with each other using standard set of
rules called protocols. The most important protocol governing the Internet is
TCP/IP.

As mentioned before, there is no particular organization that controls the

Internet. A personal computer can be linked to the Internet using a modem. The
modem communicates with the server of an Internet Service Provider(ISP). As
mentioned before, ISP is the company that provides internet connections to the
users and each user has to get a connection from any of the ISPs. In case of
LANs that are operational in small organizations or universities etc., the server
of each of these LANs are connected to the server of ISP using high speed
telephone lines. The computer when connected to the ISP server, makes its
connection to the larger ISP (Regional ISP) which are further connected to other
larger ISPs (World ISP) using fibre optics or satellites. This is how each
computer gets connected to Internet. Figure 6.1 below depicts the working of
Internet.

Computer Science 85
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing

World
ISP
Regional
ISP

Local
ISP
Notes
T1 Line

Traditional telephone
line or cable modem
LAN

Single User

Fig. 6.1: Working of Internet

Let us now have a look at the sequence of events that leads to transmission
of data from one computer to another on Internet.
(i) Each computer on the network has a unique IP address assigned to it. The
source computer breaks the data to be transmitted into small packets. Each
packet has a serial number and an IP address of the receiving computer on it.
(ii) All these packets are then sent to the address of the destination computer.
The packets pass through various computers on the network until they
reach their destination computer.
(iii) Since the destination computer receives the packets in random order, the
TCP protocol reassembles the packets according to their serial number. If
any packet is lost or garbled during transmission, it is demanded again. The
process continues till the original data is obtained.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.1

Fill in the blanks:
1. Internet is ...................

86 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
2. To connect to the internet you need ..................., ..................., ...................,
...................
3. ARPANET stands for ...................
4. The rules to communicate on Internet are called ...................
5. The first page of a website is known as ...................
6. ................... helps us to navigate through the world wide web.
Notes
6.5 INTERNET SERVICES
With the advancement of technology, the range and quality of services available
on net has also increased. These wide range of services help us to communicate
and share data. Let us discuss some of the commonly used services available
on the net.

6.5.1 Email
Email or Electronic mail refers to the messages sent electronically via Internet.
These messages travel through multiple channels till they reach their destination
with definite address. In today’s technological era, Emails have become an
indispensable part of communication. You will learn Email in detail in the next
lesson.

6.5.2 Instant Messaging and Chat Rooms

Instant Messaging (IM) is another Internet service that allows us to communicate
with the people instantaneously. This communication is generally through text
based messaging but now a days voice chat is also increasingly becoming
popular.
To avail this service, download the messenger program on the browser. Some
of the messenger services available on the net are Skype, Yahoo Messenger, Hike
Messenger, Google Talk etc. In most cases the sender and the receiver
communicating through IM are known to each other. As the messenger opens,
a list of people who have their accounts in that messenger service is displayed.
The IM system alerts us when somebody on our private chat list is online or
has sent us a message. We may respond to the message and hence start the chat
by typing messages in the Chat window that appears on the screens of both
sender and receiver (Fig. 6.2). With the advancements in technology, most of
the instant messaging service providers allow us to send and share links, videos,
images, audio files and many more.
In an Instant Messaging service, two people are sending and receiving messages
through a Chat window. On the contrary, a chat room, is an online web service
in which two or more users can send messages to each other in real time.
Although a chat room generally consists of people with common interest, but

Computer Science 87
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
the participants might be either known to each other or might be anonymous.
The participants can engage in text based, voice based or video based live
discussions with one another. Text from all users is instantly displayed in the
chat room’s conversation log or chat window. This service also gives the option
of chatting privately with a particular user but generally these individual chat
sessions are for customer service, where each individual customer’s query is
answered privately. Chat rooms are also utilized by employees of various
organizations to communicate with each other from multiple locations. Some
Notes of the popular chat room service providers are Openchat, Teenchat, Paltalk etc.
Even the Instant messaging services can also be used for chatting through chat
rooms. Also almost all the IM and chat service providers give us the options
for voice chat and video chat. So we have the option to exchange voice messages
and live images as well.

Fig. 6.2: Chat Window

6.5.3 Newsgroups
A newsgroup is just like a public forum where multiple users are continuously
exchanging information about a particular topic. The messages are posted on
a bulletin board of the newsgroup and any member can read and respond to
them. To view and post messages in the news group, firstly, we need a news
reader application that runs on our computer and connects us to a news server
on the internet. Unlike chat rooms, the communication in a newsgroup is not
instant. People may read and respond to the messages that are posted on bulletin
boards as per their convenience.

88 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
In a single newsgroup several active discussions may be in progress between
hundreds and thousands of people. One can join a newsgroup at any time to
become part of this huge conversation. The newsgroups are organized into
various categories as shown in the table below.

Category Subjects

Alt Varied
Notes
news Usenet technical issues

Soc Social issues

comp Computers and technology

misc Miscellaneous

Rec Recreation (sports, adventure etc.)

talk Controversial and sensitive topics

alt.binaries Images and videos

Biz Business and advertising

The newsgroups are read from right to left. For example rec.trek.himalyas means
‘Trekking in Himalyas’ is the topic in the ‘recreation’ category. Some of the
websites offering newsgroup services are giganews.com, supernews.com etc.

6.5.4 Blogs
The word blog was coined by Peter Merholz in 1999 and it comes from the
word “Web Log.” The literal meaning of a blog is a website that contains an
online personal journal with his/her comments, reflections and also hyperlinks
provided by the author. So, using this internet service, the users are able to post
journal entries on a web page and thus share their thoughts and ideas. This
process of authoring or editing a blog is called blogging. Each individual article
that is posted is known as a blog post. The blogs which are created and edited
by multiple users are known as Multi Author Blogs(MABs).
A typical blog is the combination of text, images, audio, video and even links
to other blogs. Anybody who knows how to create and publish a webpage can
easily publish their own blog by typing the text and clicking “Publish” button.
We can say that a blog is like a website on which personal feelings and
experiences can be shared with thousands of people around the world. It is sort
of an online writer’s column. That is the reason now-a-days blogging is also
seen as a form of social networking service. Amateurs and professional writers

Computer Science 89
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
publish their blogs on various topics viz. their hobbies, opinions on political
matters, their views on celebrities, technical tips on using various applications
etc. Blogs can even be used for advertising and promotions of a product,
individual or a company.

The type of blogging in which only short messages are posted is known as
microblogging. The commonly used website for microblogging is Twitter
created in 2006 by Jack Dorsey. Using Twitter, the user can send and receive
Notes maximum of 140 characters in a text message. That is why Twitter is also known
as ‘SMS of the Internet’. These messages on Twitter are known as tweets.
Registered users can read and post the tweets while unregistered users can only
read the tweets posted by others.

6.5.5 Video Conferencing

Video Conferencing (VC) is the technology that allows communication between
two or more people at different locations by simultaneous two-way audio and
video or even text transmissions. It is also known as video conference or video
tele-conference or simply tele conference.We can compare this with a video
telephone with each participant having a video camera, microphone and speakers
mounted on their respective computers/laptops/smartphones etc. As the two
participants speak, their voice is carried over the network and the images appear
on the monitor of the other participant.

Video Conferencing has become an important tool for communication in the field
of business, education, medicine and media. We can now attend lectures being
held at some distant location. Also, in the field of medicine, the live demonstrations/
surgeries and procedures are shown worldwide using this technology. Video
Conferencing is becoming more and more popular with the advancements in
telecommunication technology and reduction in the hardware cost required for
it. There are three main types of video conferencing technologies – Point to
Point, Multipoint and Streaming.

Point To Point Video Conferencing

In this type of VC, a direct connection is established between two locations that
need to communicate with each other. In simple words, it is just like a telephone
call with video facility.

Multipoint Video Conferencing

In case of multipoint video conferencing, two or more participants sit in a virtual

conference room and communicate as if they were sitting right next to each other.

90 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
Streaming Video Conferencing
In this type of video conferencing, the participants may choose to view the
meeting on a remote computer or a mobile device using certain VC software/
applications. We can even access the video conference via the web browser.
Video Conferencing is the hybrid of networking, video, audio and much more.
Initially video conferencing was a costly affair, so it could be afforded only by
a few business organizations but now, with the introduction of relatively low
Notes
cost hardware , high capacity broadband telecommunication services and video
compression techniques, video conferencing has become quite popular in almost
all fields.

6.5.6 Social Networking

Social networking is another Internet service that allows people to build social
relations on the net. The websites that provide such services are known as social
networking websites. Facebook is one of the most commonly visited social
networking websites. The people connected on social networking websites share
common interests or have real life connections to form an online community
of internet users.
The journey of social networking websites started around 1978 with the
invention of Bulletin Board System (BBS) in Chicago. This BBS was used to
make announcements, inform friends about an event or even share information
by posting messages. By 1997, certain other websites like six degrees became
popular as it allowed the users to create profiles and list friends. A profile consists
of user’s personal information, social links etc.
Various other social networking websites like Friendster, Myspace, Orkut,
LinkedIn etc. were launched but Facebook is the most commonly used social
networking site today with over one billion active users. It was founded by Mark
Zuckerberg on 4th February, 2004. Initially it was restricted to only Harvard
University students but now it allows anyone who is more than 13 years old
to become a registered user of this social networking site.
The users first need to register with the Facebook website and then create his/
her profile, add other users as friends, exchange messages and notifications.
Registered users may also join common-
interest groups. The institutions, Most social networking sites such
companies or organizations may form as Twitter, Facebook etc. have
Facebook pages and accounts to promote dedicated apps for smartphones and
their products on the social platform. other such hand-held devices.

Computer Science 91
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing

Notes

Fig. 6.3: Home Page of Facebook

6.6 COOKIES
The name cookie is taken from ‘magic cookies’ in UNIX. These are tokens that
are attached to the program or user and change according to the responses by
the program or the user.
A cookie is the message given to the web browser by a web server. The message
received by the browser is stored in a text file and is sent back to the server
each time the browser requests a page from the server. In this manner, cookies
help the web server to keep track of the user’s activity on a specific website.
When you open a website containing a cookie, we may be asked to enter our
personal information through a form. This personal information like name,
address, hobbies etc. is packaged into a cookie and sent to the web browser
which stores it for later use. The next time when we open the same website,
the browser will send the cookie to the web server which can use this information
to present you customised web pages. Hence a cookie contains information that
is freely provided to the web site by you.
These are neither plug-ins nor any of the malicious programs. Further, as they
cannot access the hard drive of our computer, so they are not capable to spread
viruses.

6.7 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is the latest technology that has revolutionized the manner
in which data and applications are stored, used and shared using Internet. This
technology relies on sharing the resources (such as data and application
programs) rather than storing them on local servers or personal devices.

92 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing
In Cloud computing, the word ‘cloud’ signifies Internet. Hence Cloud computing
means Internet based computing. Various services, called cloud services are
delivered to users through Internet at any time and at any place. The Cloud
services include use of software and storage space over the net. Since the data
storage and processing is centralized, there is no need of installing different
applications on our machine. This makes cloud computing extremely cost
effective. The only thing required for cloud computing is the web browser and
an internet connection. You will learn cloud computing in detail in the cloud Notes
computing lesson.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.2

Fill in the blanks.
1. Email refers to ...................
2. The process of authoring or editing a blog is called as ...................
3. The three types of video conferencing techniques are ...................,
..................., ...................
4. Cloud computing relies on ................... resources rather than storing them
on local servers or personal devices.
5. The blogs which are created and edited by multiple users are known as
...................
6. ................... is also known as “SMS of the Internet”.

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

z Internet is a network of networks because it is made up of thousands of
smaller networks that can exchange information with each other.
z The collection of web pages interlinked with each other through hyperlinks
is known as website.
z WWW is a system of Internet servers that support documents formatted
using HTML.
z Web browser is a free software application that is used to view web pages,
graphics etc.

Computer Science 93
MODULE – 1 Communications on Internet
Basic Computing
z HTML is a markup language that specifies the web page layout and
hyperlinks through special layout command called tags.

z XML defines set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is both
human and machine readable and hence can be read by any XML compatible
application.

z The process of authoring or editing a blog is called as blogging.

Notes
z Cookie is the message given to the web browser by a web server.

TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Give two examples for each of the following:

(a) ISP

(b) Web browsers

(c) Social Networking Websites

(d) Instant Messaging Services

2. Explain URL and its parts with the help of an example.

3. What is the need of IP addresses on a network?

4. How data is transmitted from one computer to another on Internet?

5. Explain the working of Internet.

6. Differentiate between

(a) Instant Messaging and Chat rooms.

(b) FTP and HTTP

7. Why Twitter is known as ‘SMS of the Internet’?

8. Define blog, blogging and blog post.

9. Explain Video-Conferencing and types of video conferencing techniques.

10. What is XML?

94 Computer Science
Communications on Internet MODULE – 1
Basic Computing

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

6.1
1. Network of networks
2. A web browser installed on your computer, a modem, a telephone connection Notes
and a connection from an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
3. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
4. Protocol
5. Homepage
6. Web browser

6.2
1. The messages sent electronically via Internet.
2. blogging
3. Point –to-point, Multipoint and Streaming.
4. Sharing
5. Multi Author Blogs (MABs)
6. Twitter

Computer Science 95