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1|Introduction to Philosophy
 Grading System

Module — 50%

Projects/ Output — 30%

Participation, Quizzes, Assignment and Exam — 20%

Course Requirements:

 Students are expected to read the text materials and answer the following activities in
order for them to intelligently participating in class discussion.

The computation of final grades at the end of each semester abides by the following
structure of percentage:

GRADE EQUIVALENT

RANGE EQUIVALENT

99-100 1.00
96-98 1.25
93- 95 1.50
90-92 1.75
87-89 2.00
84-86 2.25
81-83 2.50
78-80 2.75
75-77 3.00
74 and Below FAILED
DRP DROPPED

*Without Laboratory

Introduction Message:

This module is an attempt to address the origin of world and particularly men and
women. And to explore the various ways that from the beginning of creation to the present the
forces of evil and good continue to struggle for dominance. Through this module may it open
the mind, the consciousness and above all the heart of my reader courageously and
incessantly engage in the conflict between the good and ev8il with the hope that a better
understanding of what God has in mind regarding the origin and destiny of the human person
may finally be debouche and manifested.

2|Introduction to Philosophy
 Part I
PHILOSOPHY:
AN INTRODUCTION

3|Introduction to Philosophy
Understanding Philosophy
Objectives:

a. Understand the meaning and definition of philosophy.

b. Identify the Branches of Philosophy
c. Know the ultimate aim of Philosophy

Introduction
Human scientific and technological prowess is numberless which have brought
marvelous improvements in the world, as well as catastrophic disasters to the environment,
and death. The laws of the jungle, the survival of the fittest are once more haunting humanity.
What does the future hold for human persons? An in-depth search for an answer to the
question: What is a human person? Leads us to the science of philosophy, since philosophy is
the "queen of all sciences". It can probe into the mystery of human life in search of answers
that can either satisfy the intellect or lead to further questions.

Name:____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section:______________________________________Score:______________

My learning activity # 1

What is Philosophy?

4|Introduction to Philosophy
 Have a self-research about Philosophy. Make notes of all the information that you
have discover in (https://youtu.be/nRG-rV8hhpU) and write it down on the space
provided
What is Philosophy?
The love
Love- strong desire
Of wisdom
for a particular
object

From Greek words:

PHILOS (LOVE) Wisdom- correct
Philosophy SOPHIA (WISDOM) application of
knowledge

5|Introduction to Philosophy Science that studies

beings in their ultimate
causes, reasons and
principle through the aid
 Being- all things that
exist: Material or
Immaterial

- Precisely, we define Philosophy as the knowledge of all the things through their ultimate
causes, acquired through the use of reason. The phrase “acquired through the use of
reasons” tells us that Philosophy has a natural scope. It seeks the final explanations
that can be arrived at by reasons which are based on the facts and experience. It is the
search for a profound knowledge about reality, a knowledge that goes beyond
spontaneous awareness, and knowledge attained by the arts as well as applied.
Philosophy analyzes these facts, considers their implication and raison d’etre (reason
for being).

Basic Questions in Philosophy:

 What is the origin of the world of everything that exists?
 Why do these things exist rather than not exist at all?
 Is there God? If so, how can we justify the goodness of God in the face of evil?
 What is the meaning and purpose of life? Why do we have to suffer?
 If one is suffering from an unbearable pain, such as cancer, is it morally right to resort to
euthanasia or assisted suicide?

Why the study of Philosophy is Important?

Basic concepts in philosophy will not suffice for one’s understanding, since acquiring
certain knowledge (cognitive) requires not only the development of mental aspects, but it is
essential that this knowledge has to be internalized (affective) and applied (psychomotor) in
man’s everyday living.

So the study of Philosophy does not end in knowing the concepts and meaning alone,
but it is essential to set the purpose and how it will contribute to man’s development.
Therefore, the issue why studying philosophy is important has to be discussed in order for
man’s knowledge to be useful and to feel that it is worthwhile. An intense desire to study
philosophy will lead man to an in-depth progress in skill, abilities and insights that will always
be beneficial for the rest of his life.

Name:____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section:_______________________________ Score:______________

Assisted question:
 Which do you think is the most important question or the answer? Or you are
just like Karl Jaspers a German Philosopher who said “Questions are more important

6|Introduction to Philosophy
 than answers because answers themselves will in turn become question.” Give your
opinion below.

For more understanding about what we have discuss above

Please visit the link (https://youtu.be/nRG-rV8hhpU)

My learning activity # 2

1. Site a particular situation in your life that you think you use philosophical reasons. And relate
why philosophy is important in your life. How philosophy helps you as an individual.

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2. Rate your philosophy subject by the use of emoji, you can draw or crop and paste at the
space provided, and then make a statement why you choose that reaction.

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Philosophical Skills
Philosophers are generally endowed with skills borne of experience and reflection in
analyzing events, envisioning future, and gaining insights into reality. These Philosophical
skills are concerned with analysis, vision and insight.

7|Introduction to Philosophy
 Analytical Skill;
(https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/resumes-cover-letters/analytical-skills)

The ability to respond critically and evaluate what is good and what is bad, what is moral or
immoral regarding human action. This analytical ability can be developed with the help of logic-
a branch of philosophy which trains students to think critically

 Visionary Skills; (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34W-PL09Qy4)

The ability to enable to envision a future not readily accessible to unthinking people. This can
be developed through deep reflection based on past and present events.

 Insightful Skills; (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmvMHCx0yM8)

Philosophy can reasonably guide you to think analytically to develop a clear vision and obtain
a sublime insight to a life and future worth striving for. This insightful ability can develop by
constant discernment on human and world events.

Name:_____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section:_________________________________ Score:______________

My learning activity # 3

8|Introduction to Philosophy
 Let us specify the Philosophical skills given above. Give your idea or site samples on
how this skills be enhance and retain its function for our Philosophical ways.

Analytical skills Visionary Skill Insightful skills

The Branches of Philosophy

The foregoing introduction is a preview of what philosophy is, what knowledge,
intellectual attitude and skills it can provide man towards understanding the human quest for
the profound meaning of existence and the reality around him and within him. This quest for
truth can lead him to a morally upright life.

Philosophy is a science composed of different sciences or disciplines. The branches of

philosophy are the following: Metaphysics, Theodicy, Epistemology, Ethics, Logic and
Aesthetics.

9|Introduction to Philosophy
 Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the study of every reality, seeking its ultimate cause in absolute sense, and
the diverse manner of "being" of things. Metaphysics in Greek means "beyond physics", and
must rise above what is material and sensible, and reach out to Spiritual reality.

 Why is Metaphysics important?

Metaphysics is the nucleus of philosophy and gives unity to philosophy. Aristotle rightly called
metaphysics "First Philosophy". It is the most universal science because all reality is the object
of this study. It is the most fundamental science because it studies the most basic, most radical
perfection as being or being as such.

 What are the key elements of Metaphysics?

Metaphysics includes realities that do not depend on matter for their "being either because
they are spiritual-such as God, or the human soul - or because they are aspects of reality that
can be found in material as well as spiritual beings.

Metaphysics, in its study of "being" of things in a general way, discovers “laws of being”
which are universally valid for all reality, ("first principles") obtains conclusions applicable to all
beings (although it apply to them in varying ways and degrees) studies in a direct manner, the
Spiritual beings which bear a reference to being in all its aspects, due to their intellect and will,
and ultimately reaches to God as the First Cause of the being of all things"

Questions frequently asked in Metaphysics

1. Are there laws of nature? What are laws of nature? Do laws of nature govern the
occurrence of events in time?
2. Do humans involve any properties that are not reducible to the properties that
characterize the inanimate world?
3. What is consciousness?
4. What is intentionality?
5. Are humans free? Do humans possess libertarian free will or something akin to it?
6. Can one make sense of a non-reductionist view of theoretical entities?
7. Is change really possible?
8. What is time?
9. Why is there something, rather than nothing?
10. What sorts of relations do real things bear to each other?

 Theodicy

Theodicy is the branch of philosophy which studies God as Subsistent Being and First
Cause of all things. It is called natural theology.

 Why is Theodicy important?

Starting from the being of limited beings, we arrived at the knowledge of God, the
infinite fullness of being, and the First Cause of the being of creatures. Human reason can get

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 to know God's existence and his attributes (like infinity and omnipotence), and acknowledge
him as the ultimate purpose or end of man. This knowledge can be attained by anyone. It is
grasped through experience and the human mind reaches God as the Being that subsists by
itself, and the Cause of the being of things.

 What are the Key Elements of Theodicy?

Theodicy is the knowledge of God attained from the study of nature through the use of
human reason and not from special revelation. It deals with the final purpose of man's
existence who is God. This truth is acquired through human experience because God is the
First Origin of the beings of things. Metaphysics helps the human mind which is limited and
finite to which God who is the Cause of the beings of things.

 Questions frequently ask in theodicy

 Is there God?
 What and who is God, if He exists at all?
 How do we prove the existence of God?
 If God exist how do we justify the existence of evil and suffering in the world
 Does a belief on God really necessary?

 Epistemology
Epistemology is the philosophy of science and studies the method of acquiring
Knowledge. It answers the question, "How do we know It encompasses the nature of
Concepts, the development of concepts, the validity of the senses, Logical reasoning, as well
as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. it Is Concerned with now our
minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid.

 Why is Epistemology important?

Epistemology is the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able to
determine the true from the false, by determining a proper method or evaluation. It is needed in
order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around us. More specifically, we would have
no reason to believe that our thinking was productive or correct, as opposed to random images
flashing before our mind. We would not be able to distinguish truth from error. The degree to
which our epistemology is correct is the degree to which we could understand reality, and the
degree to which we could use that knowledge to promote our lives and goals.

 What are the Key Elements of Epistemology?

Our senses are valid, and the only way to gain information about the world. Reasoning
is our method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring understanding. Logic is our method of
maintaining consistency within our set of knowledge. Objectivity is our means of associating
knowledge with reality to determine its validity. Concepts are abstracts of specific details of
reality, or of other abstractions.

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 Questions frequently ask in Epistemology

 What is knowledge?
 What do we know?
 How is knowledge acquired?
 What are the structures and limits of knowledge
 What makes justified belief justified?

 Ethics
Ethics is the study of how human acts are directed towards man’s purpose or end. It is
also called moral philosophy. It is divided into two parts: General Ethics –which studies the
basic principles regarding the morality of human acts, and Social Ethics --which studies the
Common good of society. It answers the question, "What do l do? It is the study of right and
wrong in human endeavors. At a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we
categorize our values and pursue them.

 Why is Ethics important?

Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is our means of deciding a Course of action.
Without it, our actions would be random and aimless. Even with an ethical standard, may be
unable to pursue our goals with the possibility of success. To the degree which a rational
ethical standard is taken, we are able to correctly organize our goal and actions to accomplish
our most important values.

 What are the Key Elements of Ethics?

A proper foundation of ethics requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions
can be compared to. This standard concerns the basic principle regarding the morality of
actions. It is arrived at by our pursuit of the common good of society, the correct relation
between the individual and society, the fulfillment of moral civil laws, the recognition of the
fundamental rights of the family and purposes of marriage.

 Basic questions in ethics

 What is a right conduct as that which causes the realization of the greatest good?
 How do we determine a right conduct? In other words, what makes a right conduct
right?
 What is a good life and can we attain it?
 What is the difference between human act and actions that are based on instinct?

 Logic
Logic is the philosophical study of the science and art of correct inferential thinking. It
studies concepts, propositions, and syllogisms.

Logic studies the principles and criteria of a valid arguments, distinguish sound or good
reasoning from unsound or bad reasoning.

 Why is Logic important?

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 Logic provides the bases for reasoning in different sciences. It manifests whether
arguments are valid or not, right or wrong. Knowledge of logic can help facilitate correct
thinking or identifying wrong conclusion.

 What are the Key Elements of Logic?

The key elements of logic are, firstly, the understanding of rules for correct
argumentation and the validity of the arguments. Second, argument techniques use in legal
reasoning and geometrical truth. Third, universally valid proposition or statements. And finally,
the study of facilities.

 Basic questions in logic

 What is correct reasoning?

 What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?
 How can we detect a fallacy in arguments?
 What are the criteria in determining the validity of an argument?
 What are the types of logic?

 Aesthetics
Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of arts, beauty and
taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is a critical reflection on arts, culture and
nature.

 Why is aesthetics important?

Aesthetics is important because it helps us experience what is relevant to art. It makes
our knowledge of the beauty of the world relevant. It raises our experience of the ordinary to
the level of intellect and spirit. It helps us to appreciate our cultural heritage.

 What are the key elements of Aesthetics?

The elements of Aesthetics are the principles of beauty from which the principles of the
good and the right are derive. Also, beauty and the beautiful, and appreciation of, and
response to beauty and the beautiful are the elements of Aesthetics.

 Basic questions in Philosophy

 What is an aesthetic issue?

 Why think about art? Why not just experience it?
 What makes art different from nonart?
 Should we recognize a difference between fine art, commercial art, and craftwork?
 What do the arts have in common?
 Why does art matter?
 Are art and beauty essentially related?
 What is a symbol?

13 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P h i l o s o p h y
  How does art mean? How does the answer to this question differ with the different arts?
(e.g., painting, music, dance).

The Ultimate Aim of Philosophy:

All science promise to improve human life, and truly there have been millions on planet
Earth whose lives have improved because of previous discoveries and successful invention, all
thanks to researchers who believe that there’s more than meets the eyes. They dug seep into
consciousness where ideas lay hidden simply because nobody ever thought of following
through their imaginations and curiosities. Yes, the hidden gems of science and technology
have finally been discover, placed under powerful microscopes and expertly cut to reveal
multifaceted angels of life and beauty. Such have also been the process of discovering truth
and meanings which have brought wonder and joy to thinkers, brilliant and persistent. Truth
and meaning about everything that touch our lives and ultimately bring us happiness are what
philosophy can offer to those who, with their time and effort, put their heart to attain until finally
they could grasp that Sublime Truth, Goodness and Beauty which human hearts since bygone
centuries had sought and longed for whose name is God. As that great Augustine Saint and
Philosopher once exclaimed: “You have made us for Yourself, O God and our hearts are
restless until the rest in You”.

Name:____________________________________________ Date: ______________

Year & Section:________________________ ________ Score:______________

My learning activity # 4

14 | I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P h i l o s o p h y
A. Watch the video at (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxV0zGVDXKo) and together with
your notes above, share what have you understand about Metaphysics.
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B. How does Metaphysics incorporate your way of life?

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My learning activity # 5
Watch the video at (https://youtu.be/hBAxUBeVfsk) and together with your notes above,
share what have you understand about Theodicy.

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My learning activity # 6
Read for additional information about epistemology in
(http://www.philosophybasics.com/brach_epistemology.hyml) and together with your notes
above, share what have you understand about Epistemology.

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My learning activity # 7
Watch the video presentation at (https://youtu.be/Rr7U49RPpTs) and together
with your notes above, share what have you understand about Ethics.

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My learning activity # 8
Watch the video presentation at (https://youtu.be/oVgVz175Rdw) and together with your
notes above, share what have you understand about logic as a branch of Philosophy.

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My learning activity # 9
Watch the video presentation at (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDL4Zf2yEa4 )
and together with your notes above, share what have you understand about logic as a branch
of Philosophy.

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Reflection Guide:

Answer the following question and reflect from what you learn above.

1. What were your initial thoughts when you read the title of this course: Introduction to
Philosophy of the Human of the human Person?
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2. Do you think Philosophers wasted their lives philosophizing? Justify your answer.
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3. Philosophers really contribute to the quality of human life. Pleas comment.

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4. What question regarding your life are you concern with at present?
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5. How can you emphasize with people who experience difficulties in finding reason why and
how they should live?
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6. The description of different branches of Philosophy makes this course intimidating. Please
comment.
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7. Which branches of Philosophy do you believe to be practical in your daily conversation?

Why?
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8. You often hear the saying: “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder”. Do you believe in that
saying? Explain.
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9. When can you say that a person is ethical?

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10. According to St. Thomas Aquinas there are ways to prove that God exists. Prove the
existence of God.
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