LESSON 3.

NSTP PROGRAM
TOPICS
1. Legal Basis of National Service Training Program
(NSTP)
2. Components of NSTP
3. Seven Dimensions of NSTP – CWTS Development

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. have knowledge on the legal basis of the National
Service Training Program (NSTP);
2. be familiar on the components of NSTP;
3. be aware on the programs of NSTP; and
4. be familiar on the 7 Dimensions of NSTP-CWTS
Development.

TOPIC 1: LEGAL BASIS OF THE NSTP

The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as “An Act
Establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students, amending for
the purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.” was
enacted last January 2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC.

What is NSTP?

It is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the

youth, by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of the
three (3) Program components, specifically designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to
the general welfare

TOPIC 2: COMPONENTS OF NSTP

• Reserve Officer’s Training Corps [ROTC] –

is a program institutionalized under NSTP Section 38
and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed
to provide military training to motivate,
train organize and mobilize them for
ROTC CWTS LTS national
defense preparedness.
• Civic Welfare Training Service [CWTS] -
refers to the program or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the
community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health,
education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry.
 • Literacy Training Service [LTS] – is a program designed to train the students to become
teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youth and other
segments of society in need of their service.

Programs of NSTP

Who are covered by the NSTP Law?

• All incoming freshmen students, male, female, starting school year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled
TOPIC 3: 7 NSTP – CWTS DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or associate courses,
are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation
requirement;
• All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must at least offer one (1) of the
NSTP components.
• All incoming freshmen students, male, female, starting school year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled
in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or associate courses,
are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation
requirement;
• All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must at least offer one (1) of the
NSTP components.
• Private higher education and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350
student cadets, may offer the ROTC component and consequently establish / maintain a
Department Of Military Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the existing rules and
regulations of the Armed Forces Of The Philippines (AFP).

What is the duration and equivalent course unit of each of the NSTP Component?

Each of the NSTP component shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters
for 54 to 90 training hours per semester. It shall be credited for three (3) units per semester.

What fees shall be charged to students taking any of the NSTP components?

No other fees shall be collected except basic tuition fees, which should not be more than 50%
of the charges of the school per academic unit.

Who will manage the NSTP implementation?

• The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision on the design,
formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their
respective schools.
• In the case of ROTC, the school authorities and Department of National Defense (DND),
subject to the policies, regulations and programs of DND on the military component of the
training, shall exercise joint supervision over its implementation.
• Schools who have contracted CHED accredited or TESDA-recognized Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) to formulate and administer training modules for any of the NSTP
components shall jointly exercise academic and administrative supervision with those NGOs.
• CHED Regional Offices, TESDA, Provincial/District Offices and DND-AFP (through the Major
Service Reserve Commands), shall oversee and monitor the implementation of the NSTP
under their respective jurisdiction, to determine if the trainings are being conducted in
consonance with the objectives of the NSTP Law.
1. Safety and Security - This area involves disaster preparedness during fire, earthquake or
other calamity that needs immediate response from any trained civilians during emergency
situations. Basic life saving seminar, fire drill and the like are some of these examples.
2. Education - This area involves enhancement of institutional support materials and facilities
for the community and school such as providing materials containing basic literacy skills for
preschoolers, alternative learning system for out-of-school youths and adults, mathematics
and science tutorials and extended services of skilled students.
3. Recreation - This area involves sports fest, parlor games for street children and painting that
enrich youth’s capacities to relate with one another in the community
4. Values Formation and Moral Recovery - This involves the development of youth to be good
leaders, responsible individuals imbued with good moral values and active agent of
development of the community.
5. Industry and Entrepreneurship - This area includes programs and activities that are vital to
economic growth. CWTS students demonstrate technical skills in communities like meat
processing, silkscreen making and how to establish small business.
6. Care for Health - This area aims to give knowledge on medical-related fields and extend
health services needed in the community. It includes medical services like first-aid operation,
vaccination, info dissemination, basic life saving seminars, heath / nutrition technical
assistance and training of youth to be first aid assistants.
7. Environment - This area inculcates environmental awareness and its contribution to health
and related fields. It involves management of waste, environmental protection,
dissemination and application of technologies supportive of the community needs and
livelihood activities related to environment and other related fields supportive of the national
thrust.

S-afety and Security

E-ducation
R-ecreation
V-alues Formation and Moral Recovery
I-ndustry and Entrepreneurship
C-are for Health
E-nvironment

LESSON 4. DISASTERS AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT

TOPICS
1. Philippines Natural Hazards
a. Typhoons
b. Pagasa’s Color Coded Rainfall Advisories
c. Volcanoes
d. Earthquakes
e. Floods
f. Tsunamis
g. Landslides
h. Drought

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the different natural disasters in the Philippines; and
2. develop readiness when disaster hits.
 TOPIC 1: NATURAL HAZARDS

The Philippines experiences natural hazards such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic
eruptions, landslides and fires.

A. Typhoons

Typhoons are both the most common and most destructive natural disasters in the
Philippines. Historically, the Philippines have been vulnerable to extreme weather. Typhoons Haiyan,
Thelma, Ike, Fengshen, Washi, Durian, Bopha, Trix, Amy, and Nina were the ten deadliest typhoons
on record to impact the Philippines from 1947 to 2014. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) resulted in more
than 6,300 lost lives, over four million displaced citizens, and US$2 billion in damages in 2013.
Annually, an average of twenty tropical cyclones enters the waters surrounding the
Philippines. Approximately eight or nine tropical cyclones make landfall and cause loss of life and
extensive damage. Over the last ten years, tropical storms in the Philippines have become more
frequent and more severe. The Philippines lacks natural barriers, and there is practically nothing
buffering the Philippine islands and the sea. This further intensifies the damage caused by typhoons.

(Source:https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/philippines-typhoon-haiyan-aftermath-part-ii/)
 B. Pagasa’s Color-Coded Rainfall Advisories

(Source:http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/public-storm-warning-signal)

(Sourcehttps://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/how-to-make-sense-of-pagasas-color-coded-warning-signals/)
(Sourcehttps://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/how-to-make-sense-of-pagasas-color-coded-warning-signals/)

(Sourcehttps://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/how-to-make-sense-of-pagasas-color-coded-warning-signals/)
C. Volcano
 The Philippines is also unique for its
high level of exposure to volcanic hazards.
Located on the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, the country
lies at the intersection of two tectonic
plates - the Eurasian and the Pacific. These plates
move continually, causing both volcanic
events and earthquakes. The country is
home to roughly 300 volcanoes, of which 22 are
classified as active and five are classified as
highly active: Taal, Mayon, Bulusan, Kanlaon and
Hibok-Hibok.83 In January 2018, Mount
Mayon erupted and projected lava and volcanic
ash 10 meters (32 feet) into the air.
Approximately 20,000 local residents
evacuated the area. In 2013, Mayon erupted
killing five and injuring seven
individuals.84 (Source:https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/01/15/19848
26/taal-eruption-wont-derail-2020-growth-target-neda)
D. Earthquakes

The Philippines’ earthquake risk is similar

to that of its volcanic risk. The root cause of both
hazards is the same – the tectonic plate
boundary. The country has an average of roughly
20 earthquakes each day, but most of the daily
earthquakes measure 4.5 or less, and do not
cause infrastructure damage or loss of life.85
However, strong earthquakes are a serious risk in
the Philippines. Seismic activity is common
throughout the country except in the Palawan
region.The population and infrastructure are
largely unprepared for a massive earthquake. The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has recorded twelve
destructive earthquakes from 1968-2017.

E. Floods
(Source: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/earthquake-
philippines-dead-buried-6-1-1.5106644)

Monsoon rains can be very

damaging to the many low-lying,
marginally developed areas in the
Philippines. Total annual rainfall is
expected in the Philippines ranging from 1 meter
(3.28 feet) to 4 meters (13.12 feet).
However, unusually strong monsoon seasons
have recently been exacerbated by
increased urban development, which impedes
the traditional drainage channels and creates
flooding hazards in urban areas. The
Philippines is also at a relatively high risk for sea
level rise along the coast. (Source:http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/09/
typhoon_ketsana_ondoy.html)
 F. Tsunamis

There is an elevated risk of tsunamis in the

Philippines due to it being an island nation with
significant seismic activity. The coastlines are at the
highest risk of tsunami impacts and most of the coastal
areas have endured minimal impacts of a tsunami;
although, the greater and more frequent risk in the
Philippines is typhoon related flooding. However, the
nation has not endured any substantial tsunami-
related economic impacts and does not deem tsunamis
a high-risk hazard.
(Source: https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/our-
tsunami-warning-system-faulty-can-these-scientists-fix-
it-ncna874951)
G. Landslides

Landslides often initiated by other significant

weather events, are a major hazard in the country.
Most of the nation’s regions, with the exception of
the Palawan regions, are highly susceptible to
landslides. Landslides are commonly generated
by a volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and typhoons
or increased monsoon rainfall. Landslide (Source:https://news.abs- hazards
are most common in the mountainous and cbn.com/news/10/31/18/philippines-races-to-free- inland
30-trapped-in-landslide)
regions of the islands and tend to impact rural
populations most heavily.

H. Droughts

The islands of the Philippines endure

weather conditions related to El Niño, including
prolonged drought conditions from postponements
in seasonal monsoon precipitation. Severe drought
conditions impact the economy and the population.
Droughts result in a lack of clean drinking water,
water scarcity, reduced hydro-power generation,
an increase in waterborne disease, and loss of
income.

(Source:
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2019/03/05/1898888/10-
provinces-experience-drought-march)
 LESSON 5. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
TOPICS
1. Basic First Aid for Medical Emergencies
2. Not Breathing
3. Bleeding
4. Shock
5. Heart Attack
6. Choke
7. Electrical Shock
8. Injury/Eye Injury
9. Burns
10. Exposure to Hazardous Materials
11. Broken Bones
12. Heat Stroke
13. Fainting
14. Epileptic Seizure

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. demonstrate knowledge about the basic life support
in different cases; and
2. apply the basic life support if needed.

TOPIC 1: BASIC FIRST AID FOR MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

When a serious injury occurs, you have to think and act quickly. Medical assistance may be
only minutes away, but sometimes seconds count. What you do in those first few seconds and
minutes can make the difference between life and death. Quick, calm, and correct action can make
all the difference.
“First aid” is emergency care given to the sick or injured before medical personnel arrive. That
is why a knowledge of first aid and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is so important.

Task/Activity
Before we get started, let us see how much you already know about first aid. Decide if each
of the statements on the screen is true or false.
• After an accident, immediately move the victim to a comfortable position.

– This is false.
• If a person is bleeding, use a tourniquet.
– This is also false.
• Signs of a heart attack include shortness of breath, anxiety,
and perspiration.
 – This is true.
• All burns can be treated with first aid alone;
no emergency medical attention is necessary.
– This is false.
Just imagine:
• A co-worker is hurt in an accident and blood is gushing from the wound.
• One of your friends chokes on a piece of food and cannot breathe.
• Someone goes into cardiac arrest right at his workstation.
Any one of these things is possible, and it could happen any time. If it did, you would have to
act fast. A few critical minutes one way or the other could make the difference between life and
death. Would you be ready to act with speed and competence in a workplace in case of medical
emergency?
There are medical emergencies in workplaces across the country every day. Situations calling
for first aid range from burns to cuts and amputations, eye injuries, chemical over-exposures, and
much more.

Do you know how to report a workplace medical emergency? Besides calling 911, you also
need to notify a supervisor or manager and provide as much information as you can about the
accident.

Practical Test

Describe the procedure for reporting workplace accidents and the information trainees should be
prepared to provide about the incident.
Every medical emergency is different, of course, but there are four basic rules that apply to
all medical emergencies.
• One, call for medical help immediately. An employee
on the scene should call 911 while another certified
in first aid and CPR tends to the victim. If you make
the call, explain the kind of injury and where the
victim is located.

• Two, bring help to the victim, do not bring the victim

to help. In other words, victims should not be moved
unless they are in imminent danger where they are.
• Three, check the ABCs. “A” stands for airway.
“B” stands for breathing. And “C” stands for circulation.
That means check to make sure the throat is clear, the
victim is breathing, and the victim has a pulse. A first-aid certified employee may be called
upon to perform rescue breathing or CPR to keep the victim alive until EMS (emergency
medical services) personnel arrive.
 • And four, do no further harm. Be careful not to cause additional injuries in your attempt to
help a victim.
When it is clear that a victim’s condition is immediately life threatening, such as choking or
not breathing, perform first aid immediately.
When the situation is not life threatening, there are multiple injuries, or when there are
multiple victims, take a few moments to assess the scene to make sure it is safe for you and other
helpers and to be certain you know what type of first aid is required:

• Evaluate the scene for number of injured and nature

of the event.

• Assess the safety of the scene, including the potential

for toxic vapors or gases in the air, and other risks such
as electrical or fire hazards.

• Prioritize care when there are several injured.

• Check victims for medical alert tags.

• Perform a logical head-to-toe check for injuries.

• Move the victim only if necessary to prevent further injury from a hazard at the scene.

TOPIC 2: NOT BREATHING

Now let us look at some specific medical emergencies. We will begin with no breathing. When
a person is unconscious and not breathing, irreversible brain damage occurs within 3 minutes. You
have to act very fast.
• Someone trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, should lay the person on his or her
back while someone else calls 911. Loosen the clothes around the neck and make sure nothing is
blocking the mouth or throat.
• First, give 30 chest compressions by placing
both hands in the center of the victim’s chest
with one hand on top of the other and pressing
down with the heel of your hand 1½ to 2 inches.
Press quickly at a rate of about 100
compressions a minute. Next, open the airway by
tilting the head slightly and lifting under the chin.
Do not move the victim’s head back if you suspect a
neck injury.
• Form a seal around the mouth and pinch the nose.
Use a pocket mask if you are trained in its proper
use. Breathe two slow breaths into the person’s mouth—enough to make the chest rise and fall.
Then, continue chest compressions.
• Once you begin CPR, continue until EMS personnel arrive.

TOPIC 3: BLEEDING

• Heavy bleeding is another serious medical emergency. If a co-worker is bleeding heavily, you
have to stop the flow of blood while you wait for EMS personnel to arrive.
• Because of the risk of blood borne
diseases, you must wear gloves (from the
first-aid kit, if possible) when
administering first aid for bleeding.
• Next, cover the wound with a clean
bandage from the first-aid kit.
• Then apply pressure with your hand
directly over the wound.
• Do the same thing if a finger, hand, or
other body part has been
amputated. While you are applying
pressure to the wound, have someone
else place the amputated part in a plastic
bag with ice. Make sure to wrap the severed part so that it doesn’t directly touch the ice. Give
the package to EMS personnel or rush it to the hospital. In many cases, severed limbs can be
reattached.

TOPIC 4: SHOCK
In cases where a person has lost a lot of blood, a
condition known as shock can develop. Shock is the
body’s way of reacting to severe injury. A person in
shock may appear stunned or confused. To treat
shock:
• Lay the victim down,

• Cover the victim to keep him or her warm, and

• Raise the feet slightly above heart level.
Another type of shock is called anaphylactic
shock. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction
to insect bites, medicines, or certain foods. Symptoms
include hives, overall weakness, and swelling of the throat.
• Ask if the person has medication. If so, give it to him or her right away. People with severe
allergies also usually wear a medic alert tag, so look for that, too, in order to help give EMS
workers the best possible information.
• Anaphylactic shock can be deadly, so call for help fast, and
• Be prepared to start CPR.

TOPIC 5: HEART ATTACK

 Signs that someone is having a heart attack include shortness of breath or difficulty breathing;
anxiety; pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest, radiating down either arm,
or in the jaw; ashen color to skin (cyanosis), and perspiration, nausea, or vomiting. First aid for heart
attacks begins with calling 911,
• Then make the victim comfortable, either lying
down or sitting,
• Loosen tight clothing at the waist and neck,

• Ask the victim if he or she has heart

medication,
• Don’t let the victim move around, and
• Finally, do not give the person any
stimulants like coffee or tea.
If the heart stops beating, begin CPR. However,
if the heart is beating and the person is breathing, CPR is not necessary. Just keep him or her
comfortable until EMS personnel arrive.

TOPIC 6: CHOKING

A person can choke to death in a couple of minutes.

• The fastest way to find out if someone is choking is to ask, “Are you choking?” If the person
can cough or talk, he or she is not choking.
• But if the person can’t talk or cough, first deliver
5 back blows between the person’s shoulder blades
with the heel of your hand.
• If the back blows don’t clear the object from the
throat, perform abdominal thrusts:
– Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms
around the waist.
– Make a fist with one hand. Place your fist,
thumb-side in, against the victim’s stomach—above
the navel but below the ribs. Grab your fist with your other hand.
– Pull in and up sharply and repeat if necessary to dislodge whatever is stuck in the
throat.
• Repeat the sequence of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is cleared.
 If the sequence of back blows and abdominal thrusts does not clear the object, and the victim
becomes unconscious:
• Call 911 and follow their instructions. If you can’t
speak with anyone, further quick action is needed.
• Try a “finger sweep” if the object in the throat is
clearly visible and accessible with your fingers.
Use gloves if possible. Use your index and middle
finger to grasp the object. Don’t try the finger
sweep if there’s a chance you’ll push the object
further down the throat.
• Lay the person down on his or her back, and perform
5 abdominal thrusts by placing your hands one on
top of the other and push the heel of your hand in
and up sharply on the abdomen just below the rib
cage.
• Once the object is cleared, check the “ABCs” (airway, breathing, and circulation).
• If the person is not breathing, perform CPR until medical help arrives.
• The first rule of dealing with electrical shock is not to touch a person who is in contact with a live
electrical current. If you do, the current can pass right through the person to you and cause the
same injury.
• So the first thing you should do is to turn off the power to the electrical equipment involved.
• Then call 911. Electrical shocks can be life threatening. You want to get EMS personnel on the
scene quickly in case the victim has stopped breathing.
• If you have to remove a person from a live wire, be very careful so you don’t get a shock, too.
Stand on something that’s an insulator, like a rubber mat; wear rubber gloves; and use a dry stick,
wooden broom handle, or board to push the person away from the wire. Don’t use anything
metal, wet, or damp.
• Once the victim is safe, check for breathing. Begin CPR if the person is not breathing.

TOPIC 7: ELECTRICAL SHOCK

The rule of dealing with electrical shock are the following:

• Do not to touch a person who is in contact with a live electrical current. If you do, the current
can pass right through the person to you and cause the same injury;
• Turn off the power to the electrical
equipment involved;

• Call 911, electrical shocks can be life

threatening. You want to get EMS personnel on the
scene quickly in case the victim has stopped
breathing;

• Remove a person from a live wire, be very careful

so you don’t get a shock, too. Stand on
something that’s an insulator, like a rubber mat;
wear rubber gloves; and use a dry stick, wooden
broom handle, or board to push the person away from the wire. Don’t use anything metal, wet,
or damp;

• Once the victim is safe, check for breathing. Begin CPR if the person is not breathing.

TOPIC 8: INJURY/EYE INJURY

Is also known as physical trauma, it is a damage to the body caused by external force. This
may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes. Major trauma is injury that has
the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

Eye injuries are a common workplace medical emergency. Eye protection can prevent most
injuries. But just in case, you should be familiar with first aid for different kinds of eye injuries.
• For chemical splashes, flush eyes for at least 15
minutes with water, and then close the eyes and
cover them with a clean cloth. Get
immediate medical attention.
• For solids (particles, dust, powders, etc.) in the eye,
flush with water until particle comes out. If it won’t
come out, cover the eye and seek medical
attention. Don’t let the victim rub the eye.
• For a blow to the eye, apply cold
compresses for 15 minutes to reduce pain and
swelling. Get medical attention.
• For cuts near the eye, bandage loosely and get medical attention. Don’t let the victim rub the
eye.
• For objects that penetrate the eye, don’t try to remove, move, or put any pressure on the
object. Immobilize it by placing a paper cup or soft, bulky dressing around it, secured with
tape. Bandage the other eye so that the victim will keep the injured eye still. Get immediate
medical attention.

TOPIC 9: BURNS
 Burns are another common workplace hazard. You can be burned by hot surfaces, hot
materials, or by the properties of certain materials. First aid for burns depends on the degree of the
burn.
• First-degree burns are the least severe. They just involve the top layer of skin, which
becomes reddened and painful.
• Second-degree burns are more serious and include
blistering in addition to reddened skin and pain. First-
and second-degree burns may be treated with cold,
running water for relief of pain. Then cover the burned
area with a moist, sterile dressing. Don’t break blisters
on second-degree burns.
• Third-degree burns are the most serious and can even
be life threatening. With third-degree burns the skin is
destroyed, you see charring and deep tissue damage. You
may even see exposed bones. For third-degree burns, call 911 immediately, and keep the
victim comfortable until help arrives.
Always get immediate medical attention for all burns, especially those that are severe and those
that cover large areas of the body.

TOPIC 10: EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Unprotected exposure to hazardous materials can sicken or even kill a person. These are
the basic first-aid procedures for these exposures.
• For exposures to the eyes, flush with water
for 15 minutes and get medical
attention.
• For exposures to the skin, flush with water
for 15 minutes and get medical
attention for burns and other damage.
• For inhalation of vapors or gases, move the
victim to fresh air immediately.
Administer CPR, if necessary.
• For ingestion, have a co-worker call 911. Another
employee can also call your local poison center for more first-aid information, if necessary.

TOPIC 11: BROKEN BONES

The rule for treating people who may have broken bones is never to move them unless it’s
necessary for their safety. Neck and back injuries are especially risky. The wrong move could cause
paralysis or death. If you suspect broken bones, call for emergency medical assistance, and instruct
the victim not to move.
• Then look for swelling and deformity.
• Ask the victim to rate the pain, explain how the
injury happened, and if he or she can move the
injured limb.
• Treat for shock if the person shows symptoms.
If it seems that a person might have a broken bone,
apply ice wrapped in a towel or cloth to the area, and keep
the victim comfortable until help arrives.

TOPIC 12: HEAT EXHAUSTION

Working in a hot environment or on a hot day can be very stressful for your body, especially
if you’re not used to the heat.
Heat exhaustion may start out as discomfort and fatigue but can quickly develop into something
more serious. Symptoms of heat exhaustion include pale or flushed appearance, weakness, heavy
sweating, headache, moist and clammy skin, dizziness, and sometimes, nausea or a slight fever.
First aid for heat exhaustion involves these steps:
• Move the victim to a cool place;
• Have the person lie down;
• Elevate feet 8 to 10 inches;
• Loosen clothing;
• Give the victim water and encourage him or her to
drink slowly; and
• Apply cool compresses to the head and body.
Do not administer “salt tablets,” as these are a
high blood pressure risk.

TOPIC 13: HEAT STROKE

 If a person suffering from heat exhaustion is not treated promptly, it can turn into
heatstroke. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which the body gets so hot that it can’t
cool down. Signs of heatstroke include very hot and dry skin, extreme tiredness, and confusion.
• You have to act fast in cases of heatstroke.
Immediately call 911.
• While you’re waiting for help to arrive, cool the
person down by hosing his or her body with cool
water or by fanning the body.
• Monitor the victim to make sure the airway
remains open, the person is breathing, and the
person has a pulse.
If you work in a hot environment or if you
exercise or work outdoors on hot days, you should
recognize the symptoms of heatstroke and take

TOPIC 14: FAINTING

precautions to prevent overheating.

Fainting can occur when blood pools in the

legs, reducing the blood flow to the brain. People
may faint when they are standing for a long time in
the heat. Fainting can also be brought on by stress.
• Check a person who has fainted for
breathing.
• If the person is not breathing, begin CPR.
• If the person does not regain
consciousness within a few minutes after
fainting, call for emergency medical
assistance and continue to monitor breathing.
• Otherwise, if the person quickly regains consciousness, have the person lie down with feet
slightly elevated. Loosen any tight clothing. Then allow the person to rest for 10 or 15 minutes
until normal blood flow is restored, and the person feels all right again.

TOPIC 15: EPILEPTIC SEIZURE

 - A person having an epileptic seizure may fall to the
ground and have convulsions. If a person appears to
be having a seizure:
- Remove victim from any dangerous objects or
hazardous situations;
- Check for breathing;
- Don’t put anything in the victim’s mouth;
- Try to keep the person as comfortable as possible;
and
- Call for emergency medical assistance if the
seizure lasts more than 5 minutes without signs of slowing down, if the person has
trouble breathing afterwards, or if the person is in pain or other injury is present.