Practical File

Of

DBMS and VB.NET

(Paper - PCA09 and PCA10)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Ms.Gurjot Kaur Srishti sethi(3540),Isha

Gupta(3490),Rinki (3542)

Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science

KHALSA COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

CIVIL LINES , LUDHIANA
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take immense pleasure in thanking everyone who has helped us to

conceive and develop the project. We express our heartfelt gratitude to the
Principal,Dr. Mrs.Mukti Gill, Khalsa College For Women,Ludhiana and The
Management for providing the needed infrastructure. We wish to express our
deep sense of gratitude to Our Internal Guide and Project Leader, Ms. Gurjot
kaur for their able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in
completing the project work, in time. Without them the project could not have
been materialized. We also thank our Labs In-Charge Mr. Anil and Head of
Department Mrs.Parminder Kaur who have unconditionally helped us
whenever we need their assistant and without whom this project could not
have taken shape. Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our
heartfelt thanks to our Beloved friends/classmates for their help and wishes
for the successful completion of this project. We thank all these people
fervently as they were the leaders and we simply followed them. At last, but
definitely not least, we would like to thank God for being with us all the time.

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 INDEX
Sr.No Content Page No.

1 DBMS

2 RDBMS

3 Oracle

4 SQL

5 PL/SQL

6 Introduction to VB.NET

7 Introduction to Visual Studio

8 Features of Visual Studio

9 Introduction to ADO.NET

10 Introduction to MS-Access

11 Hardware & Software Requirements

12 Introduction to the Project

13 Objectives

14 Splash Screen

15 Login Form

16 MDI Form

17 Calculator

18 Text Editor

19 Registration Form

20 Coding for splash screen

21 Coding for login form

22 Coding for MDI form

23 Coding for calculator

24 Coding for text editor

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25 Coding for data grid

26 Coding for Registration Form

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DBMS

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users' data
while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which
manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and
instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps
users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data.

DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement. The term
“DBMS” includes the user of the database and other application programs. It provides an
interface between the data and the software application.

Characteristics of Database Management System

 Provides security and removes redundancy

 Self-describing nature of a database system
 Insulation between programs and data abstraction
 Support of multiple views of the data
 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
 DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
 It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).
 DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate
data in parallel.

Advantages of DBMS

 DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data

 DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications
using the same data
 Uniform administration procedures for data
 Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
 A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
 Offers Data Integrity and Security
 The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against
prohibited access to data.
 A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user
can access the same data at a time
 Reduced Application Development Time

Disadvantage of DBMS

DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-

 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget
of your organization.
 Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for
users to use the DBMS is required.

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  In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be
damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
 Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some
data.
 DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations

Application of DBMS

Sector Use of DBMS

Banking For customer information, account activities,

payments, deposits, loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations,

colleges and grades.

Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills,

maintaining balances, etc.

Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and

purchases of financial instruments like stocks and
bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales

information.

Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and

tracking production of items. Inventories status in
warehouses.

HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll

deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.

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The functionality provided by a DBMS can vary enormously. The core functionality is the
storage, retrieval and update of data. Codd proposed the following functions and services a
fully-fledged general purpose DBMS should provide

 Data storage, retrieval and update

 User accessible catalog or data dictionary describing the metadata
 Support for transactions and concurrency
 Facilities for recovering the database should it become damaged
 Support for authorization of access and update of data
 Access support from remote locations
 Enforcing constraints to ensure data in the database abides by certain rules
It is also generally to be expected the DBMS will provide a set of utilities for such purposes
as may be necessary to administer the database effectively, including import, export,
monitoring, defragmentation and analysis utilities. The core part of the DBMS interacting
between the database and the application interface sometimes referred to as the database
engine.
Often DBMSs will have configuration parameters that can be statically and dynamically
tuned, for example the maximum amount of main memory on a server the database can use.
The trend is to minimise the amount of manual configuration, and for cases such
as embedded databases the need to target zero-administration is paramount.

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RDBMS
A relational database is a type of database. It uses a structure that allows us to identify and
access data in relation to another piece of data in the database. Often, data in a relational
database is organized into tables.

Key factors to consider when selecting a relational database

Initial Setup

Setting up a DBMS, optimizing it for ideal operations, and future-proofing it for growth
requires adequate flexibility for integration into the current data infrastructure.
Synchronization with other platforms is also essential for uninterrupted workflow.

Data security
Every DBMS will provide different security methods, like encryption, customizable routines,
and access rights, to protect your data. These should all be carefully considered during the
evaluation process. You probably want access controls like authorization and authentication
to be default features, meaning data in tables within a RDBMS is limited to access by specific
users.

Data model
How will you tell which model is right for your data? If you need to work with unstructured
data, then a relational model won’t work. NoSQL databases are often available as open
source, whereas a RBDMS is usually a commercial purchase. 

Data accuracy/reliability
Some of the questions you will be asking yourself here are your accuracy requirements, and
whether to rely on business logic. Financial data and government reports, for example, will
have more stringent requirements. 

Benefits of relational databases

If you want to design a data storage system that makes it easy to manage lots of information,
and is scalable and flexible, a relational database is a good bet.

 Manageability: For starters, an RDB is easy to manipulate. Each table of data can be
updated without disrupting the others.
You can also share certain sets of data with one group, but limit their access to other
groups – for example, allowing only the HR department to see confidential
information about employees.
 Flexibility: If you need to update your data, you only have to do it once – no more
having to change multiple files one at a time. And it’s pretty simple to extend your

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 database. If your records are growing, a relational database is easily scalable to grow
with your data.
 Avoid Errors: There’s no room for mistakes in a relational database because it’s easy
to check for mistakes against data in other parts of the records. And since each piece
of information is stored at a single point, you don’t have the problem of old versions
clouding the picture.

Challenges of relational databases

 Scalability: Relational databases are built on a single server. This means in order to
scale, you’ll need to purchase more expensive hardware with more power, storage,
and memory.
 Performance: Rapid growth in volume, velocity, variety, and complexity of data
creates even more complicated relationships. Relational databases tend to have a hard
time keeping up, which can slow down performance.
 Relationships: Relational databases don’t actually store relationships between
elements, which makes understanding connections between your data reliant on other
joins.

The primary benefit of the relational database approach is the ability to create meaningful

information by joining the tables. Joining tables allows you to understand the relationships
between the data, or how the tables connect. SQL includes the ability to count, add, group,
and also combine queries  RDBMS is the software system that allows storing data in the form
of tables. As we discussed, data stored within RDBMS is in the form of rows and columns
and this kind of a setup is often referred to as tuples and attributes

Advantages:

Data structure:

As discussed, the table format can be easily understood by the users, which makes it simpler
for them to use it. The data access and data organization are arranged using a natural
structure. Matching entries can be located with ease using database queries.

Accessing the Network:

An RDBMS comprises a software program, server daemon, which has been specifically
designed to capture requests sent over a network, facilitating the communication between
database clients and the database. Here the users are not required to log in to the computer

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system to access or use the database. This facilitates the users with a convenience and a
security layer for your database. Developers utilize this network access facility to create
desktop tools and web apps to interact with databases.

Language:

As discussed previously, an RDBMS supports a standard language that most of us are

familiar with – SQL. This is mainly because the syntax of SQL is simple. It implements
keywords and phrasing in the English language. This further makes it easier to learn and
interpret. Sometimes, an RDBMS is known to add non-SQL database-specific keywords,
functions, and features to this SQL awesomeness.

Though RDBMS does not account as the fastest known database management system
structure, since it offers a number of features, such as ease and simplicity, speed is
automatically overridden. There are a variety of optimizations that have been planted into the
RDBMS along with the database design that further helps in performance enhancement,
thereby facilitating the RDBMS to perform faster for all applications and data sets.
Technological enhancements, decrease in memory and storage costs, and increase in
processor speeds are some of the factors that contribute to helping the technicians build faster
systems for covering up deficiencies in the performance of the database systems.

Maintenance

With RDBMS, maintenance is easier as it helps the database admins or technicians to

maintain, repair, control, test and even back up the databases that reside within their main
system. A built-in automation system or automation tools within the RDBMS on the
operating system helps in automating these functions.

User Access to More Than One Person

As already discussed, the user access is multiple. So, more than one user can access one
database at the same time. As the data is being updated or changed, users can utilize the built-
in locking and transactions management functionality to access the data. This mainly helps in

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overcoming any possible crashes between more than one users working on the data and
prevents users from accessing or using data that has been partially updated.

Privileges

With the authorization and privilege control features in an RDBMS, it is possible for the
database administrator to stop any access requested by authorized users. But permissions can
be assigned to individual users taking into account the database activities they are intended to
handle or undertake. This authorization is determined depending on the remote client IP
address, which is combined with user authorization, which restricts access to selected
computer systems.

Disadvantages

Cost

The expense of maintaining and even setting up a database system is relatively high and one
of the drawbacks of relational databases. A special software is required for setting up a
relational database and this could cost a fortune. For non-programmers, they would need to
implement a number of products to set up this database. It might not be an easy task to update
all the information and finally get the program running. For large firms with a need for a
more vigorous database, it would be imperative that you get external help from an
experienced programmer to build a relational database implementing SQL. Also, you would
need to get a proficient and experienced relational database administrator to manage and
control this database. No matter what data you use, it is required that you ingress it from
other databases, including Excel spreadsheets or text files. But you can also enter the data via
the keyboard. If you intend to store highly confidential information, 2  it is required that you
secure your data against any kind of unauthorized access.

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ORACLE

Oracle Database allows you to quickly and safely store and retrieve data. Here are the
integration benefits of the Oracle Database:

 Oracle Database is cross-platform. It can run on various hardware across operating

systems including Windows Server, Unix, and various distributions of GNU/Linux.
 Oracle Database has its networking stack that allows application from a different
platform to communicate with the Oracle Database smoothly. For example, applications
running on Windows can connect to the Oracle Database running on Unix.
 ACID-compliant – Oracle is ACID-compliant Database that helps maintain data
integrity and reliability.
 Commitment to open technologies – Oracle is one of the first Database that supported
GNU/Linux in the late 1990s before GNU/Linux become a commerce product. It has
been supporting this open platform since then.

Oracle Database has several structural features that make it popular:

 Logical data structure – Oracle uses the logical data structure to store data so that you
can interact with the database without knowing where the data is stored physically.
 Partitioning – is a high-performance feature that allows you to divide a large table into
different pieces and store each piece across storage devices.
 Memory caching – the memory caching architecture allows you to scale up a very large
database that still can perform at a high speed.
 Data Dictionary is a set of internal tables and views that support administer Oracle
Database more effectively.
 Backup and recovery – ensure the integrity of the data in case of system failure. Oracle
includes a powerful tool called Recovery Manager (RMAN) – allows DBA to perform
cold, hot, and incremental database backups and point-in-time recoveries.
 Clustering – Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) – Oracle enables high availability
that enables the system is up and running without interruption of services in case one or
more server in a cluster fails.

Oracle Database Editions

Oracle provides three main editions of Oracle Databases as follows:

1) Enterprise Edition (EE) is the common and expensive edition of the Oracle Database. It
has the following characteristics:

 No maximum number of CPUs

 No limits on memory or database size
 Include premium features that are not available in other editions.

2) Standard Edition (SE) is a limited edition of the Enterprise Edition that has the following
characteristics:

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  Limited to four or fewer CPUs
 No limit on memory or database size
 Include many features, but no as many as EE

3) Expression Edition (XE) is a free-to-use version of the Oracle Database that available on
both Windows and GNU/Linux platforms. These are the features of Oracle Database XE 18c:

 Limited to 2 CPUs
 Can use the maximum of 2GB of RAM, and has 12GB of user data.
 Very limited features

Oracle Database (Oracle DB) is a relational database management system (RDBMS) from

Oracle Corporation.

Businesses require scalable, high-performance databases now more than ever. Many leverage

Oracle DB  to drive business applications for online transaction processing (OLTP), data

warehousing, and business analytics. IT teams also need on-demand performance from these

databases to serve development, testing, analytics, and business-continuity needs.

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SQL

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