introduction of curriculum:

The term" curriculum" is deived from Latin word,currer which means,"the race course or runway" which
one talk to reach a goal applied to a course of study.Curriculum is the base in education on which the
teaching learning process are implemented.

Curriculum is a vast and complex field. Most simply, curriculum can be defined as a ‘course of study’,
though in the context of today’s society and school system the concept of curriculum is highly contested
and often misunderstood (Priestly 2019).

Taking curriculum in its broadest sense, we can appreciate that every part of school life plays an
important role in delivering curriculum and teaching children and young people. Curriculum is
manifested both through the ways that schools and subject areas interpret and design courses of
academic learning, and also through the ‘hidden curriculum’. This term refers to almost everything not
subject-related in schools, including:

Non-academic learning promoted by schools (through the attitudes, values and culture promoted by the
school)

The physical environment of the school

The social environment of the school

Unconscious teaching that occurs in the classroom.

(Priestley, 2019)

introduction of text book:

"A textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are produced
according to the demand of the educational institutions. Textbooks are usually published by one of the
four major publishing companies. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, some
can now be viewed onlin

Home

It is a written source of information, designed specifically for the use of students, on a particular subject
or field of study that is usually developed based on a syllabus and geared towards meeting specific
quality and learning requirements. School textbooks pertain to an instructional sequence based on an
organized curriculum. Ideally they serve as a complement to a good teacher and an inquiring learner.
(Adapted from: UNESCO 2003a and UNESCO IBE 2006).

A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the
intention of explaining it. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational
institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in school.

what is cuuriculum development:

Curriculum development is the multi-step process of creating and improving a course taught at a school
or university. While the exact process will vary from institution to institution, the broad framework
includes stages of analysis, building, implementation, and evaluation;

In K-12 schools, curricula are often developed at a local or state level to result in standardized learning
outcomes across different schools. At the college level, instructors may get more individual flexibility to
develop their own curricula. Either way, the individual or group is responsible for planning a course (and
choosing strong corresponding course materials) that effectively accomplishes educational goals and
meets student needs

What are the steps of curriculum development?

Depending on your approach, curriculum development can have many different steps.

Generally, the steps to curriculum development will fall into a rough framework that mirrors many
instructional design approaches. Each process looks something like this:

Analysis

Design

Selecting

Formation

Review

DEFINITIONS OF TEXTBOOK
“Text-book is a book designed for classroom use." - Bacon

"A teacher text-book is one specially prepared for the use of pupil and teaching in a school or class,
presenting course of study in a single subject of class-related subject." - American Text-book Publishing
Institute .

"Text-book is half of the apparatus of teaching," - Prof. Keatin

"The text-book must be regarded as strictly subordinate and supplementary to the teacher’s lesson” -
Raymont

Need and Importance of textbook b.ed notes

NEED FOR TEXT-BOOK

From teacher and student viewpoint, the need for a text-book is due to the following

Following are from teacher's viewpoint:

1. For Guidance in Teaching : A text-book guides a teacher. It explains and clarifies how a topic should be
taught and how much.

A text-book gives adequate suggestions, illustrations, examples and techniques, etc. and thus becomes
helpful to a teacher in guiding his teaching.

2. In Selection of Teaching Material : A teacher uses blackboard and other teaching aids in keeping with
the circumstances and period of his teaching, in the same way, text-book is needed to obtain the
material in the initial stage, because he requires good examplés, questions an methods. A good text-
book contains a number' of exercise questions, suitable examples and several methods of solving
questions. All these help in teaching.

3. For Reference Material : Text-book are helpful in undertaking and running the class in a planned,
methodical, systematic way, and give balanced assignment in socia study. Besides, it contains new
knowledge with does away with the need to refer reference books

4. Exercise Work: Practice makes a man perfect. There is much role to practice in social study, and
momentum cannot be caught up without practice. Different maps and their making require adequate
practice, for which guidance is provided by text-books.
5. For Making Teaching Efforts Successful : Text-books are needed to make a teacher's effort in teaching
in the classroom. A text-book carries a structure from 'simple to complex' and from 'known to'
unknown', which ultimately leads him to success in teaching.

(B) From Students' Viewpoint These are:

1. Helpful in Self study : To solve problems given in text-books, there are some solved questions as well
as questions for practice. Clues for solution of difficult questions are also given, which help students
study at home. Text-books helps students understand the text material by self-study.

2. Convenient Use : Students can use text-books as may be convenient to them. If a student has
absented himself from school due to any reason and has missed upon his school work, then text-books
help him complete it. A text-book is like a teacher at home.

3. For Critical Approach to Content : In social study, students can revise themselves in order to test their
own knowledge. Thus, text-books help students to critically revise themselves

4. Useful for Backward Students : Those exceptional student who have lagged behind in the course, for
them text-books are of special importance. Text-books help them proceed on the path of learning at a
satisfactory rate despite their slow learning rate. Since the class cannot wait for the backward students
to make up, text-books help them overcome the problem, and text-books help them keep pace with the
class

5. As a Means of Imparting New Knowledge : If text-books are revised from time to time, then current
and latest information, thoughts and inventions, etc. are included in them.

On the basis of above points, we can say that text-books are very important for both teacher and student
in social study teachinng.

IMPORTANCE OF TEXT-BOOK
Text-books enioy a very vital place in' our entire educational system. As has been said in the context of
text-books:

Books are keys to wisdom's treasure;

Books are gates to.lands of pleasure.

Books are paths that upward lead;

Books are friends, come, let us read

A text-book is important due to the following cause

1. A text-book acquaints a teacher with the entire syllabus, its structure and aims.

2. A text-book simplifies a teacher's work and makes it useful.

3. A text-book is necessary to make a teacher's effort in the classroom successful because books can help
in good and remedial teaching.

4. A text-book saves on time needed for writing questions and other texts

5. A text-book helps students to revise his lessons.

6. Difficulties associated with contents can be eliminated by text-books.

7. A teacher gets readymade exercise work from a text-book.

8. Students can solve questions themselves and match their answers with the answer sheets.

9. A text-book contains text material in a logical and psychological sequence, with helps a teacher in
effective teaching

10. Text-books help to guide students.

11. Students can use them for revision, class work and home assignments.

12. Text-books help students to note down the summary, important points and views of scholars, etc. in
their text-books.

13. "Practice is the mother of success."" The use of text-books provide adequate practice to students

14. The use of text-books guide students' efforts in studies.

15. Text-books have the quality of self-education, by which students cultivate the qualities of self-
confidence and proper attitude.

16. Text-book play an important role in bringing about continuity, orderliness, system and objectivity in
teacher and student activities.

Besides text-books help in preserving social culture, traditions, values and habits, etc .

In the present times, our society is quite aware of the merits of text-books. In this context has well said
that teacher and text-book construct the school. On the other hand, Maxwell has said that the text-book
is the means by which a teacher presents the contents before the class.