CHAPTER III

RIZAL’S LIFE: RIZAL’S FAMILY,

CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION

OVERVIEW

Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamaba, Laguna.
The seventh of the eleven children born to a relatively well-off family in a Dominican-owned
tenant land in Calamba, Laguna. Jose Rizal lived and died during the Spanish colonial era in the
Philippines.

ACTIVATION

THE IMPOSSIBLE DREAM

Read or listen the song titled “Impossible Dream” here’s the lyrics of the song and answer the
question properly.

To dream the impossible dream And I know What message does the
To fight the unbeatable foe If I'll only be true
To bear with unbearable sorrow song "Impossible Dream"
To this glorious quest
And to run where the brave dare not go. That my heart want to convey on the
To right the unrightable wrong Will lie peaceful and calm subject of Rizal?
And to love pure and chaste from afar When I'm laid to my rest.
To try when your arms are to weary As a student, what is your
To reach the unreachable star. meaning or concept of the
This is my quest song “Impossible Dream?”
To follow that star
Ooh, no matter how hopeless For you, what is the dream
No matter how far of Dr. Jose Rizal to the
To fight for the right
Without question or pause Filipino youth?
To be willing to march, march into hell
For that heavenly cause.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Analyze Rizal’s Family, childhood and early education.
2. Composed a short biographical essay that compares your early childhood education with
Rizal’s own.
3. Make a Timeline of Rizal’s childhood and early education.
4. Describe the birth of Jose Rizal.
5. Valuing virtues that were exemplified in the life of Rizal based on his relationship with his
family, childhood and early education

LEARNING EXPERIENCES AND SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA)

INTRODUCTION
EARLY CHILDHOOD

Jose in his early childhood, he mastered the

alphabet and learned to write and read. His early
readings included Spanish version of Bible. At a
young age, he already showed inclinations to the
arts. He amazed his family by his pencil drawings,
sketches and molding of clay. Later in his childhood,
he showed special talent in painting and sculpture,
wrote Tagalog play, which was presented at a town
fiesta and school.

CALAMBA, LAGUNA- RIZAL’S HOMETOWN

Calamba is a small-town nestling at the foot of

Mt. Makiling as it slopes down to Laguna De
Bay. Rizal’s town was a prosperous town
devoted to the production of “SUGAR”. Despite
their hardships as tenants of the Dominican
friars whose estate covered practically the
whole town.
Its soil was and favorable climate. Its scenic
environment influenced the young Rizal for his
Environment influenced by young Rizal for his poeticpoetic
and artistic creativity.
and artistic Its share
creativity. of unhappiness
Its share
also shaped his noble and heroic spirit. The surroundings of his home opened to him the many
unhappiness
wonders of nature. Verdant meadows all around, a fruit laden orchard, and Mt. Makiling in the
distance all these broadened his perception. The beauty of the orchard and the gentle atmosphere
of the Family’s rambling house left a deep impression on the young Rizal.
 Their paternal great-great grandfather,
SURNAME OF RIZAL Chinese merchant Domingo Lamco,
adopted the name “MERCADO” which
means “MARKET”. But Jose’s father,
Francisco, who eventually became primarily
a farmer, adopted the surname “RIZAL”
originally “Ricial” which means “THE GREEN
OF YOUNG’S GROWTH” or “GREEN FIELD”.
The name was suggested by a provincial
governor who was a friend of the family,
the new name however, caused confusion
in the commercial affairs of the family, Don
Francisco settled on the name “RIZAL

MERCADI” as a compromise, and often just used his

more known surname “MERCADO”.
When Paciano was a student at the College of San
Jose. He used “MERCDO” as his last name. Because he
had gained notoriety with his links to Father Burgos of
the “GOMBURZA” he suggested that Jose use the
surname “RIZAL” for Jose’s own safety

RIZAL’S BIRTH

Doña Teodora was said have suffered the

greatest pain during the delivery of her seventh
child, Jose. Her daughter Narcissa recalled “I
was nine years of age when my mother gave
birth to Jose. I recall it vividly because my
mother suffered great pain.”
Calamaba was derived from the word
“KALABANGA” which means “CLAY STOVE”
(KALAN) and “WATER JAR” (BANGA)

CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE OF RIZAL

Jose Rizal first memory when he has 3 years

old. Their courtyard contained trees, yard,
carriage house and stable of the horses. Pepe
was weak, sickly, and undersized, he was
given the fondest care by his parent, so his
father built a “NIPA HOUSE” for Pepe play in
daytime.
When Concha died of sickness in 1865, Jose mournfully wept at
losing her, Rizal recorded in his memories that by nightfall his
mother would gather all the children in their home to pray the
Angelus, At the early age of three, he started to take a part In the
family prayers.

At the age of 5, Pepe learned to read the Spanish Bible. Which

he would refer later in his writings. Rizal himself remarked that
perhaps the education he received since his earliest infancy
was what had shaped his habits.

Rizal loved to go to the chapel

to pray, participate in novena
and join religious procession.
In Calamaba, one he
respected person it was the
scholarly Catholic priest.
Leoncio Lopez the town
priest. He used to visit him
and listen to his opinions and
life views.

At the age of 5, Pepe started to make pencil sketches and

mold in clay and wax objects which it’s fancy. When he was 6
years old, his sister laughed at him for spending too much
clay and wax images. Rizal was remained silent, he then told
them

“ALL RIGHT LAUGH AT ME NOW!! SOMDEDAY WHEN I DIE, PEOPLE WILL MAKE MONUMENTS AND
IMAGES OF ME.”

At the age of Seven, His father provided him the exiting experience
of riding a “CASCO” (A FLAT-BOTTOMED BOAT WITH A ROOF) on
their pilgrimage in Antipolo. The Pilgrimage was to fulfill to vow
made by Jose’s Mother to take him to the Shrine of the Virgin of
Antipolo should she and her child survive the ordeal of delivery,
which nearly caused her life. From Antipolo Jose and his father
proceeded to Manila to visit his sister Saturnina who was at the
time studying at La Cancordia College in Sta. Ana.

As a gift, Rizal received a

Pony named “ALIPATO”
(LEFT) from his father to ride
and take long walks at
lakeshore with his Dog
named “USMAN” (RIGHT)
 At the age of 8 he had written a Tagalog Comedy
which performed at a local festival and the municipal
captain rewarded him with two pesos. Rizal did not
write the Filipino Poem “SA AKING MGA KABABATA”
was previously believed to be the Rizal’s first poem
at the age of 8. However, Jose had only encountered
the word “KALAYAAN”, when he was at the age of 21

Rizal also interested in magic. He read many books about

magic and learned different tricks suck as making coin and
handkerchief disappear vanished in the thin air

THE FAMILY OF RIZAL

Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado, was a
productive father from Binan Laguna. He DON FRANCISCO MERCADO
was an independent-minded but dynamic
gentleman from whom Jose inherited his
“free soul”. Don Francisco became
“TINIENTE GOBERNADORCILLO”
(LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR) in Calamba and
nicknamed “TINIENTE KIKO”. Don Francisco
born on May 11, 1818 in BIñnan, Laguna. He
was 8 years old he lost his father. He took
Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
Jose in Manila. Where he met and fell in love
with Teodora Alonso a student at College of
Santa Rosa. Married on June 28,1848. They
settled down in Calamba where the granted
lease of rice farm in Haciendos.

Doña Teodora Alonso was an educated and

DOÑA TEODORA ALONSO highly cultured woman from Sta. Cruz,
Manila nicknamed “LOLAY” born on
November 8, 1826 at Sta. Cruz. Doña Lolay
was educated at the College of Santa Rosa an
esteemed school for the girls in Manila. She
was described as a diligent business minded
woman, very graceful but courageous, well-
mannered, religious and well-read. She
disliked gossip and vulgar conversations. She
influenced her children to love the arts,
literature and music. Lolay sent her children
to colleges in Manila. To help in the economy
of the family.
She ran sugar and flour mills and a small store in their house, selling some
home-made ham, sausages, jams, jellies and many others.

It’s believed that Lolay’s family are descended from LAKANDULA. The last
native of Tondo.)

JOSE RIZAL’S SIBLINGS

SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)

Saturnina Rizal is the eldest child of Don Francisco

and Teodoro Alonso. She and her mother
provided the little Jose with good basic education
that by the age of three especially alphabet.
Married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)

Jose’s only brother, Paciano Rizal. He was fondly

addressed by his siblings as “SENIOR PACIANO”. At the
age of 10 Paciano studied at San Jose Colllege he
became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine
Revolution. After Jose’s execution in December 1896,
Paciano joined the Katipuneros in Cavite under GEN.
EMILIIO AGUINALDO. As Katipuneros, Paciano was

commissioned as General of the revolutionary forces and elected as Secretary of Finance in the
Department of Government of Central Luzon.

NARCISSA RIZAL (1852-1939)

Narcissa Rizal or simply “SISA” was the 3rd child
in the family. Narcissa also help in financing
Rizal’s studies in Europe, even pawning her
jewelry and peddling her clothes if needed. It
was said she could recite from memory almost
all of the poems of our National Hero. Married
to Antonio Lopez a school-teacher of Morong,
Bataan.
OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) The 4th child in Rizal Family. Jose loved to tease
her, sometimes good-humoredly describing her
as his stout sister. Jose’s first love, Segunda
Katigbak, was Olympia’s schoolmate at the La
Concordia College. Rizal confided to Olympia
about Segunda and the sister willingly served as
the mediator between the two teenage lovers.
Married to Silverster Ubaldo, a telegraph
operator from Manila.

LUCIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

The 5th child in the family. She married Mariano

Herbosa of Calamba, Laguna. Charge of inciting the
Calamba townsfolk not to pay land rent and causing
unrest, the couple was once ordered to be deported
along with some Rizal family members. Lucia’s husband
died during Cholera epidemic in May 1889 and was
refused a Catholic burial for not going a confession
since his marriage to Lucia, he scornfully attacked the
friars for declining to bury in “sacred ground” simply
because he was the “brother-in-law of Rizal”.

MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

The 6th child of the Family. It was to her whom

Jose talked about to wanting marry Josephine
Bracken when the majority of the Rizal Family
was apparently not amenable to the idea. In his
letter dated December 12,1891, Jose also
brought up to Maria his plan of establishing a
Filipino colony in Borneo.

CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)

Concepcion Rizal also known as “CONCHA” was

the 8th child of the family. She died at the age of
3. Of his sisters, it was said that the Jose Rizal
loved most little Concha who was a year younger
than he. Jose played games and shared children’s
stories with her, and from her he felt the beauty
of sisterly love at young age
 Josefa Rizal also known as “PANGGOY”. She
JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) was the 9th child of the family. Died
unmarried at the age of 80 years old. Josefa
joined in the Katipunan and was even
supposed to have been elected the President
of women section. She was one of the original
29 women admitted to the Katipunan along
with Gregoria De Jesus, wife of Andres
Bonifacio. They safeguarded the secret
papers and documents of the society and
danced and sang during sessions so that civil
guards would think that the meeting were
just harmless social gatherings.

TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)

Also known as “TRINING” was the 10th child of the

family. She become a custodian of Rizal’s last and
greatest poem. Before Rizal’s execution. Trinidad and
their mother visited him in the Fort Santiago prison
cell. As they were leaving, Jose handed over to Trining
an alcohol cooking stove, whispering to her in a
language, which the guards could not understand
known as “MI ULTIMO ADIOS”. She also joined the
Katipunan after the Rizal’s execution. She was also
died unmarried at the age of 83

SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)

Soledad Rizal was the youngest child of the

family also known as “CHOLENG” She is a
teacher and arguably the best-educated among
Rizal’s sisters. Jose told her sister that he was
proud of her for becoming a teacher. He thus,
counseled her to be a model of vistues and
good qualities “For the one who should teach
should be better than the person’s who need
her learning”. She married to Pantaleon
Quintero of Calamba without their parent’s
consent. Choleng’s union with

Pantaleon it was resulted in the Rizal’s family becoming connected by affinity to Miguel Malvar
(the hero who could have been listed as the 2nd Philippine President for taking over the
revolutionary government after Emilio Aguinaldo arrest in 1901.)
 RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION

EDUCATION IN CALAMBA
Doña Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher is not just a
sort of in his memoirs, Rizal wrote
“My mother taught me how to read and to say
haltingly the humble prayers which I raised
fervently to God.”
In Rizal’s time, seldom would one see a highly
educated woman of fine culture, like Dona
Teodora who had the capacity to teach Spanish,
reading and values through rare story books. Lolay
was the first teacher of the hero teaching him
Spanish, correcting his composed poems and
coaching him in rhetoric. Jose learned the
alphabet and catholic prayers at the age of 3 and
read and write at the age of 5

3 uncles mentored him. JOSE

ALBERTO (LEFT) taught him painting,
sketching, and sculpture. UNCLE
GREGORIO (RIGHT) influenced him to
further reading. UNCLE MANUEL,
(DOWN) developed Rizal’s physical
skills in martial arts like wrestling.
Private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home,
Maestro Celestino tutored him and Maestro Lucas Padua
later succeeded Celestino. Afterward a former classmate of
Don Francisco, Leon Monroy lived at the Rizal home to
become the Rizal’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. Sadly,
Monroy died 5 months later.

EDUCATION IN BIÑAN

Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in

Biñan. In June 1869, his brother Paciano brought him
to the Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. The school
was in the teacher’s house, a small nipa house near
the home of Jese’s aunt where he stayed. In Rizal’s
own words, his teacher
“Knew by the heart the grammars by Nebrija and
Gainza”

During Rizal’s first day at the Biñan school, teacher ask him:

“A little sir.” Replied Rizal.

“Do you know Latin?”
“A little sir.”
Because of this, his classmate, especially the teacher’s son’s Pedro, laughed at the newcomer. So
later in that day. Jose challenged the bully Pedro to a fight. Having learned wrestling from his UNCLE
MANUEL, the younger and smaller Jose defeated Pedro. After the class, he had an arm-wrestling
match with his classmate Anders Salandanan. However, Jose lost and even cracked his head on the
sidewalk. In the following days. Jose was said to have some other fights with Biñ an boys. For his
scuffles, he nonetheless received many whippings and blows on the open palm form his disciplinarian
teacher.
Rizal might not have won all his brawls but he, nevertheless, beat all Biñan boys academically in
Spanish, Latin and other subjects. Sometimes, Jose told his father that he had already learned all
there was to be taught in Binan. Don Francisco firmly scolded Jose and hustled him back to the
school. Maestro Cruz, Jose’s teacher in Binan, later confirmed, however, that Jose had indeed
finished already all the needed curricular works. So he decided to send Jose to a school in Manila.
Task 2 (INDIVIDUAL)
Before the lesson/discussion provide answer to the
incomplete sentences:

SUMMARY

CHILDHOOD OF RIZAL
• Jose in his early childhood, he mastered the alphabet and learned to write and read. His
early readings included Spanish version of Bible. At a young age, he already showed
inclinations to the arts. He amazed his family by his pencil drawings, sketches and molding
of clay. Later in his childhood, he showed special talent in painting and sculpture, wrote
Tagalog play, which was presented at a town fiesta and school.
• Their paternal great-great grandfather, Chinese merchant Domingo Lamco, adopted the
name “MERCADO” which means “MARKET”. But Jose’s father, Francisco, who eventually
became primarily a farmer, adopted the surname “RIZAL” originally “Ricial” which means
“THE GREEN OF YOUNG’S GROWTH” or “GREEN FIELD”.
• Jose Rizal first memory when he has 3 years old. Their courtyard contained trees, yard,
carriage house and stable of the horses. Pepe was weak, sickly, and undersized, he was
given the fondest care by his parent, so his father built a “NIPA HOUSE” for Pepe play in
daytime.
• When Concha died of sickness in 1865, Jose mournfully wept at losing her, Rizal recorded in his
memories that by nightfall his mother would gather all the children in their home to pray the
Angelus, At the early age of three, he started to take a part In the family prayers.
• At the age of 5, Pepe learned to read the Spanish Bible. Which he would refer later in his writings.
Rizal himself remarked that perhaps the education he received since his earliest infancy was what
had shaped his habits
• At the age of 5, Pepe started to make pencil sketches and mold in clay and wax objects which it’s
fancy. When he was 6 years old, his sister laughed at him for spending too much clay and wax
images.
• At the age of Seven, His father provided him the exiting experience of riding a “CASCO” (A FLAT-BOTTOMED
BOAT WITH A ROOF) on their pilgrimage in Antipolo. The Pilgrimage was to fulfill to vow made by Jose’s
Mother to take him to the Shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her child survive the ordeal of
delivery, which nearly caused her life.
• At the age of 8 he had written a Tagalog Comedy which performed at a local festival and the
municipal captain rewarded him with two pesos. Rizal did not write the Filipino Poem “SA AKING
MGA KABABATA” was previously believed to be the Rizal’s first poem at the age of 8. However, Jose
had only encountered the word “KALAYAAN”, when he was at the age of 21

FAMILY OF JOSE RIZAL

DON FRANCISCO MERCADO
• Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado, was a productive father from Binan Laguna. He was an
independent-minded but dynamic gentleman from whom Jose inherited his “free soul”. Don
Francisco became “TINIENTE GOBERNADORCILLO” (LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR) in Calamba and
nicknamed “TINIENTE KIKO”. Don Francisco born on May 11, 1818 in BiÑan, Laguna.

DOÑA TEODORA ALONSO

• Doña Teodora Alonso was an educated and highly cultured woman from Sta. Cruz, Manila
nicknamed “LOLAY” born on November 8, 1826 at Sta. Cruz. Doña Lolay was educated at the
College of Santa Rosa an esteemed school for the girls in Manila. She was described as a diligent
business minded woman, very graceful but courageous, well-mannered, religious and well-read.

SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)

• Saturnina Rizal is the eldest child of Don Francisco and Teodoro Alonso. She and her mother
provided the little Jose with good basic education that by the age of three especially alphabet.
Married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)

• Jose’s only brother, Paciano Rizal. He was fondly addressed by his siblings as “SENIOR PACIANO”. At
the age of 10 Paciano studied at San Jose Colllege he became a farmer and later a general of the
Philippine Revolution. After Jose’s execution in December 1896, Paciano joined the Katipuneros in
Cavite under GEN. EMILIIO AGUINALDO.
 NARCISSA RIZAL (1852-1939)
• Narcissa Rizal or simply “SISA” was the 3rd child in the family. Narcissa also help in financing Rizal’s
studies in Europe, even pawning her jewelry and peddling her clothes if needed. It was said she
could recite from memory almost all of the poems of our National Hero. Married to Antonio Lopez a
school-teacher of Morong, Bataan.

OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)

• The 4th child in Rizal Family. Jose loved to tease her, sometimes good-humoredly describing her as
his stout sister. Jose’s first love, Segunda Katigbak, was Olympia’s schoolmate at the La Concordia
College. Rizal confided to Olympia about Segunda and the sister willingly served as the mediator
between the two teenage lovers. Married to Silverster Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila.

LUCIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

• The 5th child in the family. She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, Laguna. Charge of inciting the
Calamba townsfolk not to pay land rent and causing unrest, the couple was once ordered to be
deported along with some Rizal family members.

MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

• The 6th child of the Family. It was to her whom Jose talked about to wanting marry Josephine
Bracken when the majority of the Rizal Family was apparently not amenable to the idea.

CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)

• Concepcion Rizal also known as “CONCHA” was the 8th child of the family. She died at the age of 3.
Of his sisters, it was said that the Jose Rizal loved most little Concha who was a year younger than
he. Jose played games and shared children’s stories with her, and from her he felt the beauty of
sisterly love at young age

JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)

• Josefa Rizal also known as “PANGGOY”. She was the 9th child of the family. Died unmarried at the
age of 80 years old. Josefa joined in the Katipunan and was even supposed to have been elected the
President of women section. She was one of the original 29 women admitted to the Katipunan along
with Gregoria De Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio. They safeguarded the secret papers and
documents of the society and danced and sang during sessions so that civil guards would think that
the meeting were just harmless social gatherings.

TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)

• Also known as “TRINING” was the 10th child of the family. She become a custodian of Rizal’s last and
greatest poem. Before Rizal’s execution. Trinidad and their mother visited him in the Fort Santiago
prison cell.
 SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)
• Soledad Rizal was the youngest child of the family also known as “CHOLENG” She is a teacher and
arguably the best-educated among Rizal’s sisters. Jose told her sister that he was proud of her for
becoming a teacher.
EDUCATION OF RIZAL
EDUCATION IN CALAMBA
• Doña Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher is not just a sort of in his memoirs.
• In Rizal’s time, seldom would one see a highly educated woman of fine culture, like Dona Teodora
who had the capacity to teach Spanish, reading and values through rare story books. Lolay was the
first teacher of the hero teaching him Spanish, correcting his composed poems and coaching him in
rhetoric. Jose learned the alphabet and catholic prayers at the age of 3 and read and write at the
age of 5
• 3 uncles mentored him. JOSE ALBERTO taught him painting, sketching, and sculpture. UNCLE
GREGORIO influenced him to further reading. UNCLE MANUEL developed Rizal’s physical skills in
martial arts like wrestling.
• Private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home, Maestro Celestino tutored him and Maestro
Lucas Padua later succeeded Celestino. Afterward a former classmate of Don Francisco, Leon
Monroy lived at the Rizal home to become the Rizal’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. Sadly, Monroy died
5 months later.

EDUCATION IN BIÑAN
• Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñan. In June 1869, his brother Paciano brought
him to the Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. The school was in the teacher’s house, a small nipa
house near the home of Jese’s aunt where he stayed.
• Because of this, his classmate, especially the teacher’s son’s Pedro, laughed at the newcomer. So
later in that day. Jose challenged the bully Pedro to a fight. Having learned wrestling from his UNCLE
MANUEL, the younger and smaller Jose defeated Pedro. After the class, he had an arm-wrestling
match with his classmate Anders Salandanan. However, Jose lost and even cracked his head on the
sidewalk. In the following days. Jose was said to have some other fights with Biñ an boys. For his
scuffles, he nonetheless received many whippings and blows on the open palm form his
disciplinarian teacher.
• Rizal might not have won all his brawls but he, nevertheless, beat all Biñan boys academically in
Spanish, Latin and other subjects. Sometimes, Jose told his father that he had already learned all
there was to be taught in Binan. Don Francisco firmly scolded Jose and hustled him back to the
school. Maestro Cruz, Jose’s teacher in Binan, later confirmed, however, that Jose had indeed
finished already all the needed curricular works. So, he decided to send Jose to a school in Manila.
SELF- ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES ANSWER SHEET

Task 3:
Make your own Timeline of Rizal’s childhood and early education.

SAMPLE
 TASK 4:

Composed a short biographical essay that compares your early childhood

education with Rizal’s own.

SELF AND MODULE CHECK

References

Purino Anacoreta, “Rizal the Greatest Filipino Hero” REX Bookstore 856 Nicanor Reyes Street, Manila
Philippines, 2015
Jenson Manebog ET. AL, “The Life and Works of Rizal” Mutya Publishing House Inc, 105 Engineering Road, Araneta University
Village, Malabon City, Philippines, 2018

https://www.slideshare.net/DeySibal/an-outline-of-jose-rizals-life

https://www.studymode.com/essays/Selective-Poems-Of-Don-Pagusara-1829899.html