KARAKTERISASI RESERVOIR 2D

Bambang Satya Murti

Sr. Managing Consultant

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 2

AGENDA

• Latar Belakang
• Model Geologi
• Interpretasi Seismik
• Petrofisika
• Integrasi / Karakterisasi

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 LATAR BELAKANG

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 4

Oil Field Life Cycle

Mapping
Mapping &
& Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance

Acquire/Divest
Acquire/Divest Prospect
Prospect Generation
Generation

Enhanced
Enhanced Discovery
Discovery
Recovery
Recovery

Primary
Primary Production
Production Reservoir
Reservoir Delineation
Delineation

Facilities
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 5

MENGAPA DILAKUKAN ?

• Upaya meminimalkan ketidak pastian

bawah permukaan karena variasi
model geologi
• Mencakup :
– Model struktur geologi
– Kompartmentaliasi karena struktur
– Stratigrafi (Fasies sedimenter)

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 MODEL GEOLOGI

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TOPIK
• Pengukuran
• Drilling Environment & Wireline
Logging
• Prinsip-prinsip korelasi
• Teknik Korelasi
• Kesinambungan model geologi
• Pemetaan

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PENGUKURAN

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Depth Types
• Hubungan antara MD, TVD, dan TVDSS

2-12
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Jenis Borehole

• Vertikal
• Directional / berarah (intended & un-
intended)
– Low Angle
– High Angle
• Horizontal

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Borehole Survey

• Akuisisi:
– TOTCO (single inclination)
• Gyro
• Multishot (terpengaruh oleh medan magnet)
– Geosteering (per joint)
– Dipmeter measurement
• Representasi:
– Position Log (X, Y, Z)
– Directional (MD, Inclination, Deviation)

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Impact Jenis Borehole

• Dikenal istilah “Isochore” yang

mengukur ketebalan suatu lapisan:
– TVDT (true vertical depth thickness)
– MDT (measured depth thickness)
– TVT (true vertical thickness)
– TST (true stratigraphic thickness)
– Other

10-59
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Impact Jenis Borehole

TST

TVT MDT TVDT

MDT
TVT
TVDT

10-59
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DRILLING ENVIRONMENT &

WIRELINE LOGGING

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Drilling Environment

Terminology
Bulk Formation
Resistivity……..……..Rt………………Rxo…..Rm

Undisturbed Formation
Fluid Resistivity…….Rw……………..Rmf

Transition Zone
Flushed Zone
Water Saturation……Sw……………..Sxo

Borehole
Porosity………………Phi……………..Phi

Mudcake (of
Resistivity Rmc)

Depth of Investigation

1-5
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Drilling Environment
• Asumsi proses invasi oleh drilling mud pada
borehole:
– Flushed zone: air formasi diasumsikan
tergantikan seluruhnya oleh mud filtrate,
hydrocarbon bisa tergantikan hingga 95%.
– Transition zone: fluida formasi sebagian
tergantikan.
– Virgin zone (“beyond transition zone”),
merupakan bagian formasi yang belum
terganggu, porespace belum terkontaminasi
pleh mud filtrate dan fluida formasi masih
“orisinil”.

1-4
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Drilling Environment
• Penting untuk dipahami, karena
pengaruh borehole environment
yang “menyimpang” dapat
menyebabkan log-log yang direkam
tidak merefleksikan kondisi formasi
yang sesungguhnya dan dapat
menjadi “misleading” dalam
menafsirkan model geologinya.
• Periksa log kaliper !!

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 18

Pengukuran Wireline

• Pengukuran wireline adalah pengukuran

refleksi sifat elektris dan mekanis dari
batuan.
• Pengukuran ini TIDAK SECARA LANGSUNG
mengukur parameter fisik batuan.
• Tetapi, pengukuran ini diharapkan dapat
menggambarkan (mimic) parameter-
parameter fisik tersebut.

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Resolusi Vertikal

• Seismic: 20 – 60 m
• Log-log lama (analog): 0.5 – 1 m
• Log-log baru (digital): 0.1 – 0.5 m
• Micro Devices: 0.2 cm ( 2 mm)
• Conventional Core: Resolusi Visual
• Petrografi: 0.1 mm

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Rock Properties

Respons dari logging tool merupakan

fungsi dari beberapa rock properties,
meliputi:
• Porositas
• Jenis Batuan
• Kejenuhan Fluida
• Permeabilitas
• Intrinsik resistivity (fungsi P & T)
• Borehole geometry

1-2
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Environmental Correction
• Umumnya dilakukan pada log-log
lama (analog, digital versi awal)
• Log-log baru umumnya sudah
dikoreksi pada saat acquisition.
• Koreksi diperlukan akibat borehole
geometry, tool position, cable
strecth, mud chemicals, etc).
• Diskusikan dengan petrophysicist

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Well Logging
• Wireline
– Open Hole
– Cased Hole
• Logging While Drilling
• Measurements While Drilling
– Mud Logging
– Drilling Parameters

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Pengukuran Wireline Openhole

• Mechanical (Caliper, Auxiliary
Measurements)
• Natural Radioactivity (GR)
• Spontaneous Potential
• Conductivity / Resistivity
• Induced Radioactivity (Density, Neutron
Photo Electric)
• Acoustic (Sonic, UltraSonic)
• Magnetic Resonance (MRIL)
• Sampling (sidewall, pressure, fluids)

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Contoh OpenHole Wireline

Array Induction

Washout

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Pengukuran Wireline Casedhole

• Dilakukan setelah sumur dipasang
selubung
• Jumlahnya sangat terbatas
• Umumnya mencakup radioaktifitas alami
(GR), Thermal Decay (Neutron), Elastic / In-
elastic capture, Carbon-Oxygen dan
acoustic (CBL, VDL)
• Sampling fluida (dengan perforasi)
• Cased hole resistivity: tool stationary /
moving extremely slow.

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Logging While Drilling

• Dilakukan pada saat pengeboran sedang
berjalan
• Logging tool merupakan satu rangkaian
bersama dengan kepada BHA
• Sinyal dibawa ke permukaan melalui
kolom lumpur (usikan terhadap tekanan
pompa)
• Formasi relatif belum terinvasi
• Kualitas mendekati wireline.
• Mahal
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Borehole Imagery
Halliburton & Schlumberger:
Micro Resistivity
Atlas:
GR
Micro Acoustic

Conductivity

Bright

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Multi Value Log

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Koreksi Dasar

• Baseline Shifting / Drift Correction

• Mud related: Invasi mud filtrate, mud
cake effect, gravity settling
• Pressure (fungsi ketingian kolom
lumpur / hydrostatic dan tekanan
formasi)
• Temperature (gradien geothermal)

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Baseline Shifting
Baseline shifting pada umumnya dipergunakan untuk
koreksi kurva SP terhadap drift + kadang-kadang juga
terjadi pada kurva GR (efek gravity settling).

Sebelum Sesudah

11-27
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Curve Mnemonic
• Tiap-tiap logging company memiliki
trade mark tersendiri.
• Major wireline provider (sekarang):
– Baker – Atlas (dulu Welex)
– Halliburton (dulu Gearhart)
– Schlumberger
• Mnemonic adalah nama unik yang
diberikan untuk tiap-tiap log dari tiap-
tiap wireline provider

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Curve Alias

• Pengelompokan kurva-kurva
berdasarkan jenis log (generic):
– Contoh: Density
• Atlas: ZDN
• Halliburton: FDC
• Schlumberger: LDL, FDC
– Contoh: Micro Resistivity
• Atlas: MiniLog
• Halliburton: MSFL
• Schlumberger: MSFL
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 33

SHOW TIME !!

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PRINSIP KORELASI

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Evaluation Magnitude
Order
Order Formation
Formation Evaluation
Evaluation Technique
Technique Purpose
Purpose
in
in meter
meter
1066
10 Satelite
Satelite Imagery
Imagery
10 5 Basin
10 5 Basin Geological
Geological Studies
Studies Gross
Gross structure
structure
10 44 Seismic, Gravity, Magnetics
10 Seismic, Gravity, Magnetics
1033
10 Borehole
Borehole gravimeter,
gravimeter, Ultra
Ultra Long-Spacing
Long-Spacing Log
Log Local
Local structure
structure
10 2 Drilstem
10 2 Drilstem test
test (DST)
(DST) Productivity
Productivity
10 1 Wireling
10 1 Wireling Formation
Formation Test
Test (RFT/SFT)
(RFT/SFT) and
and reserves
reserves
10 0 Full
100 Full diameter
diameter cores
cores Local
Local porosity
porosity
10 -1 Sidewal
10-1 Sidewal Cores,
Cores, most
most conventional
conventional well
well logs,
logs, permeability,
permeability, age
age
Measurement
Measurement while while drilling
drilling (MWD/LWD)
(MWD/LWD) and
and lithology
lithology
10 -2 Microfocused
10 -2 Microfocused Log, Log, coreplug
coreplug analyses
analyses
10 -3 Cuttings
10 -3 Cuttings analyses
analyses (Mud
(Mud logging)
logging) Local
Local HC
HC content
content
10 -4 Core
10-4 Core analyses
analyses Rock
Rock properties
properties
10 -5 X-Ray
10 -5 X-Ray mineralogy
mineralogy Rock
Rock and
and clay
clay typing
typing
10 -6 Scanning
10 -6 Scanning Electron
Electron Microscope
Microscope (SEM)
(SEM) Micropore structure
Micropore structure

(Batteman, 1988)
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Observasion Scale

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Jenis Korelasi

• Korelasi Struktural
– Datum: MSL
– Mengikuti konfigurasi struktural
– Dikaitkan dengan pengikatan seismik
• Korelasi Stratigrafis
– Datum: marker stratigrafis (coal,
ravinement surfaces, paleosoil, etc.)
– Melihat distribusi batuan pada saat
diendapkan

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Model Geologi
Sebelum korelasi:
• Pahami model
geologi daerah
kajian
• Pakai bantuan
seismic untuk
melihat cakupan
lateral
• Lihat data sumur
untuk resolusi
vertikal

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Skala Korelasi
• Regional: Marker Paleontologi,
Chronostratigrahy, Sequence
Stratigraphy
• Field: Lithostratigrafi, Sequence
Stratigraphy
• Reservoir: Flow Unit (fungsi porositas,
keserpihan, permeabilitas relatif dan
jenis fluida)

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Lintasan & Proyeksi

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Kolom Stratigrafi
Perlu dipahami hubungan stratigrafis antara
unit-unit yang akan dikorelasikan

Child

Parent

4-12
 42

Why Parent & Child ?

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Sequence Stratigraphy

TST

LST
HST
TST

HST

LST

Fluvial Shelf break Eustacy

Channel
SB
Coal
Carbonates Tectonic
FS

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Boundary
Boundary
Deffinition
Deffinition of
of Exxon
Exxon Sequence
Sequence Boundaries
Boundaries (Unconformities)
(Unconformities) Compared
Compared with
with the
the
Galloway Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence Boundaries (Maximum Flooding Surfaces,
Galloway Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence Boundaries (Maximum Flooding Surfaces,
Transgressive lag Max
Max FS)
FS)
on unconformity

MAX FS
SE

HST
Galloway

RT EXXON
MAX FS
TST
SL-2
IT SL-1
WB 3
B A 5-15 m
WB 2
WB-1
RT - Resumed Transgression
IT - Initial Transgression SL - Seal Level
WB - Wave base
SE - Subaerial Erosion
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 45

Repeated Picks
• Pada Thrust Fault
• Pada horizontal well

6-83
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Missing Pick (?)

• Tergantung
pada posisi
sumur
ataupun
besarnya
lateral
displacement,
pada normal
fault suatu
marker bisa
hilang atau
tetap ada

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Pick Qualifier
• Qualifier: Kode
untuk menandai
pick dimana event-
nya berubah (misal
unconformity atau
shale out) atau
keterangan
mengapa sampai
pick tersebut tidak
ada

6-99
 48

Log Motif
• Korelasi mempergunakan bantuan POLA
atau MOTIF dari log listrik.
• Umumnya mempergunakan pair GR –
Deep Resistivity
• Bersifat fleksibel
• Satu motif log bisa terjadi / terbentuk pada
beberapa jenis lingkungan pengendapan.
• Selalu bandingkan hasilnya dengan
melihat motif log-log lainnya, terutama jika
ada indikasi “hot sand” atau “hot
carbonate”

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Model Paleogeografi

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Hot Sand

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Where are you ?

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Rekonstruksi Sejarah Tektonik

Top Marker-1

Base Marker-1

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Probabilistic Correlation

Top

Base

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TEKNIK KORELASI

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Teknik Korelasi

• Umumnya dilakukan dengan membandingkan

motif dari suatu/beberapa kurva disuatu sumur ke
kurva padanan di sumur disekitarnya. Teknik ini
memerlukan pemahaman kondisi geologi yang
dihadapi.
• Ada yang mencoba melihat “waveform” dari motif
kurva dan kemudian membandingkan secara
statistik ke sumur-sumur disekitarnya (“neural
network”). Teknik ini sering menimbulkan mis-
leading dengan konsep geologi yang ada. Perlu
data sumur kontrol yang banyak untuk melihat
konsistensinya dengan model geologi

6-85
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Curve Dragging

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Statistic Pick (“Neural NetWork”)

6-87
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Datuming Wells

6-89
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Datuming Wells (continued)

Structural Cross Section Datum = MSL

6-90
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Datuming Wells (continued)

Stratigraphic Flattening

Datum: Marker - X

6-90
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Unconformities

Time Gap

6-145
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Decompaction
•• The
The Decompaction
Decompaction
option,
option, allows
allows youyou to
to
assign
assign decompaction
decompaction
factor
factor values
values to to the
the
lithologies
lithologies in
in the
the well
well so
so
that
that they
they can
can be be
decompacted
decompacted and and
redrawn
redrawn relative
relative toto aa
surface
surface datum.
datum. ThisThis option
option
uses
uses graphic
graphic techniques
techniques
similar
similar to
to those
those used
used for
for
datuming
datuming and and
reconstructing
reconstructing faults.
faults.

•• Top:
Top: Before
Before
decompaction.
decompaction.

•• Bottom:
Bottom: After
After
decompaction
decompaction of of shale
shale
with
with factor
factor of
of 2.
2.
6-149
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KESINAMBUNGAN
MODEL GEOLOGI

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Open Your Mind !!

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Parasequence
Beach
Beach environment
environment on
on a
a sandy,
sandy, wave
wave or
or fluvial
fluvial dominated
dominated shoreline
shoreline

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Parasequence
Beach environment on a sandy, wave or fluvial dominated shoreline

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Parasequence
Beach environment on a sandy, wave or fluvial dominated shoreline

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Parasequence
Tidal flat to subtidal environment on a muddy, tide dominated shoreline

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Parasequence

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 71

LOW STAND SYSTEMS TRACT

- BASIN FLOOR FAN

SP or GR
UPPER BOUNDARY
SF • Hemipelagic shale or channel / overbank apron facies
above boundary
CONDENSED • Sharp boundary with minimal transition
SECTION
(tbfs)
•INTERVAL
Unamalgamated
Turbidite Sands

•Turbidite sands
Amalgamated
Turbidite Sands • Amalgamated massive turbidite sands
BF Winnowed Sands or
Contourite Sands
• Unamalgamated massive turbidite sands,
• with shale breaks
• Minor erosional surfaces within sand
(SB)
• Commonly a major erosional surface at top of fan
HST/TST • May be remnant fan mounds
Hemipelagic Shale
• Redeposited massive shingled sands bordering
fan mounds
•Contourite sands
• Redeposited massive sands in separate mounds
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
•Massive sand above hemipelagic shale
(railroad track shale)
•Sharp boundary
Vail and Wornard, 1990 •No erosion at base except sometimes at proximal
portion of fan
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LOW STAND SYSTEMS TRACT

- SLOPE FAN

UPPER BOUNDARY
SP or GR
S.P. or G.R.
• Downward shift from hemipelagic shale to laminated
fine grained turbidites
LPW • Fining upward digitated log character below boundary
CS • Faunal abundance peak
AF
ICES

ICES MULTISTORY
INTERVAL
CHANNEL/
SANDS • Crescent shape to individual channel / overbank units
ICES CHANNEL
OVERBANK FILL • Within channel / overbank units, sands thicken, then thin
UNIT 2 ICES
BCES upward
SF AL • 1-10 channel / overbank units within each slope fan
A
• Proximal facies may be highly sand-prone near source
AF
• Channel fill facies may be :
CHANNEL/ OB
OVERBANK • Massive turbidite sands
UNIT 1 AL
• Massive turbidite sands fining upward with sharp bases
AL
CF • Mudstone-fine grained turbidites
BF LOWER BOUNDARY
S.B. • Hemipelagic shale with faunal abundance peak commonly
at base of slope fan
LEGEND
Interval Channel • Lies on Sequence Boundary or on Low Stand Systems
AF - Abandonment Facies ICES -
CF - Channel Fill Erosional Surface Track Basin Floor Fan
OB - Overbank
BCES -
Basal Channel • Boundary commonly conformable in basin and erosional on
AL - Attached Lobes Erosional Surface
A - Apron slope

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 73

LOW STAND SYSTEMS TRACT- PROGRADING

COMPLEX

TRANSGRESSIVE SURFACE
SPS.P.or GR
or G.R.
Transition from upward shallowing to upward deepening
Toplap common below boundary
HST Transgressive surface of erosion (ravinement surface)
TST on the shelf

INTERVAL
Thick intervals of coarsening upward sands common near top
pc Shoreface and deltaic sands typical
Progrades laterally into bathval hemipelagic shale
LST Pinches out near offlap break of underlying highstand
May contain shingled turbidite mounds at base
CS
LOWER BOUNDARY
Condensed Section
st Maximum clay-shale point
Faunal abudance peak
Downlap common above boundary

Vail and Wornard, 1990

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 74

TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEMS TRACK

MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE

Commonly lowest resistivity-highest gamma
Most clay rich shale (most starved)
SP or GR Faunal abundance peak
Apparent truncation common below boundary
Downlap common above boundary
HST
INTERVAL
Individual parasequences prograde, fine and thin upward (backstep)
Beach and shoreface sands common near base
Basinal equivalent is thin hemipelagic shale
TST Correlation is good, but backstepping transgressive surface of erosion
are time-transgresive
Sands often better sorted than HST
Authigenic minerals common

SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
HST
Onlaps sequence boundary
Commonly Transgressive surface of erosion (ravinement surface)
over LST, IVF or older shelf sediments near shelf edge
Nonmarine sediments (coastal plain, coal or lake sediments) onlap
sequence boundary in more landward areas
Transgressive surface at base of TST
Vail and Wornard, 1990
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 75

HIGH STAND SYSTEMS TRACT

SP or GR
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
Onlap above boundary
Lowstand erosion on shelf
TST Incised valleys on shelf
Canyon cuts and slump scars on upper slope
Truncation or toplap below boundary
Fluvial (meandering streams, alluvial fans) below boundary
in more landward areas
INTERVAL
Coarsening and shallowing upward sand and silt interbedded
Shoreface & deltaic sands near top
HST Progrades laterally into offshore shales
Basinal equivalent is hemipelagic shales
Log correlation is difficult in upper part
Reservoir continuity is fair to poor
CS

MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE

Commonly lowest resistivity-highest gamma
TST Most clay rich shale (most starved)
Faunal abudance peak
Downlap common above boundary
Apparent truncation common below boundary

Vail and Wornard, 1990

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 BASIC
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

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 77

PREMISE
The structural model usually comes from a
seismic interpretation of faults and horizons. A
workaround for this is to provide the simulation
three structural models: a minimum, a median,
and a maximum. Although, these are not equal
probable realizations of the structural model, this
workaround allows you to run the economics on
the extremes of the rock volume estimation.

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 78

TOPIK

• Metode Akuisisi
• Filosofi Processing
• Seismogram sintetis
• Dasar-dasar Interpretasi
• Time-to-depth conversion
• Atribut Seismik

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 79

Land Seismic
A half ton of
dynamite
made a big
bang in 1931
and…

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 80

… left a
big hole in
the
ground !!

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 81

One of the
earliest seismic
records in
existence…
from 1926

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 82

Typical Seismic
Field Record
showing Signal and
Noise (Random and
coherent)

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 83

Thumper

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The Mertz Vibroseis system

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 85

Early marine
seismic
surveys
used depth
charges
from World
War 2 !!

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 86

Replaced
in the
early
1970’s by
Air Guns

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Seismic Acquisition Geometries

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FILOSOFI PROSESING

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 95

What do we want from

seismic data??
IMAGE THE GEOLOGY
So we need:
• High resolution
• High signal to noise ratio
(S/N)
Easton, 2003

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 96

Poor signal to noise ratio,

poor resolution

Better signal-to-noise ratio,

improved resolution

Excellent signal-to-noise
ratio, very good resolution
Noise reduction and improved resolution

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 97

Diagram
illustrating
resolving
power of a
signal with
respect to
a building

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 98

TAHAPAN PRESTACK PROSESING

• Transformasi
• Convolution
• Correlation
• Phasing / Dephasing
• Deconvolution & Frequency Filtering
• Koreksi Statik
• Velocity Analysis
• Stacking (gathers, DMO, muting, etc.)
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 99

TAHAPAN KUALITAS PROSESING

• PRE-STACK
• PRE-STACK CDP GATHER
• POSTSTACK
• BRUTE STACK
• FINAL STACK
• MIGRATED SECTION
• TREND BARU:
• PRESTACK TIME MIGRATION
• PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION

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 100

SEISMOGRAM SINTETIS

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 101

PRINSIP DASAR PENAMPANG

SEISMIK
• RC (Reflectance Coefficient) / Impedansi
Akustik
• = Bulk Density * Travel Time
• Ingat : Earth Layer = Fungsi RC !!
• WAVELET
•
• Bentuk
Bentuk gelombang
gelombang dasar
dasar
•
• Umumnya
Umumnya dipergunakan
dipergunakan wavelt
wavelt Ricker
Ricker
•
• Berbagai
Berbagai frekuensi,
frekuensi, umumnya
umumnya sekitar
sekitar 30
30 Hz
Hz
•
• Dikenal
Dikenal sebagai
sebagai “dominant
“dominant frequency”
frequency”
• Seismik dalam time domain dan sumur dalam
depth domain.
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 102

KALIBRASI SEISMIK - SUMUR

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 103

FILOSOFI

• Seismik : Time Domain

• Sumur: Depth Domain

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 104

Check Shot / VSP

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 105

Komponen Dasar Gelombang

Seismik
• Panjang Gelombang Seismik
• Amplitudo
• Frekuensi
• Fase

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 106

Seismogram Sintetis

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 107

KALIBRASI - ADJUSTMENT

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 108

INTERPRETASI SEISMIK
HORIZON TRACKING

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 109

GELOMBANG SEISMIK
Zero
-128 + 127

Zero (-/+)
Maximum

Minimum Zero (+/-)

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 110

BENTUK WAVELET
• Dikenal 2 wavelet utama:
• Minimum Phase
• Zero Phase
• Common wavelet:
• Ricker
• Klauder
• Butterworth

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 111

SEISMIC ZERO PHASE POLARITY

There is no SEG standard
but Sheriff’s dictionary Display
promotes this
color
Positive Amplitude (peak) Blue
Used by 50% of world 80% of world
but preferred in Americas
Red
Acoustic American Polarity 20% of world
impedance
increase
Low
Negative Amplitude (trough)Red
High 80% of world
Used by 50% of world
Positif but preferred in Europe
reflection and Australasia
Blue
coefficient 20% of world
European Polarity

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 112

POSISI HORIZON TERHADAP

POLARITY
Minimum Phase Minimum Phase

RC + RC +

Normal Polarity Reverse Polarity

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 113

POSISI HORIZON TERHADAP

POLARITY

Zero Phase Zero Phase

RC + RC +

Normal Polarity Reverse Polarity

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 114

Display

Variable
Density

Wiggle

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 115

Display : Variabel Density

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 116

Display: Attribut Instantaneous Phase

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 117

Seismic Data Formats and Parameters

Komponen Dasar:
Bit depth--what it is, why it is important
Scaling and clipping
Dynamic scaling and clipping

Seismic data formats:

• Traditional .3dv, .3dh and .2v2 formats
• Bricked data format (.bri)
• Compressed data format (.cmp)
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 118

Seismic Traces and Amplitudes

The numerical value of the amplitude determines how

much space the sample takes up. For example, the number
50 takes up less space than the number 50,000,000.

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 119

Seismic Traces and Amplitudes

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 120

Scaling Factor

In order to preserve the dynamic range of the original

amplitudes, multiply each sample by a scaling factor.
The scaling factor is a number that, when multiplied by
your maximum amplitude, produces a value of about -
128 or +127 (the maximum amplitudes allowed in 8-bit
displays).

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 121

Clipping

Any data values greater than the clipping value are

truncated to the clipping value.

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 122

Clipping

The graph below shows the distribution of amplitude

values in a sample data set:

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 123

Horizon Interpretation
Techniques Overview

• Get a `first look' at your data with frame control

• Enter Horizon Interpretation mode and display
existing horizons
• Interpret and edit horizons
• Create a new horizon and interpret in Point to
Point mode

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 124

Horizon Tracking Modes

Point Mode

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 125

Line Autotrackers

The autopickers make picks by searching above

and below a seed point on the target trace for the
appropriate onset type.

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 126

How Autotrackers Make Picks

All the autotrackers use a search window and a seed
point location to make picks. You specify the length of
the search window in number of samples. The
difference among the three modes is how each
locates the seed point.

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 127

Auto Dip Mode

At each trace, the tracker looks within the search window for
two inflection points (above and below the seed) and locates
the maximum, minimum, or zero crossing. This is the pick.
Select a series of short horizon lengths to steer the tracker to
honor the dip.

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 128

Auto Tracking Mode

•Based on amplitude
•Geometry of the seismic event determines dip

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 129

Correlation Mode

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 130

What Horizon Autotrackers Do

Interpret horizons based on your parameters:

• Seed points
• Controls on tracking
• Which areas to track

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 131

What Horizon Autotrackers do ?

Zero
-128 + 127

Zero (-/+)
Maximum

Minimum Zero (+/-)

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 132

Tracking Onset and Peak Types

• Tracking Onset specifies the type of peak that you
want ZAP! to track. It should correspond to the
tracking onset of your input horizon

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 133

KONVERSI
TIME - DEPTH

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 134

VELOCITY UNCERTAINTY

DISTANCE = VELOCITY * TRAVEL TIME

All of the rest of the geophysical velocity equations are a function of the travel path
that the velocity is calculated on.

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 135

BASIC VELOCITY MODEL

General “soft rock” trend of increasing density

with depth or pressure.
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 136

FACTORS AFFECTING VELOCITY

VARIATION
• Intrinsic material properties
• Temperature (the higher the
temperature the slower the velocity
and the lower the density)
• Pressure (the higher the pressure the
faster the velocity and the greater
the density).

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 137

VELOCITY AS DENSITY FUNCTION

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 138

TYPICAL ACOUSTIC VELOCITY

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 139

SEISMIC VELOCITY
The initial seismic velocity derived from surface acquisition
is the “NMO” (normal moveout) or “stacking” velocity.
NMO is the hyperbolic correction made to seismic traces to
make them appear as if they were recorded at zero offset.
Once all the trace times are corrected to “zero offset” the
traces are “stacked” together to get a more robust statistical
solution.
The NMO velocities are initially used to create the
unmigrated or stacked image. Dix (1954) showed how
interval velocities might be determined from NMO
velocities.
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 140

NMO MODEL

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 141

VELOCITY CALCULATION

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 142

VELOCITY CALCULATION

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 143

VELOCITY NMO PICKING &

CORRECTION

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 144

VELOCITY FREQUENCY

The more velocity frequency you have going into your

velocity model the better the velocity resolution.

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 145

MIGRATION UNCERTAINTIES

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 146

T-D COMPLICATION

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 147

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
UNCERTAINTIES
As seismic acquisition, processing and imaging technologies
have improved, the interpretation of the seismic images has
become much more accurate. In fact, when the seismic data are
of high quality, automatic picking algorithms can be used, and
the uncertainty of the interpretation can approach nil.
In poor data areas, however, the interpretation plays a major
role, and the uncertainty depends on many local factors (for
example, distance to wells, structural complexity, quality of
marker horizons, etc).
The interpretation uncertainty in poor data areas is never
negligible and must be addressed when building the structural
model.

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 148

ATRIBUT SEISMIK

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 149

ATRIBUT SEISMIK

1. SURFACE RELATED ATRIBUTE

(AMPLITUDE STATISTICS)
• RMS
• MAXIMUM NEGATIVE
• MAXIMUM POSITIVE
• ETC
2. VOLUME RELATED ATRIBUTE (PRE &
POSTSTACK
• AI
• EI
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 150

Quadrature Trace Display

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 151

Reflection Strength Display

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 152

Instantaneous Phase Display

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 153

Instantaneous Frequency Display

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 154

INCREASING BANDWIDTH
• Stack Comparison

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 155

Bright Spots from the Gulf of Mexico

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 156

Seismic
Inversion

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 157

Seismic Inversion

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 158

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION UNCERTAINTIES &

ATTRIBUTE EXTRACTION METHODS

Erosional Surface

Flooding Surface

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 159

LATIHAN
MODEL GEOLOGI DARI SESIMIK

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 160

Model-01

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 161

Model-02

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 162

Model-03

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 BASIC
WELL LOG ANALYSIS

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 164

Basics of Well Log Interpretation.

Well logs are arguably the most important source
of detailed reservoir information available to those
who work in the subsurface. Among other things,
they are used to:

•Determine formation structure and

stratigraphy.
•Provide quantitative estimates of formation
lithologies and fluids.
•Calibrate seismic and other subsurface
data.
•Provide the details on which a 3D “picture”
of the subsurface is built.
1-1
 165

Overview.

This overview is divided into six topics:

•rock properties

•the drilling environment

•common logging measurements

•Archie’s water saturation equation

•interpretive workflows

•references and sources of further information

1-1
 166

PREMISE
Well logs are one of the geoscientist's most
important tools. They are used to help correlate
formations; help define lithology, porosity, and
permeability; distinguish between gas, oil, and
water in a reservoir; and estimate hydrocarbon
reserves.

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 167

TOPICS

• Rock Properties
• The Drilling Environment
• Common Logging Measurements
• Archie's Water Saturation Equation

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 168

ROCK PROPERTIES

• LITHOLOGY
• POROSITY
• PERMEABILITY
• FLUID SATURATION
• RESISTIVITY

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 169

LITHOLOGY
Lithology describes the solid part of rock. In the
context of well log interpretation, lithology can be
a simple description (sandstone, limestone, or
dolomite), or given the proper combination of
logging measurements, it can be a complex
estimation of the major mineralogies. Lithology is
especially important in well log interpretation
because formation lithology greatly influences
porosity log responses.

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 170

POROSITY
Defined as the ratio of void space in a rock to the
total volume of rock.

Expressed as a fraction of 1.0, or on older logs,

expressed in percent. Porosity is measured by
sonic, density, neutron, and/or nuclear magnetic
resonance logs.
Always filled up with gas, oil or water
Representation: phi (f ).
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 171

FLUID SATURATION

Fluid Saturation is the percentage of pore space in

a rock which is filled with a particular fluid (gas,
oil, or water).
Normally expressed in terms of water saturation
(Sw), because water saturation is the direct result
of the defining equations.
Water saturation is generally expressed as a
fraction of 1.0. On some older logs, Sw is
expressed in percent.
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 172

PERMEABILITY

A rock is permeable when the pores are inter

connected, allowing fluid to flow through the
rock. Permeability depends upon the size and
shape of the pores, and the size, shape, and extent
of their interconnections.
Measured in Darcies or milli-Darcies, and is
represented by the symbol, K.
Permeability is not directly measurable by logs,
but is instead determined in the laboratory from
core samples.
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 173

RESISTIVITY
Resistivity is the ability of a rock to resist the flow
of an electric current.
In general, the solid framework of the rock (the
matrix) and the hydrocarbons (gas and oil) in the
pore space are so resistive, that all electric current
is forced to flow through the water present in the
formation.

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 174

RESISTIVITY
The resistivity of the whole formation is therefore
dependent on the amount and salinity of water
present in the formation, and the complexity of
the pore connections forming the paths the
electrical current must flow through (the
“tortuosity”).

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 175

THE DRILLING ENVIRONMENT

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 176

DRILLING ENVIRONMENT IMPACT -

EXAMPLE

Well#AA Well#AA-B (“twin”)

Drilled late 80’s Drilled early 2000
KCl-Plolymer OBM
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 177

COMMON LOGGING
MEASUREMENTS

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 178

COMMON LOGGING
MEASUREMENTS

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 179

ARCHIE EQUATION

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 180

GENERIC PETROPHYSIC

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 INTEGRASI
KARAKTERISASI RESERVOIR

2/1/2005 Landmark ©2002. All Rights Reserved.

 182

RESERVOIR UNCERTAINTIES
• Reservoir Volume
– Time-to-depth
– Picks
– Areal extent of reservoir
– Thickness of reservoir
– Porosity
– Net-to-gross ratios
• Reservoir Energy
– Fluid contacts
– PVT
– Relative permeabilities
– Compressibility
– Aquifer strength
– Fault transmissibility
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 183

TUJUAN KARAKTERISASI
• Membuat kuantifikasi model geologi dari
suatu reservoir.
• Komponen yang dipetakan mencakup GI,
N/G, Iso Porosity, Sw, Permeability.
• Komponen pembantu: distribusi keserpihan
(Vsh).
• Model 2D: diasumsikan dalam satu zone
harga rata-rata statistik akan mewakili
model geologi dan distribusi vertikalnya.
• Model 3D: Geocellular modelling,
mencakup variasi lateral dan vertikal.

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 184

STRATEGI KARAKTERISASI
•• Petakan
Petakan distribusi
distribusi Gross
Gross Isochore,
Isochore, pakai
pakai batas
batas flooding
flooding surface
surface
•• Petakan
Petakan Net/Gross
Net/Gross Ratio
Ratio (ingat
(ingat model
model geologi
geologi & & depositional
depositional
setting
setting // paleogeografi)
paleogeografi)
•• Petakan
Petakan IsoPorosity,
IsoPorosity, pakai
pakai data
data TOTAL
TOTAL POROSITY.
POROSITY. Pemakaian
Pemakaian
Effective
Effective Porosity
Porosity akan
akan menimbulkan
menimbulkan model model yangyang pesimis
pesimis dandan
cenderung
cenderung mengabaikan
mengabaikan model model fasies.
fasies. Atribut
Atribut seismik
seismik bisa
bisa
dipergunakan
dipergunakan untuk untuk estimasi
estimasi distribusi
distribusi lateral
lateral
•• Petakan
Petakan distribusi
distribusi kejenuhan
kejenuhan air air (ingat
(ingat model
model struktur
struktur
dikombinasikan
dikombinasikan dengan dengan modelmodel paleogeografi,
paleogeografi, perhatikan
perhatikan
jenis
jenis litologi
litologi dan
dan irreducible
irreducible Sw,Sw, komponen
komponen ini ini dipengaruhi
dipengaruhi
oleh
oleh keserpihan
keserpihan dari dari batuan.
batuan.
•• Pada
Pada fluidfluid contact
contact Sw=1
Sw=1 dandan dibatasi
dibatasi oleh
oleh SwSw irreducible.
irreducible.
Lihat
Lihat pada
pada JJ curve
curve untuk
untuk estimasi
estimasi tekanan
tekanan kapiler).
kapiler).
•• Model
Model permeabilitas
permeabilitas (x,(x, yy dan
dan z)
z) memerlukan
memerlukan kalibrasi
kalibrasi dengan
dengan
pengukuran
pengukuran SCAL SCAL (Special
(Special Core
Core Analysis).
Analysis). Model
Model ini ini
cenderung
cenderung mengikuti
mengikuti model
model fasies
fasies dan
dan prediksi
prediksi model
model
diagenesa.
diagenesa. Turunan
Turunan kedua
kedua daridari atribut
atribut seismik
seismik dalam
dalam kasus-
kasus-
kasus
kasus tertentu
tertentu masih
masih bisa
bisa dipakai.
dipakai. Hati-hati
Hati-hati untuk
untuk kasus
kasus ini.
ini.

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 185

GRID OPERATION
• Grid to grid operation untuk menghasilkan
–– Net
Net Reservoir
Reservoir (Gross
(Gross Isochore
Isochore ** Net/Gross
Net/Gross Ratio)
Ratio)
–– Pore
Pore Volume
Volume (Net
(Net Reservoir
Reservoir ** Total
Total Porosity)
Porosity)
–– Saturasi
Saturasi hidrokarbon
hidrokarbon (1 (1 –– Sw)
Sw)
–– HCPV
HCPV (Pore
(Pore Volume
Volume ** Sh)
Sh)

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 186

PREFERRED DATA

• 3D seismic + well control (enable cross

correlation between seismic attributes &
well properties with denser control points)
• 2D seismic + well control (enable limited
cross correlation between seismic
attributes & well properties, sometimes
sedimentary model well seen in seismic
section)
• Well Control only (need imagination of
lateral geometry).

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 TEKNIK PEMETAAN UNTUK
MEMBANTU INTERPRETASI,
PEMODELAN GEOLOGI &
KARAKTERISASI

Bambang
Bambang SS Murti
Murti
Sr.
Sr. ManagingConsultant
ManagingConsultant

2/1/2005 Landmark ©2002. All Rights Reserved.

 188

Depth Selection Effect

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 189

Pemetaan Digital

• Pemetaan digital dilakukan dengan pembuatan

“GRID” pada AOI (Area Of Interest) dan
menghitung nilai tiap-tiap “NODE” pada grid
tersebut.
• Kontur merupakan representasi grafis dari nilai-nilai
node tersebut.
• Objek yang dipetakan akan menjadi suatu
“SURFACE”.
• Surface merupakan objek 2D
• Surface dapat berasal dari well pick (point)
dan/atau surface segment (horizon).

8-3
 190

Jenis Pemetaan
• Structural (Ingat Depth Type !!)
– Pakai TVD - SubSea
• Isochore (ketebalan, dibuat dari
stratigraphic unit properties)
– Ketebalan
– Porositas rerata
– Kejenuhan air rerata
– N/G ratio
– dll

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 191

Gridding
• Merupakan proses perubahan distribusi data yang
memiliki distribusi acak (irregularly spaced data),
misal well picks, profiles dan seismic data menjadi
data yang memiliki distribusi teratur (regularly
spaced data, dikenal sebagai grid node).
• Bisa Trend Gridding ataupun Point Gridding
• Umumnya data yang sudah terdistribusi merata
cenderung mengikuti trend matematis.
• Kontur dan surface profile akan menghubungkan
node yang memiliki nilai sama.
• Grid dapat melakukan operasi matematis
(PAKABATAKU, konstanta, grid to grid operation)

8-5
 192

Gridding
Using picks and other specified
source data, the program builds
a pointset of x,y,z data points.
It then builds a matrix of grid
nodes. For each grid node, the
program gathers all the data
points that fall within a specified
radius of the node and weights
them based on the distance from
the node.
Using a gridding algorithm , a
plane is fitted through the
weighted data points. The value
of the plane at the x,y location of
a grid node is assigned to that
node.

8-6
 193

Grid X and Y Increment

The
The grid
grid increment
increment isis the
the
distance,
distance, in in map
map units,
units,
between
between the the nodes
nodes of
of the
the
grid.
grid.
•• The
The smaller
smaller the
the grid
grid
increment
increment the
the more
more
surface
surface detail
detail
introduced
introduced byby the
the data
data
will
will be
be retained
retained inin the
the
grid.
grid.
•• A
A good
good rule
rule is
is that
that the
the
grid
grid increment
increment should
should
be
be half
half the
the distance
distance
between
between the the closest
closest
wells
wells toto be
be honored.
honored.

8-7
 194

Grid Reach
The
The grid
grid reach
reach is is the
the
distance
distance (radius)
(radius) from
from
each
each node
node that
that the
the
program
program will
will search
search forfor
data
data points
points to
to be
be used
used in
in
computing
computing the
the z-value
z-value for
for
that
that node.
node.
•• The
The default
default grid
grid reach
reach
is
is one-half
one-half the
the diagonal
diagonal
of
of the
the grid.
grid.
•• Unless
Unless the
the data
data is
is
highly
highly faulted,
faulted, there
there is
is
usually
usually nono need
need toto
change
change thethe grid
grid reach
reach
from
from the
the default.
default.
8-8
 195

Grid Algorithms
•Structure mapping,
• StratWorks defaults to the Least Squares gridding
algorithm used by Z-MAP Plus.

•Isochore mapping,
• StratWorks provides two other gridding
algorithms to choose from: the Isochore and
Bounded gridding algorithms. Both of these are
specialized versions of the Least Squares
method.

8-9
 196

Grid Algorithms

• Random Closest Point

• Krigging
• Co-Krigging
• Sequential Gaussian
• Least Square
• etc

8-9
 197

Least Squares Gridding

•Least Squares is the default algorithm for
modeling subsurface structure and is
capable of emulating many traits of the
hand contoured map.
•Least Squares finds the equation of a
plane that minimizes the sum of squared,
weighted errors between the plane and
the data points.

8-9
 198

Least Squares Gridding

• Once the plane’s equation is calculated
as a function of x and y, the x,y location of
the node is plugged into the equation, and
a z-value for the node is obtained.

8-9
 199

Isochore Gridding
• Isochore gridding is identical to least
squares gridding, except that “0”
data values in the input data set are
adjusted to negative numbers prior to
grid node initialization.
• This algorithm is used in overcoming a
zero-line problem at the edge of
positive thickness values.

8-10
 200

Isochore & Least Square Gridding

Isochore
Least Squares
8-10
 201

Bounded Gridding

•The Bounded algorithm is identical to

Isochore gridding, except that it works at two
ends of a range that you define, rather than
just at zero, to define an accurate transition
between endpoint values.
•Upper and Lower Boundary - these two
parameters allow you to set the range that
the algorithm uses (e.g. 0 - 1, 0 - 100).

8-12
 202

Bounded Gridding

8-12
 203

Using Curve Thresholding

•Example: If you set
Discard Curves With
Nulls, the net shale
thickness would
receive a null value at
this well. If you set it
to Include Null Data
Intervals, the 19’ of
null values would be
added to the net
shale to give a total
of 103’. If you set
Exclude Null Data
Intervals, a value of
84’ would be
calculated.
8-46
 204

Performing Grid Operations

•Grid-to-Constant Operations
•
•With a single grid, you can:
•• Add
Add -- Add
Add a a constant
constant to
to each
each node. node.
•• Subtract
Subtract -- Subtract
Subtract a a constant
constant from from each
each node. node.
•• Multiply
Multiply -- Multiply
Multiply each
each node
node by by a a constant.
constant.
•• Divide
Divide -- Divide
Divide each
each grid
grid node
node by by a
a constant.
constant.
•• Output
Output Maximum
Maximum -- Output
Output whichever
whichever isis greater,greater, a a grid
grid or
or
a
a constant.
constant.
•• Output
Output Minimum
Minimum -- Output
Output whichever
whichever isis smaller,
smaller, a a grid
grid or
or a
a
constant.
constant.
•• Blank
Blank AA ifif A
A >> C
C -- Output
Output null
null ifif the
the grid
grid isis greater
greater than
than the
the
constant;
constant; ifif not,
not, output
output the
the grid.
grid.
•• Blank
Blank AA ifif A
A << C
C -- Output
Output null
null ifif the
the grid
grid isis less
less than
than the
the
constant;
constant; ifif not,
not, output
output the
the grid.
grid.
8-58
 205

Performing Grid Operations

•Grid-to-Grid Operations
With two grids, you can:
•• Add
Add -- Add
Add the the two
two grids
grids at
at each
each node.
node.
•• Subtract
Subtract -- Subtract
Subtract one one grid
grid from
from thethe other
other at at each
each node.
node.
•• Multiply
Multiply -- Multiply
Multiply oneone grid
grid byby the
the other.
other.
•• Divide
Divide -- Divide
Divide one one grid
grid by
by the
the other.
other.
•• Output
Output Maximum
Maximum -- Output Output the the value
value of of the the greater
greater grid.
grid.
•• Output
Output Minimum
Minimum -- OutputOutput the the value
value ofof the the smaller
smaller grid.
grid.
•• Blank
Blank AA ifif A
A >> BB -- Output
Output the
the first
first grid
grid ifif itit isis less
less than
than the
the
second;
second; ifif not,
not, output
output null.
null.
•• Blank
Blank AA ifif A
A << BB -- Output
Output the
the first
first grid
grid ifif itit isis greater
greater than
than
the
the second;
second; ifif not,
not, output
output null.
null.
•• Output
Output A A ifif (A&B)!=Null
(A&B)!=Null -- Output
Output the the first
first gridgrid ifif both
both grids
grids
are
are not
not null.
null.

8-59
 206

Pengantar Volumetrics
• Volumetric sebetulnya adalah operasi
perhitungan volume dengan
mempergunakan model grid dan
suatu base plane (misalnya OWC).
• Pengembangan perhitungan
volumetris dapat menyertakan poligon
pembatas ataupun grid pembatas

10-8
 207

Volumetrics: The Problem

The
The Volumetrics
Volumetrics module
module computes
computes the
the volume
volume of
of aa body
body formed
formed by by
an
an input
input grid
grid on
on top,
top, aa flat
flat base
base plane
plane on
on the
the bottom,
bottom, and
and vertical
vertical
side
side panels.
panels.

The
The Side
Side Panels
Panels
are
are typically
typically defined
defined
by
by your
your property
property
boundaries.
boundaries.
The
The Base
Base Plane
Plane is
is aa
constant
constant or
or grid
grid of
of
the
the OWC
OWC oror GOC.
GOC.
The
The Grid
Grid is
is the
the top
top
of
of the
the reservoir
reservoir
created
created from
from well
well or
or
seismic
seismic data.
data.

10-9
 208

Quantities Computed by Volumetrics

Volumetrics
Volumetrics
differentiates
differentiates between
between
the
the volume
volume above
above and
and
below
below the
the base
base plane.
plane.
Volumes
Volumes above
above the
the
Base
Base Plane
Plane and
and below
below
the
the Input
Input Grid
Grid are
are
Positive
Positive Volumes.
Volumes.
Volumes
Volumes below
below the
the
Base
Base Plane
Plane and
and
Above
Above the
the Input
Input Grid
Grid
are
are Negative
Negative
Volumes.
Volumes.

10-10
 209

How Volumetrics Works

When
When you
you use
use volumetrics,
volumetrics, volumes
volumes and
and areas
areas are
are calculated
calculated
on
on aa cell
cell by
by cell
cell basis
basis according
according to
to the
the following
following procedure.
procedure.
Volume
Volume is is computed
computed
by
by integrating
integrating anan
orthogonal
orthogonal polynomial
polynomial
function
function over
over the
the grid
grid
cell.
cell. Area
Area is
is also
also
calculated.
calculated.
Once
Once calculated,
calculated, the
the
volumes
volumes andand areas
areas
are
are added
added to
to totals,
totals,
and
and the
the operation
operation
proceeds
proceeds to to the
the next
next
cell.
cell.

10-11
 210

Volumetric Scenarios
• The ideal volumetric situation is to input a grid of
hydrocarbon saturation pore thickness and
calculate some quantity of in-place
hydrocarbons. A first step in the process of
developing this grid is to compute a gross pay
isochore from structural grids.
• Gross pay is then multiplied by net/gross ratio,
porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation to produce
the desired hydrocarbon saturation pore
thickness.
• This section identifies four common geologic
scenarios for computing a gross pay isochore, and
discusses how to use grid operations to prepare
the proper input grid.
10-15
 211

Single Surface, Single Contact

In
In this
this case,
case, the
the upper
upper surface
surface is
is your
your Input
Input Grid,
Grid, and
and your
your
fluid
fluid contact
contact (OWC
(OWC oror GOC)
GOC) is
is your
your Base
Base Plane
Plane Level.
Level.
Volumetrics
Volumetrics outputs
outputs Gross
Gross Pay.
Pay.

Gross Pay

10-15
 212

Dual Surfaces, Single Contact

In
In this
this more
more complex
complex situation,
situation, you
you compute
compute Gross
Gross Pay
Pay
between
between the
the layers,
layers, but
but above
above the
the fluid
fluid contact.
contact.

Gross Pay

10-16
 213

Single Surface, Dual Contacts

In
In this
this case
case you
you want
want to
to calculate
calculate the
the volume
volume of
of rock
rock between
between
the
the two
two fluid
fluid contacts
contacts above
above the
the lower
lower surface.
surface.

Gross Pay - Gas

Gross Pay - Oil

10-18
 214

Dual Surfaces, Dual Contacts

In
In this
this case,
case, two
two fluid
fluid contacts
contacts intersect
intersect both
both the
the upper
upper and
and
lower
lower surfaces
surfaces of
of your
your anticlinal
anticlinal structure.
structure. You
You want
want to
to
calculate
calculate the
the volume
volume of of rock
rock between
between two
two surfaces
surfaces and
and
between
between twotwo contacts.
contacts.

Gross Pay - Gas

Gross Pay – Oil

10-19
 215

HCPV

• Hydrocarbon Pore Volume

• Merupakan basis untuk menghitung
hydrocarbon initially in place, bisa
OOIP ataupun GIP
• Secara matematis:
– Gross Isochore * Net/Gross Ratio *
Porositas * (1-Sw) * Magic Number

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