MODALS

MODALS
Ön Bilgi

Modal kip (ek) anlamına gelmektedir.

G
enellikle tense ve passive sorularının içinde 2 boşluklu olarak
verilir. Modallar tek başına cloze test bölümünde de ölçülebilir.
Mesela son Ydt’de 2 tane modal sorusu geldi.

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GENEL YAKLAŞIM
1. Adım: Kuş Bakışı
B ir modal sorusu karşımıza geldiğinde, tense sorularında olduğu gibi soru köküne
anı mı (past), genelleme (present) mi, gelecek (future) mi sorusunu sorup cümlenin
zamanını belirlememiz gerekir.
ÖSYM TARZI
Palaeontologists ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ that small mammals ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the extinction of
dinosaurs by eating their eggs; however, currently they think the rise of mammals was
an effect of the demise of dinosaurs.
A) may think / could have caused
B) must think / would have caused
C) used to think / might have caused
D) had to think / should have caused
E) would think / must have caused

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 2. Adım: Uzman Bakışı
Böylece bu sorularda önce eleme yöntemi ile gitmek daha sonra anlamsal
ilişkiyi kurmaya çalışmak gereklidir. Anlamsal ilişkiyi kurabilmek için modalların
fonksiyonunu (kattığı anlam) bilmek gerekiyor.

ÖSYM TARZI
Palaeontologists ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ that small mammals ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the extinction
of dinosaurs by eating their eggs; however, currently they think the rise of
mammals was an effect of the demise of dinosaurs.

C) used to think / might have caused

D) had to think / should have caused
E) would think / must have caused

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MODAL YAPILARI

Modal + V 0

present? past?

active passive?

MODAL + V 0: Zaman olarak PRESENT ya da PAST olabilir.

MODAL + V 0: Havada karada AKTİFTİR.

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 Modal + be V 3 present / past

Modal + be V 3 havada karada pasif

Modal + be V 3 past + aktif dizilim

Modal + have been V 3 past + pasif dizilim

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ABILITY
Present 1:

A lthough Ursula has a speech impediment, she can speak two foreign
languages.

can V 0

Present 2:

Jenny can’t hear or speak, but he is able to use sign language.

am – is – are able to V 0

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 ABILITY
Past 1:

When Tonny was 6, he could speak English and German.

could V 0

Past 2:

A fter working for two hours, firefighters were able to rescue people from
the building.

was - were able to V 0

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ABILITY
Future:
Are you sure you will be able to find the answer?

will be able to V 0

ÖRNEK SORU
Otis is not sure whether he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the loan he needs for the business he is
going to start, or else he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his dreams come true.
A) would be able to get / will have to make
B) has been able to get / shouldn’t have made
C) got / hadn’t made
D) will be able to get / won’t be able to make
E) could get / needn’t have made

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 POSSIBILITY
Present 1:
It can be really cold in Afyon. (= it is sometimes).

can V 0

Present 2:
This may / might / could be the best pizza I have ever eaten.

may / might / could V 0

NEGATIVE POSSIBILITY
I may / might NOT have enough cash, so I’ll withdraw some money from the
ATM.
Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULD NOT kullanılmaz!

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POSSIBILITY
Progressive (+):
T he children are not in their room. They might / may / could be playing in the garden.

may / might / could be V ing

Progressive (-):
My mother may / might not be sleeping right now, she usually gets up early in the
morning.
may / might NOT be V ing

NEGATIVE PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY

The restaurant may / might NOT be serving today as it is Sunday today.
Progressive Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULDN’T BE V ing kullanılmaz!

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 ABILITY
Past:
S mall mammals may / might / could have caused the extinction of
dinosaurs by eating their eggs.

may / might / could HAVE V 3

NEGATIVE PAST POSSIBILITY

Jane seems unhappy. She might / may not have passed the test..
Past Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULDN’T HAVE V 3
kullanılmaz!

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I have no idea ... may V 0

I don’t know ...
might V 0
Perhaps ...
could V 0
Maybe ...
ya da
I’m not sure ...
may HAVE V 3
Probably ...
might HAVE V 3
Possibly ...
It isn’t certain ... could HAVE V 3

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 SORU

The main culprit of the extinction of dinosaurs is not well known, though
some limited evidence suggests that 65 million years ago a mysterious
catastrophe associated with some body from outer space like an asteroid or
a comet ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the last of the dinosaurs to vanish forever.

A) has caused
B) used to cause
C) may have caused
D) would have caused
E) must have caused

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SORU

The risk of cancer ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ significantly with age, and many

different types of cancer ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ more commonly in developed
countries.

A) can increase / occurred

B) must increase / must occur
C) has increased / would occur
D) may increase / occur
E) increases / had occurred

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 SORU

Tensions between the French and English crowns ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾

back centuries to the origins of the English royal family, which
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ French in origin.

A) go / may have been

B) went / used to be
C) are going / should be
D) will go / must have been
E) have gone / had to be

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OBLIGATION
Present 1:
I really must stop using Instagram and Twitter - I waste so much time on
social media.
must V 0

Present 2:
You need to study harder if you want to be successful.

need to V 0

Past:
Sorry I’m late. I had to pick my wife up at the station.

had to V 0

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OBLIGATION
External 1:
Judy has to be a member to play in the club. have / has to V 0

External 2:
We have got to wear a uniform at our school. need to V 0

Ignored:
We are supposed to drink a glass of water as soon as we wake up, but we often
don’t.
We aren’t supposed to consume anything after 8 p.m., but we often end up eating
something.

be supposed to V 0

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SORU

Philip VI ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his plan of assembling a large naval fleet,

when an uprising ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ out among the peasants against his
rule.

A) would leave / breaks

B) had to leave / broke
C) may leave / has broken
D) left / is breaking
E) must have left / could have broken

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 KİLİT NOKTA

A S / WERE
HAD TO W
U P P O S ED TO
S

“Had to” ile “was / were supposed to” arasında fark vardır.
“Had to” yapılması zorunlu olan ve yapılan eylemi anlatırken, “was / were
supposed to” yapılması gereken ama gerçekleşmeyen eylem demektir.
Seçeneklerde biri diğerinin çeldiricisi olabilir.

The doctor was supposed to inform us about the side effects of the drug.
(Bilgilendirmesi gerekiyordu ama söylemedi.)
The doctor had to inform us about the side effects of the drug.
(Bilgilendirmek zorunda kaldı).

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SORU

I ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ go to see the doctor last week because I was very ill.

A) was supposed to
B) had to
C) didn’t need to
D) might
E) had better

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 LACK of OBLIGATION
Present 1:
You don’t have to pay for children under 6.

do / does NOT have to V 0

Present 2:
The weather is great today. You don’t need to take your jacket.

do / does NOT need to V 0

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SORU

You ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ an expert to live a healthy life as the

guidelines for living healthy are relatively simple.

A) can’t have been

B) may not have been
C) aren’t supposed to be
D) had better not be
E) don’t have to be

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 LACK of OBLIGATION
Past 1:
I didn’t have to take my raincoat. The weather wasn’t rainy.

didn’t need to V0 / didn’t have to V 0

Past 2:
Visitors ate before they came here. I needn’t have cooked so much food.

needn’t have V 3

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SORU

We were happy that we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ mum happy, though she said

we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ such an expensive gift for her birthday.

A) have made / won’t be able to buy

B) made / wouldn’t have bought
C) were to make / can’t have bought
D) were able to make / didn’t use to buy
E) could make / needn’t have bought

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 REQUESTS
Less Formal:
Can / Will you close the door? can / will V 0

More Formal 1:
Could / Would you speak slowly, please? could / would V 0

More Formal 2:
W ould you mind opening the window? Would you mind + V ing …?

More Formal 3:
W ould you mind if I opened the window? Would you mind if + S + V 2 …?

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PERMISSION
Less Formal:
Can / Could I leave my bag here? can / could V 0

More Formal 1:
M ay I come in? may V 0

More Formal 2:
M ight I ask how old are you? might V 0

Offer:
Everybody is here. Shall we start? Shall we / I V 0 ?

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 ADVICE
Good Idea:
You have been working here for almost 2 years. You should / ought to ask for a
pay rise.
should / ought to V 0

Strong Advice:
You really must try the new restaurant in the corner. The food is awesome and
cheap!
must V 0

Threat / Warning:
You look really terrible. You had better see a doctor.

had better V 0

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ADVICE
Good Idea:
You shouldn’t / ought not to spend long hours on social media. It is a waste of
time.
shouldn’t / ought not to V0

Strong Advice:
It is the other driver’s fault, not yours. You mustn’t blame yourself for the
accident.
mustn’t V0

Threat / Warning:
You had better not consume this much salt. You are suffering from high blood
pressure.
had better not V 0

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 SORU

Anyone who ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a Multiple sclerosis (a condition that

can affect the brain and spinal cord) relapse in the recent past
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his or her physician know before getting vaccinated.

A) used to experience / might let

B) had experienced / must have let
C) was experiencing / could let
D) has experienced / should let
E) experienced / might have let

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DEDUCTION
Strong & True:
You must be really tired after playing basketball for two hours. Why don’t you
rest for a while?
must V 0

Strong & True & Progressive:

Oliver must be feeling delighted after inheriting a big fortune from his
grandparents.
must be V ing

Strong & True & Past:

Mozart is one of the most popular musicians in the world. You must have heard
one of his symphonies.
must have V 3

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 DEDUCTION
Strong & NOT True:
Peter can’t / couldn’t be an experienced doctor. He is not even in his mid 20s.

can’t / couldn’t V 0

Strong & NOT True & Progressive:

Oliver can’t be feeling delighted after losing his grandparents.

can’t / couldn’t be V ing

Strong & NOT True & Past:

Jonny can’t have caught the 8-o’clock train as he left the house at 8:05.

can’t / couldn’t have V 3

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SORU

As we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ from the victim’s warm body, the murderer

has just committed the crime and he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ away too far.

A) need to understand / shouldn’t go

B) may understand / needn’t have gone
C) understood / won’t be going
D) can understand / can’t have gone
E) must understand / wasn’t supposed to go

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 EXPECTATION
Present:
They have solved the problem with our mail list. Our users shouldn’t be
experiencing any delays now.

should be V ing

Future:
Mike has been studying hard for a long time. He should / ought to do well
in the test.

should / ought to V 0

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CRITICISM
Past:
They should / ought to have already solved the problem with our mail list. We have
received more than 100 complaints.

should / ought to have V 3

ÖRNEK SORU
Kevin ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his son’s academic failures in front of his friends so harshly. He
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ really bad himself for being criticized by his father.
A) needn’t have insulted / must have felt
B) would rather not have insulted / should have felt
C) didn’t need to insult / can feel
D) ought not to have insulted / may have felt
E) can’t insult / used to feel

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 PROHIBITION
Present:
Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students mustn’t / can’t
park here.
mustn’t / can’t V 0

Present & Past & Future:

Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students aren’t allowed to
park here.
Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students are prohibited to /
forbidden to park here.
be allowed to V 0
be prohibited to / forbidden to V 0

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HABITS
States:
Just relax! I am used to / am accustomed to staying home alone.
We are all used to getting up early, so early morning flight is not a problem.

be used to V ing / be accustomed V ing

Actions:
Don’t worry! Your sister will get used to living alone though it is a long and difficult
process.
We got used to working from home as a result of the COVID-19.

get used to V ing / get accustomed to V ing

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PAST HABITS
Actions:
When we were kids, every Saturday my grandparents used to / would take us
to the theatre.
My family used to / would get up early on Sundays to go to church.

States:
I used to wear glasses when I was in high school.
We used to own a bungalow at Village Farm, Trimdon.
There didn’t use to be any Internet fraud in the old days.

used to V 0 / would V 0

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PREFERENCE
Present:
I would prefer to buy a book rather than a shirt as a birthday gift.
My wife and I would prefer to stay at our villa during summer holiday rather than
a five-star hotel.

would prefer to V 0

Present:
After a long and tiring day, I would rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.
On Sundays, I would rather stay at home with kids than go out.

would sooner V 0 / would rather V 0

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