8

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. In the usual flow of genetic information (often called the Central Dogma), which of the following best
represents the expression of genes?
A. Protein—RNA—DNA
B. DNA—RNA—Protein
C. RNA—DNA—Protein
D. DNA—Protein—RNA
2. The cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the
A. nucleus.
B. mitochondria.
C. centrioles.
D. ribosome.
3. The scientists credited with postulating the basis for the genetic code are
A. Hershey and Chase.
B. Griffith and Avery.
C. Watson and Crick.
D. Cohen and Boyer.
4. A codon is a three-base sequence of
A. mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
B. rRNA that codes for an amino acid.
C. tRNA that codes for an amino acid.
D. DNA that codes for an amino acid.
5. Which of these is NOT a character of the genetic code?
A. There are the same number of codons as there are amino acids.
B. The code is used by nearly every living organism.
C. Some amino acids have multiple codons.
D. The code is degenerate.
6. Charles Yanofsky helped decipher the genetic code working with the _____ biosynthesis genes in
_______.
A. leucine Salmonella enteritidis
B. phenylalanine Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. tryptophan Escherichia coli
D. glycine Serratia marcescens
7. A sequence of DNA that reads 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3' should code for ____ amino acids after
all the steps of conversion into protein are complete.
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
8. How many different amino acids could be coded for using the synthetic mRNA sequence of (5'
UGCUGCUGC 3')?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
9. There are ______________ usually found in the genetic code.
A. 3 start codons and 1 stop codon
B. 2 start codons and 2 stop codons
C. 1 start codon and 3 stop codons
D. 0 start codons and 4 stop codons
10. The pattern or sequence in which a molecule of mRNA is deciphered by a ribosome is called the
A. synthesis platform.
B. code degeneration.
C. peptide transition.
D. reading frame.
11. Which of these terms is NOT used as a nickname for a stop codon?
A. emerald
B. amber
C. opal
D. ochre
12. Nonsense codons are
A. codons that code for multiple amino acids.
B. codons that do not code for an amino acid.
C. codons that can be read forward or backward.
D. start codons.
13. Which of these is NOT a step in transcription?
A. replication
B. initiation
C. termination
D. elongation
14. The sequences within mRNA that are spliced out (removed) are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.
15. The (expressed) sequences within mRNA that code for gene products are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.
16. The retroviruses, including HIV, are unique because they do reverse
A. replication.
B. transcription.
C. splicing.
D. translation.
17. A(n) _____________ consists of proteins and small nuclear RNAs forming discrete particles that mediate
splicing.
A. holoenzyme
B. splicesome
C. nucleosome
D. ribosome
E. chromosome
18. RNA molecules that can act as enzymes and catalyze specific biochemical reactions are known as
________________.
A. donors
B. splice acceptors
C. ribozymes
D. tRNAs
E. restriction enzymes
19. A typical example of a genetic system that employs RNA splicing is
A. the genes that code for the segments in an earthworm.
B. the genes responsible for making antibodies in humans.
C. the HIV virus genes.
D. the genes that enable RNA splicing.
20. Experiments that are done outside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.
21. Experiments that are done inside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.
22. The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template is
A. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
B. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
D. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
23. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of eukaryotic cells.
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm
24. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of prokaryotic cells.
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm
25. Which of the following statements is true under ordinary conditions?
A. DNA and RNA last only for a short time within a cell.
B. DNA lasts forever within a cell while RNA lasts only for a short time.
C. RNA lasts forever within a cell while DNA lasts only for a short time.
D. RNA and DNA both last forever within a cell.
26. In the modification of eukaryotic mRNA, a "cap" consisting of a/an _________ and a tail consisting of
_______ are usually added to the transcript.
A. acetyl group, multiple cytosines
B. multiple guanines, methyl group
C. multiple thymines, acetyl group
D. methyl group, multiple adenines
27. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence called a/an ______________ before beginning transcription.
A. promoter
B. operator
C. structural gene
D. replication origin
28. Ribosomes are composed of
A. tRNA and protein.
B. mRNA and protein.
C. rRNA and protein.
D. only proteins folded together.
29. A tRNA molecule looks like a compact ____ when it is folded into its functional configuration.
A. G
B. L
C. C
D. P
30. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that
A. folds tRNA molecules into their proper configuration.
B. causes tRNA molecules to bind to the aminoacyl site of a ribosome.
C. produces tRNA by "reading" DNA molecules.
D. adds the appropriate amino acid to an uncharged tRNA.
31. Which enzyme forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during polypeptide synthesis?
A. RNA polymerase
B. phosphotransferase
C. peptidyl transferase
D. ribonuclease
32. A bacterial (prokaryotic) ribosome is composed of ______ subunits.
A. 20S and 40S
B. 30S and 50S
C. 40S and 60S
D. 50S and 70S
33. An anticodon is a physical component of a/an _______ molecule.
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
34. Which of these processes are coupled (linked) in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes?
A. transcription and translation
B. replication and transcription
C. replication and translation
D. Replication, transcription, and translation are not separate in prokaryotes
35. A mutation that is characterized by a change in the DNA sequence, but no change in the resulting protein
sequence, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
36. A mutation that changes a codon sequence, and subsequently changes the amino acid that should have
been placed at that point in the polypeptide chain, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
37. A mutation that changes a codon that originally coded for an amino acid into a stop codon is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
38. A mutation that occurs when a base is inserted into or deleted from a DNA sequence, completely altering
the subsequent amino acid sequence, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
39. Drugs like AZT, ddC, or ddI work against the AIDS virus because they
A. destroy viral proteins.
B. prevent the formation of viral mRNA.
C. block the action of viral tRNA.
D. look like nitrogenous bases and block viral reverse transcriptase.
40. A tRNA that recognizes a nonsense codon and inserts an amino acid where protein synthesis should have
stopped is called a
A. nonsense tRNA.
B. suppressor tRNA.
C. revertant tRNA.
D. excision tRNA.
41. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid ___________ as its codon is the one used as the "start
codon" by nearly all organisms.
A. methionine
B. arginine
C. cysteine
D. leucine
42. Mutations that abolish the function encoded by the wild-type allele are known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.
43. Mutations that result in much less of a protein or a protein with limited function are known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.
44. A neomorphic mutation results in an allele that
A. produces no gene product.
B. produces a nonfunctional gene product.
C. produces novel proteins or cause inappropriate expression resulting in a new phenotype.
D. produces proteins that aggregate with wild-type subunits, inactivating them.
E. produces an altered protein that results in a wild-type phenotype.
45. The appearance of a novel phenotype resulting from the substitution of a single base pair might be due to

A. change in the amino acid sequence only.

B. change in the amount of protein expressed.
C. alteration in a gene that codes for a nontranslated RNA.
D. change in the developmental time or location at which a gene is expressed.
E. All of the choices are possible consequences of a single base pair substitution.
46.

Assume that for a given gene a mutation creates an allele that functions as a dominant negative. The
gene codes for a protein that forms a trimer within the cell. If at least one of the subunits has the mutant
structure the entire protein is inactivated. For a heterozygous individual, what percent of the trimers
present in the cell will be inactive?

A.
100%

B.
25%

C.
50%

D.
6.25

E.
12.5%

47. A neomorphic dominant mutation in the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila causes
A. kinks to form in their tails.
B. shortened tails.
C. total loss of color vision.
D. failure to assemble microtubules during mitosis.
E. growth of a leg from the head region.
48.

In the digestive system, some protease enzymes must be secreted as an inactive form and then
activated later by proteolytic cleavage once outside of the secreting cell. This is to prevent active
proteases from damaging the secreting cells. What is the category of precursor proteins of this type?

A.
Ubiquitins

B.
Zymogens

C.
Glycosides

D.
Activins

49.

Which of the following is required for initiation of eukaryotic translation?

A.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence

B.
5' cap

C.
3' poly(A) tail

D.
N-formylmethionine

E.
Introns
 8 Key
1. In the usual flow of genetic information (often called the Central Dogma), which of the following best
represents the expression of genes?
A. Protein—RNA—DNA
B. DNA—RNA—Protein
C. RNA—DNA—Protein
D. DNA—Protein—RNA
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #1
Learning Objective: 08.01.01 Explain the reasoning that supports a sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet codon) as the basic unit of the code relating DNA to
protein.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
2. The cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the
A. nucleus.
B. mitochondria.
C. centrioles.
D. ribosome.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #2
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
3. The scientists credited with postulating the basis for the genetic code are
A. Hershey and Chase.
B. Griffith and Avery.
C. Watson and Crick.
D. Cohen and Boyer.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #3
Learning Objective: 08.01.01 Explain the reasoning that supports a sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet codon) as the basic unit of the code relating DNA to
protein.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
4. A codon is a three-base sequence of
A. mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
B. rRNA that codes for an amino acid.
C. tRNA that codes for an amino acid.
D. DNA that codes for an amino acid.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #4
Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which are stop codons.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
5. Which of these is NOT a character of the genetic code?
A. There are the same number of codons as there are amino acids.
B. The code is used by nearly every living organism.
C. Some amino acids have multiple codons.
D. The code is degenerate.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #5
Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which are stop codons.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
6. Charles Yanofsky helped decipher the genetic code working with the _____ biosynthesis genes in
_______.
A. leucine Salmonella enteritidis
B. phenylalanine Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. tryptophan Escherichia coli
D. glycine Serratia marcescens
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #6
Learning Objective: 08.01.05 Explain how mutations were used to verify the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
7. A sequence of DNA that reads 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3' should code for ____ amino acids
after all the steps of conversion into protein are complete.
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Blooms Level 4: Analyze
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #7
Learning Objective: 08.01.03 Define "reading frame" and discuss its significance to the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
8. How many different amino acids could be coded for using the synthetic mRNA sequence of (5'
UGCUGCUGC 3')?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Blooms Level 4: Analyze
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #8
Learning Objective: 08.01.03 Define "reading frame" and discuss its significance to the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
9. There are ______________ usually found in the genetic code.
A. 3 start codons and 1 stop codon
B. 2 start codons and 2 stop codons
C. 1 start codon and 3 stop codons
D. 0 start codons and 4 stop codons
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #9
Learning Objective: 08.01.06 Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almost universal, and cite some exceptions.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
10. The pattern or sequence in which a molecule of mRNA is deciphered by a ribosome is called the
A. synthesis platform.
B. code degeneration.
C. peptide transition.
D. reading frame.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #10
Learning Objective: 08.01.03 Define "reading frame" and discuss its significance to the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
11. Which of these terms is NOT used as a nickname for a stop codon?
A. emerald
B. amber
C. opal
D. ochre
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #11
Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which are stop codons.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
12. Nonsense codons are
A. codons that code for multiple amino acids.
B. codons that do not code for an amino acid.
C. codons that can be read forward or backward.
D. start codons.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #12
Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which are stop codons.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
13. Which of these is NOT a step in transcription?
A. replication
B. initiation
C. termination
D. elongation
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #13
Learning Objective: 08.02.01 Describe the three stages of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
14. The sequences within mRNA that are spliced out (removed) are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #14
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
15. The (expressed) sequences within mRNA that code for gene products are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #15
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
16. The retroviruses, including HIV, are unique because they do reverse
A. replication.
B. transcription.
C. splicing.
D. translation.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #16
Learning Objective: 08.02.02 Compare transcription initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
17. A(n) _____________ consists of proteins and small nuclear RNAs forming discrete particles that
mediate splicing.
A. holoenzyme
B. splicesome
C. nucleosome
D. ribosome
E. chromosome
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #17
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
18. RNA molecules that can act as enzymes and catalyze specific biochemical reactions are known as
________________.
A. donors
B. splice acceptors
C. ribozymes
D. tRNAs
E. restriction enzymes
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #18
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
19. A typical example of a genetic system that employs RNA splicing is
A. the genes that code for the segments in an earthworm.
B. the genes responsible for making antibodies in humans.
C. the HIV virus genes.
D. the genes that enable RNA splicing.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #19
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
20. Experiments that are done outside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #20
Learning Objective: 08.01.02 Summarize the evidence showing that the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is colinear with the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
21. Experiments that are done inside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #21
Learning Objective: 08.01.02 Summarize the evidence showing that the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is colinear with the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
22. The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template is
A. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
B. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
D. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #22
Learning Objective: 08.02.01 Describe the three stages of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
23. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of eukaryotic cells.

A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #23
Learning Objective: 08.04.01 Explain how the nuclear membrane affects gene expression in eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
24. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of prokaryotic cells.

A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #24
Learning Objective: 08.04.01 Explain how the nuclear membrane affects gene expression in eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
25. Which of the following statements is true under ordinary conditions?
A. DNA and RNA last only for a short time within a cell.
B. DNA lasts forever within a cell while RNA lasts only for a short time.
C. RNA lasts forever within a cell while DNA lasts only for a short time.
D. RNA and DNA both last forever within a cell.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #25
Learning Objective: 08.02.01 Describe the three stages of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
26. In the modification of eukaryotic mRNA, a "cap" consisting of a/an _________ and a tail consisting of
_______ are usually added to the transcript.
A. acetyl group, multiple cytosines
B. multiple guanines, methyl group
C. multiple thymines, acetyl group
D. methyl group, multiple adenines
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #26
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
27. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence called a/an ______________ before beginning transcription.

A. promoter
B. operator
C. structural gene
D. replication origin
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #27
Learning Objective: 08.02.02 Compare transcription initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
28. Ribosomes are composed of
A. tRNA and protein.
B. mRNA and protein.
C. rRNA and protein.
D. only proteins folded together.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #28
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
29. A tRNA molecule looks like a compact ____ when it is folded into its functional configuration.
A. G
B. L
C. C
D. P
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #29
Learning Objective: 08.03.01 Relate tRNA structure to its function.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
30. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that
A. folds tRNA molecules into their proper configuration.
B. causes tRNA molecules to bind to the aminoacyl site of a ribosome.
C. produces tRNA by "reading" DNA molecules.
D. adds the appropriate amino acid to an uncharged tRNA.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #30
Learning Objective: 08.03.01 Relate tRNA structure to its function.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
31. Which enzyme forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during polypeptide synthesis?
A. RNA polymerase
B. phosphotransferase
C. peptidyl transferase
D. ribonuclease
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #31
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
32. A bacterial (prokaryotic) ribosome is composed of ______ subunits.
A. 20S and 40S
B. 30S and 50S
C. 40S and 60S
D. 50S and 70S
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #32
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
33. An anticodon is a physical component of a/an _______ molecule.
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #33
Learning Objective: 08.03.01 Relate tRNA structure to its function.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
34. Which of these processes are coupled (linked) in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes?
A. transcription and translation
B. replication and transcription
C. replication and translation
D. Replication, transcription, and translation are not separate in prokaryotes
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #34
Learning Objective: 08.04.01 Explain how the nuclear membrane affects gene expression in eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
35. A mutation that is characterized by a change in the DNA sequence, but no change in the resulting
protein sequence, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #35
Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in terms of how they alter a gene
product.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
36. A mutation that changes a codon sequence, and subsequently changes the amino acid that should have
been placed at that point in the polypeptide chain, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #36
Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in terms of how they alter a gene
product.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
37. A mutation that changes a codon that originally coded for an amino acid into a stop codon is called a

A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #37
Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in terms of how they alter a gene
product.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
38. A mutation that occurs when a base is inserted into or deleted from a DNA sequence, completely
altering the subsequent amino acid sequence, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #38
Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in terms of how they alter a gene
product.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
39. Drugs like AZT, ddC, or ddI work against the AIDS virus because they
A. destroy viral proteins.
B. prevent the formation of viral mRNA.
C. block the action of viral tRNA.
D. look like nitrogenous bases and block viral reverse transcriptase.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #39
Learning Objective: 08.02.02 Compare transcription initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
40. A tRNA that recognizes a nonsense codon and inserts an amino acid where protein synthesis should
have stopped is called a
A. nonsense tRNA.
B. suppressor tRNA.
C. revertant tRNA.
D. excision tRNA.
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #40
Learning Objective: 08.05.02 Discuss mutations outside the coding sequence that could affect gene expression.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
41. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid ___________ as its codon is the one used as the "start
codon" by nearly all organisms.
A. methionine
B. arginine
C. cysteine
D. leucine
Blooms Level 1: Remember
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #41
Learning Objective: 08.01.06 Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almost universal, and cite some exceptions.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
42. Mutations that abolish the function encoded by the wild-type allele are known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #42
Learning Objective: 08.05.03 Explain why most loss-of-function alleles are recessive to wild-type, but some are incompletely dominant or (rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
43. Mutations that result in much less of a protein or a protein with limited function are known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #43
Learning Objective: 08.05.03 Explain why most loss-of-function alleles are recessive to wild-type, but some are incompletely dominant or (rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
44. A neomorphic mutation results in an allele that
A. produces no gene product.
B. produces a nonfunctional gene product.
C. produces novel proteins or cause inappropriate expression resulting in a new phenotype.
D. produces proteins that aggregate with wild-type subunits, inactivating them.
E. produces an altered protein that results in a wild-type phenotype.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #44
Learning Objective: 08.05.04 Contrast the actions of hypermorphic, neomorphic, and antimorphic gain-of-function alleles.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
45. The appearance of a novel phenotype resulting from the substitution of a single base pair might be due
to
A. change in the amino acid sequence only.
B. change in the amount of protein expressed.
C. alteration in a gene that codes for a nontranslated RNA.
D. change in the developmental time or location at which a gene is expressed.
E. All of the choices are possible consequences of a single base pair substitution.
Blooms Level 3: Apply
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #45
Learning Objective: 08.05.05 Give examples of mutations that can have global effects on gene expression.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
46.

Assume that for a given gene a mutation creates an allele that functions as a dominant negative. The
gene codes for a protein that forms a trimer within the cell. If at least one of the subunits has the
mutant structure the entire protein is inactivated. For a heterozygous individual, what percent of the
trimers present in the cell will be inactive?

A.
100%

B.
25%

C.
50%

D.
6.25

E.
12.5%

Blooms Level 4: Analyze

Hartwell - Chapter 08 #46
Learning Objective: 08.05.03 Explain why most loss-of-function alleles are recessive to wild-type, but some are incompletely dominant or (rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
47. A neomorphic dominant mutation in the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila causes
A. kinks to form in their tails.
B. shortened tails.
C. total loss of color vision.
D. failure to assemble microtubules during mitosis.
E. growth of a leg from the head region.
Blooms Level 2: Understand
Hartwell - Chapter 08 #47
Learning Objective: 08.05.04 Contrast the actions of hypermorphic, neomorphic, and antimorphic gain-of-function alleles.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
48.

In the digestive system, some protease enzymes must be secreted as an inactive form and then
activated later by proteolytic cleavage once outside of the secreting cell. This is to prevent active
proteases from damaging the secreting cells. What is the category of precursor proteins of this type?

A.
Ubiquitins

B.
Zymogens

C.
Glycosides

D.
Activins

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Hartwell - Chapter 08 #48
Learning Objective: 08.03.03 List three categories of posttranslational processing and provide examples of each.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
49.

Which of the following is required for initiation of eukaryotic translation?

A.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence

B.
5' cap

C.
3' poly(A) tail

D.
N-formylmethionine

E.
Introns

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Hartwell - Chapter 08 #49
Learning Objective: 08.04.03 Describe the differences in translation initiation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 8 Summary
Category # of Questions
Blooms Level 1: Remember 29
Blooms Level 2: Understand 16
Blooms Level 3: Apply 1
Blooms Level 4: Analyze 3
Hartwell - Chapter 08 49
Learning Objective: 08.01.01 Explain the reasoning that supports a sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet codon) as the basic unit 2
of the code relating DNA to protein.
Learning Objective: 08.01.02 Summarize the evidence showing that the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is colinear with the sequ 2
ence of amino acids in a protein.
Learning Objective: 08.01.03 Define "reading frame" and discuss its significance to the genetic code. 3
Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which a 4
re stop codons.
Learning Objective: 08.01.05 Explain how mutations were used to verify the genetic code. 1
Learning Objective: 08.01.06 Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almost universal, and cite some exceptions. 2
Learning Objective: 08.02.01 Describe the three stages of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination. 3
Learning Objective: 08.02.02 Compare transcription initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 3
Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription. 5
Learning Objective: 08.03.01 Relate tRNA structure to its function. 3
Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome. 5
Learning Objective: 08.03.03 List three categories of posttranslational processing and provide examples of each. 1
Learning Objective: 08.04.01 Explain how the nuclear membrane affects gene expression in eukaryotes. 3
Learning Objective: 08.04.03 Describe the differences in translation initiation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 1
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. 5
Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in term 4
s of how they alter a gene product.
Learning Objective: 08.05.02 Discuss mutations outside the coding sequence that could affect gene expression. 1
Learning Objective: 08.05.03 Explain why most loss-of-function alleles are recessive to wild- 3
type, but some are incompletely dominant or (rarely) dominant.
Learning Objective: 08.05.04 Contrast the actions of hypermorphic, neomorphic, and antimorphic gain-of-function alleles. 2
Learning Objective: 08.05.05 Give examples of mutations that can have global effects on gene expression. 1
Section: 8.01 14
Section: 8.02 11
Section: 8.03 9
Section: 8.04 9
Section: 8.05 11
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 9
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function 11
Topic: The Genetic Code 14
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA 11
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein 9