Source: HVAC Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb

PA RT

17
Air Distribution ­Systems

h v a c e q u at i o n s , d ata , a n d r u l e s o f t h u m b

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17.01 Ductwork ­Systems

A. Ductwork Sizing Criteria ­Table

DUCTWORK SIZING CRITERIA

Maximum Minimum Maximum
System Type Friction Rate Velocity Velocity Comments/Reasons
in.W.G./100 ft. ft./min. ft./min.
General Air Handling Systems
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;
when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs;
Low Pressure Ducts 0.10 (0.15) ---- 1,500–1,800
applicable for supply, return, exhaust,
and outside air systems
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;
Medium Pressure
0.20 (0.25) ---- 2,000–2,500 when CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs;
Ducts
applicable for supply systems only
When CFM > 5,000 velocity governs;
High Pressure Ducts 0.40 (0.45) ---- 2,500–3,500 when CFM < 5,000 friction rate governs;
applicable for supply systems only
When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs;
Transfer Air Ducts 0.03–0.05 ---- 1,000
when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs
When CFM > 1,200 velocity governs;
Outside Air Shafts 0.05–0.10 ---- 1,000
when CFM < 1,200 friction rate governs
Gravity Relief Air When CFM > 3,200 velocity governs;
0.03–0.05 ---- 1,000
Shafts when CFM < 3,200 friction rate governs
General Exhaust and Special Exhaust Systems
General Exhaust When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;
0.10 (0.15) ---- 1,500–1,800
Ducts When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;
Toilet Exhaust Ducts 0.10 (0.15) ---- 1,500–1,800
When CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs
2003 IMC: 1,500 FPM min.;
Kitchen Hood
---- 1,500 2,200 2006 IMC: 500 FPM min.;
Exhaust Ducts
NFPA 96-2004: 500 FPM min.
Dishwasher Exhaust
0.10 (0.15) 1,500 2,200
Ducts
Acid, Ammonia, and Mains and risers 1,500–3,000 FPM;
0.50 (0.60) 1,000 3,000
Solvent Mains Branches and lateral 1,000–2,000 FPM
Acid, Ammonia, and
---- 3,000 4,000
Solvent Stacks
Velocity across the neck of the cylinder
Silane Ducts ---- 250 ----
or cabinet window or access port
Louvers
Maximum velocity through free area;
Intake ---- ---- 500 assuming 50% free area—max. velocity
250 FPM through gross louver area
Maximum velocity through free area;
Exhaust or Relief ---- ---- 700 assuming 50% free area—max. velocity
350 FPM through gross louver area
Notes:
1 Friction Rates in parenthesis should only be used when space constraints ­dictate.
2 Maximum aspect ratio 4:1; unless space constraints dictate greater aspect ­ratios.
3 When diffusers, registers, and grilles are mounted to supply, return, and exhaust ducts, duct velocities should
not exceed 1,500 FPM or noise will ­result.

B. Ductwork System ­Sizing

  1. Low pressure: 0.10 (0.15) in.W.G./100 ft.; 1,500–1,800 FPM ­maximum.
  2. Medium pressure: 0.20 (0.25) in.W.G./100 ft.; 2,000–2,500 FPM ­maximum.
  3. High pressure: 0.40 (0.45) in.W.G./100 ft.; 2,500–3,500 FPM ­maximum.
  4. Transfer ducts: 0.03–0.05 in.W.G./100 ft.; 1,000 FPM ­maximum.
  5. Transfer grilles: 0.03–0.05 in.W.G. pressure ­drop.
  6. Outside air shafts: 0.05–0.10 in.W.G./100 ft.; 1,000 FPM ­maximum.

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  7. Gravity relief air shafts: 0.03–0.05 in.W.G./100 ft.; 1,000 FPM ­Maximum.
  8. Decrease or increase duct size whenever the duct changes by 4" or more in one or two
dimensions. Do NOT use fractions of an inch for duct ­sizes.
  9. Try to change only one duct dimension at a time because it is easier to fabricate fittings and
therefore generally less ­expensive—­i.e., 36  12 to 30  12 in lieu of 36  12 to 32  ­10.
10. Duct taps should be 2" smaller than the main duct to properly construct and seal the
duct. The duct size should be 2" wider than diffusers, registers, and ­grilles.
11. All 90-degree square elbows should be provided with double radius turning vanes.
Elbows in dishwasher, kitchen, and laundry exhausts should be of unvaned smooth
radius construction with a radius equal to 1-1/2 times the width of the ­duct.
12. Provide flexible connections at the point of connection to equipment in all ductwork systems
(supply, return, and exhaust) connected to air handling units, fans, and other ­equipment.
13. Provide access doors to access all fire dampers, smoke dampers, smoke detectors, volume
dampers, ­motor-­operated dampers, humidifiers, coils (steam, hot water, chilled water, elec-
tric), and other items located in ductwork that requires service and/or ­inspection.
14. All rectangular duct taps should be made with shoe (45 degree) fittings. Do NOT use
splitter dampers or ­extractors.
15. NFPA 90A-­2002:
a. Service openings shall be located at approximately 20-foot intervals in horizontal
ducts and at the base of the riser to facilitate cleaning unless the ductwork can be
accessed through removable diffusers, registers, and ­grilles.
1) Exception: Service openings are not required where all of the following can be ­met:
a) The occupancy has no process that produces combustible material such as
dust, lint, or greasy vapors (banks, offices, churches, hotels, and health care
facilities, except kitchens, laundries of such facilities).
b) The air inlets are at least 7 feet above the floor and are protected by metal
screens (registers, grilles) that prevent paper, refuse, or other combustible
solids from entering the ­system.
c) The minimum return duct design velocity is 1,000 ­FPM.
b. Air outlets and inlets shall be located at least 3" above the floor unless provisions
have been made to prevent dirt and dust from entering the system. Where outlets
are located less than 7 feet above the floor, outlet openings shall be protected by a
grille or screen with a maximum 1/2" opening size (register or grille).
16. Maximum ductwork hanger ­spacing:
a. SMACNA minimum ­requirements:
1) Horizontal: 8 to 10 feet ­maximum.
2) Vertical: One- or ­two-­story intervals-12 to 24 ­feet.
b. Recommended:
1) Horizontal ducts less than 4 square feet: 8 feet ­maximum.
2) Horizontal ducts 4 to 10 square feet: 6 feet ­maximum.
3) Horizontal ducts greater than 10 square feet: 4 feet ­maximum.
4) Vertical round ducts: 12 feet ­maximum.
5) Vertical rectangular ducts: 10 feet ­maximum.

DUCTWORK SUPPORT
Ductwork Type Maximum Hanger Spacing Feet
Horizontal Ducts Less than 4 Square Feet 8
Horizontal Ducts 4 to 10 Square Feet 6
Horizontal Ducts Greater than 10 Square Feet 4
Vertical Round Ducts 12
Vertical Rectangular Ducts 10

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C. Friction Loss ­Estimate

1. 1.5  System Length (ft./100)  Friction Rate (in.W.G./100 ft.).

D. Ductwork ­Sizes
1. 4"  4" smallest rectangular ­size.
2. 8"  4" smallest recommended ­size.
3. Rectangular ducts: Use even duct ­sizes—­i.e., 24  12, 10  6, 72  36, 48  ­12.
4. 4:1 maximum recommended aspect ­ratio.
5. 3" smallest round size, odd and even sizes ­available.
6. Round ducts available in 0.5 inch increments for duct sizes through 5.5 inch diameter,
1 inch increments for duct sizes 6 inches through 20 inches, and 2 inch increments for
duct sizes 22 inches and ­greater.

17.02 Duct ­Construction

A. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association (SMACNA)

Duct Construction ­Manuals:
1. ­ SMACNA—­HVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible, Third Edition,
referred to herein as SMACNA-­HVAC.
2. SMACNA—­Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, Fifth Edition, referred to herein
as SMACNA-­FG.
3. SMACNA—­Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standard, First Edition, referred to
herein as SMACNA-­IDC.
4. SMACNA—­Round Industrial Duct Construction Standard, First Edition, referred to
herein as SMACNA-­RIDC.
5. SMACNA—­Thermoplastic Duct (PVC) Construction Manual, First Edition, referred to
herein as SMACNA-­PVC.

B. ­ SMACNA-­HVAC Pressure ­Ratings

1. 1/2; 1; 2; 3; 4; ±6; ­10.

­C. SMACNA-­IDC and ­SMACNA-­RIDC Pressure ­Ratings

1. 12" to  100" by multiples of 2".
2. 4" to 100" by multiples of 2".

D. SMACNA Ductwork ­Testing

1. 4" W.G. and lower: 1.5  Pressure ­Rating.
2. 3" to 3" W.G.: Generally not ­tested.
3. 4" W.G. and higher: 1.5  Pressure ­Rating.

E. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 and 2004: A minimum of 25 percent of duct systems

designed to operate at static pressures exceeding 3" WC shall be leak tested
according to ­industry-­accepted ­procedures.

F. 2003 IMC and 2006 IMC reference SMACNA HVAC manual for ductwork testing.
A minimum of 25 percent of duct systems designed to operate at static pressures
exceeding 3" WC shall be leak tested according to ­industry-­accepted ­procedures.

G. Recommended ­Testing
1. All supply duct systems operating at static pressures 3" and higher must be leak tested from
air the handling unit to the vertical riser and from the vertical riser to 5 feet beyond shaft
penetration on each and every floor (ductwork hidden in shaft construction).
2. All return duct systems operating at static pressures 3" and higher must be leak
tested from the air handling unit to the vertical riser and from the vertical riser to

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5 feet beyond shaft penetration on each and every floor (the ductwork is hidden in
the shaft construction).
3. Leak test a representative sample of duct systems designed to operate at static pres-
sures exceeding 3" WC on each floor to complete the minimum 25-percent leak testing
required by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and other energy conservation ­codes.

H. ­ SMACNA-­HVAC Ductwork Seal ­Classes

1. Seal Class A: 2–5 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints, longitudinal seams,
and duct penetrations).
2. Seal Class B: 3–10 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints and longitudinal seams).
3. Seal Class C: 5–20 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints).
4. Unsealed: 10–40 percent total system ­leakage.
5. SMACNA recommended seal ­classes.

SMACNA DUCTWORK SEAL ­CLASSES

Applicable Static Pressure
Seal Class
Construction Class
A 4" WC and higher
B 3" WC
C 2" WC
1/2" WC and higher for all ductwork upstream
C
of VAV terminal units

I. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Ductwork Seal ­Classes
1. Seal Class A: All transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct ­penetrations.
2. Seal Class B: All transverse joints and longitudinal ­seams.
3. Seal Class C: All transverse ­joints.

ASHRAE DUCTWORK SEAL ­CLASSES

Duct Type
Duct Location Supply
Return Exhaust
≤ ±2" WC > ±2" WC
Outdoors A A A C
Unconditioned Spaces B A B C
Conditioned Spaces C B C B

J. Recommended Ductwork Seal ­Classes

1. Seal Class A: All transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct ­penetrations.
2. Seal Class B: All transverse joints and longitudinal ­seams.
3. Seal Class C: All transverse ­joints.

RECOMMENDED DUCTWORK SEAL ­CLASSES

SMACNA Pressure Class (in. WC)
±1/2 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±6 ±10
Supply Ductwork
Outdoors A A A A A A A
Unconditioned Space B B B A A A A
Conditioned Space B B B A A A A
Return Ductwork
Outdoors A A A A A A A
Unconditioned Space B B B B A A A
Conditioned Space B B B B A A A

(Continued)

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RECOMMENDED DUCTWORK SEAL ­CLASSES (Continued )

SMACNA Pressure Class (in. WC)
±1/2 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±6 ±10
Exhaust Ductwork
Outdoors B B B B A A A
Unconditioned Space B B B B A A A
Conditioned Space B B B B A A A

K. Ductwork ­Materials
  1. Galvanized Steel: HVAC Applications; Most Common; Galvanized steel sheets meeting
ASTM A90, A525, and A527, Lock Forming ­Quality.

ASTM Minimum Coating Weight oz./sq.ft.

Galvanized Triple Spot Test Single Spot Test
Coating Average Total
Designations Both Sides One Side Total Both Sides
G210 2.10 0.72 1.80
G185 1.85 0.64 1.60
G165 1.65 0.56 1.40
G140 1.40 0.48 1.20
G115 1.15 0.40 1.00
G90 0.90 0.32 0.80
G60 0.60 0.20 0.50
G40 0.40 0.12 0.30
G30 0.30 0.10 0.25

  2. Carbon steel: Breechings, flues, and stacks; carbon steel meeting ASTM A569 for stacks
and breechings 24" and larger; galvanized sheet steel meeting ASTM A527 with ANSI/
ASTM A525 G90 zinc coating for stacks and breechings less than 24".
  3. Aluminum: Moisture laden air streams; aluminum base alloy sheets meeting ASTM
B209, Lock Forming ­Quality.
  4. Stainless steel: Kitchen hood and fume hood exhaust; stacks and breechings (prefabri-
cated); Type 304, 304L, 316, or 316L stainless steel sheets meeting ASTM ­A167:
a. 304 and 316: ­Non­welded ­applications.
b. 304L and 316L: Welded ­applications.
c. Kitchen exhaust ­finish:
1) Concealed: ­None.
2) Exposed: No. 2B, No. 4, or match equipment (No. 4 preferred).
d. Lab fume exhaust ­finish:
1) Concealed: No. ­2B.
2) Exposed: No. ­2B.
  5. Fiberglass: HVAC applications; 1"-thick glass duct board meeting U.L. ­181.
  6. Fiberglass reinforced: Chemical exhaust; plastic (FRP).
  7. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Chemical exhaust, underground ducts; PVC conforming to
NFPA 91, ASTM D1784, D1785, D1927, and ­D2241.
  8. Concrete: Underground ducts, air shafts; reinforced concrete pipe meeting ASTM C76,
Class ­IV.
  9. Sheet rock: Air shafts (generally provided by architects).
a. 2003 IMC and 2006 ­OMC:
1) Temperature shall not exceed 1258­F.
2) Gypsum board surface temperature must be maintained above the ­dewpoint.
3) Gypsum board ducts shall not be used for supply ­air.
b. NFPA 90A-2002: Gypsum board ducts shall be permitted to be used for negative
pressure exhaust and return ducts where the temperature of the conveyed air does
not exceed 1258­F.
10. Copper: ­ornamental.

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11. Polyvinyl Steel and Stainless Steel (PVS and PVSS): Chemical exhaust; common type:
Halar coated stainless steel, Teflon coated stainless ­steel.
12. Sheet metal gauges (applies to preceding item numbers 1, 3, 4, and 10):
a. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 SMACNA or welded ­construction.
b. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 welded construction ­only.

L. Flexible ­Duct
1. 5–8 ft. maximum recommended ­length.
2. Insulated, ­uninsulated.
3. NFPA 90A-2002: 14 feet ­maximum.

M. Ductwork Sheet Metal Gauges and ­Weights

SMACNA HVAC DUCTWORK SHEET METAL GAUGES

Maximum SMACNA Pressure Class
Duct ±1/2 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±6 ±10
Dimension A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
4"–8" 26 - 26 - 26 - 24 26 24 26 24 26 22 24
9"–10" 26 - 26 - 26 - 24 26 22 26 24 24 20 22
11"–12" 26 - 26 - 26 - 24 26 22 26 20 24 18 22
13"–14" 26 - 26 - 24 26 22 24 20 24 20 22 18 20
15"–16" 26 - 26 - 24 26 22 24 20 24 18 22 16 20
17"–18" 26 - 24 26 22 26 20 24 18 24 18 22 16 20
19"–20" 24 26 24 26 20 26 18 24 18 24 16 22 - 18
21"–22" 22 26 22 26 18 26 18 24 18 24 16 22 - 18
23"–24" 22 26 22 26 18 26 18 24 18 22 16 22 - 18
25"–26" 20 26 20 26 18 26 18 24 16 22 - 20 - 18
27"–28" 18 26 18 26 18 24 18 22 16 22 - 20 - 18
29"–30" 18 26 18 26 18 24 18 22 16 22 - 18 - 18
31"–36" 181 26 18 24 16 24 16 20 - 20 - 18 - 16
37"–42" 6 26 16 24 - 22 - 20 - 18 - 16 - 16
43"–48" 16 26 16 22 - 22 - 18 - 18 - 16 - 16
49"–54" - 26 - 22 - 20 - 18 - 18 - 16 - 16
55"–60" - 24 - 22 - 20 - 18 - 16 - 16 - 16
61"–72" - 22 - 18 - 18 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16
73"–84" - 22 - 18 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16
85"–96" - 20 - 18 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16
97"–108" - 18 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16
109"–120" - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16 - 16
Notes:
1 The table is based on the ­following:
a. Column A: Duct gauge requirement with no ­reinforcement.
b. Column B: Duct gauge with reinforcement as indicated ­below.
c. 1/2" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 19"–120".
d. 1" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 17"–108" and 4 feet spacing for 109"–120".
e. 2" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 13"–84", 4 feet spacing for 85"–108", and
3 feet spacing for 109"–120".
f. 3" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 4"–84", 4 feet spacing for 85"–96", and 3 feet spacing for
97"–120".
g. 4" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 4"–60", 4 feet spacing for 61"–72", and 3 feet spacing for
73"–120".
h. 6" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 4"–48", 4 feet spacing for 49"–60", and 3 feet spacing for
61"–120".
i. 10" Pressure Class: 5 feet reinforcing spacing for 4"–42", 4 feet spacing for 43"–54", 3 feet spacing for
55"–72", and 2 feet spacing for 73"–120".
2 Lighter sheet metal gauges may be used with additional reinforcing, and heavier gauges may be used with less
reinforcing (see the SMACNA manuals).
3 Commercial installations recommend a 24 gauge ­minimum.

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SHEET METAL GAUGES AND WEIGHTS

Material Weight lbs./sq.ft.
Sheet Metal
Gauge Galvanized 300 Series
Aluminum
Steel Stainless Steel
26 0.906 0.748 0.224
24 1.156 0.987 0.282
22 1.406 1.231 0.352
20 1.656 1.491 0.451
18 2.156 2.016 0.563
16 2.656 2.499 0.718
14 3.281 3.154 0.901
12 4.531 4.427 1.141
10 5.781 5.670 1.436

SHEET METAL GAUGES

Sheet Sheet
Metal Thickness Inches Remarks Metal Thickness Inches Remarks
Gauge Gauge
0 0.3125 19 0.0437
1 0.2810 20 0.0375
2 0.2650 21 0.0343
3 0.2500 22 0.0312 SMACNA
Ductwork
4 0.2340 23 0.0280 Construction
5 0.2187 24 0.0250
6 0.2030 25 0.0218
7 0.1875 Welded 26 0.0187
Ductwork
8 0.1720 Only 27 0.0170
9 0.1560 28 0.0156
10 0.1400 29 0.0140
11 0.1250 30 0.0125
Gauges Not
12 0.1090 31 0.0109 Permitted for
13 0.0937 32 0.0100 Ductwork
Construction
14 0.0780 33 0.0093
15 0.0700 34 0.0085
16 0.0625 SMACNA 35 0.0078
17 0.0560 Ductwork 36 0.0070
18 0.0500 Construction

17.03 Kitchen Exhaust Ducts and ­Hoods

A. For examples of kitchen hood exhaust systems, see Figs. 17.1 thru ­17.3.

B. 2003 ­IMC
1. Exhaust/makeup ­air:
a. Exhaust systems: 1500 ft./min. minimum duct ­velocity.
b. Type I hood exhaust systems shall be independent of all other exhaust systems. Com-
bining Type I systems permitted if all of the following are ­met:
1) Hoods are located on the same ­floor.
2) Hoods located in the same room or adjoining ­rooms.
3) Interconnecting ducts do not penetrate fire rated ­assemblies.
4) Solid fuel appliances must have separate exhaust ­system.
c. Type II hood exhaust systems shall be independent of all other exhaust systems.
Combining Type II hoods is permitted following the same rules as listed for Type I
­hoods.

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FIGURE 17.1   KITCHEN HOOD EXHAUST SYSTEM—UPBLAST FAN.

FIGURE 17.2   KITCHEN HOOD EXHAUST SYSTEM—UTILITY SET FAN.

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FIGURE 17.3   Kitchen hood exhaust sYstem—Inline fan.

d. Hoods serving solid fuel cooking appliances must have separate exhaust systems from
all the other ­hoods.
e. Makeup air systems: ÄT shall not be greater than 108F, unless it is part of the AC sys-
tem or will not cause a decrease in comfort ­conditions.
f. Supply air shall be approximately equal to the exhaust ­air.
g. The exhaust shall terminate a minimum of 40" above the ­roof.
2. Duct sheet metal ­construction:
a. 16 ga. ­steel.
b. 18 ga. 304 stainless ­steel.
c. Type I hood exhaust ducts shall be all welded or brazed ­construction.
d. Type I hood horizontal duct ­slope:
1) 75 feet or less in length: 1/4" per ­foot.
2) Greater than 75 feet in length: 1" per ­foot.
e. Type I hood exhaust ducts shall be enclosed in a fire rated enclosure from the pen-
etration of the ceiling, wall, or floor to the point of the outlet ­terminal.
1) Horizontal (in kitchen): Fire rated duct wrap ­recommended.
2) Horizontal (shaft offsets): Shaft enclosure ­recommended.
3) Vertical: Shaft enclosure ­recommended.
3. Cleanouts:
a. Base of ­riser.
b. Horizontal: Every 20 ­feet.
4. Hoods:
a. Type I hoods: Serve appliances that produce grease or ­smoke—­e.g., griddles, fryers,
broilers, ovens, ranges, and wok ­ranges.
b. Type II hoods: Serve appliances that produce heat or steam but do not produce grease
or ­smoke—­e.g., steamers, kettles, pasta cookers, and ­dishwashers.
c. Domestic appliances used for commercial purposes shall be provided with Type I or
Type II hoods as ­applicable.
d. Hood ­construction:

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1) Type I ­hoods:
Steel:   18 ­gauge
Stainless steel:   20 ­gauge
2) Type II ­hoods:
Steel:   22 ­gauge
Stainless steel:   24 ­gauge
e. Hood ­exhaust:

Minimum CFM per Lineal Foot of Hood

Type of Hood Type of Cooking Appliances
Extra-Heavy Duty Heavy Duty Medium Duty Light Duty
Wall-Mounted Canopy 550 400 300 200
Single Island Canopy 700 600 500 400
Double Island Canopy
550 400 300 250
(per side)
Backshelf/Pass-Over Not permitted 400 300 250
Eyebrow Not permitted Not permitted 250 250

Notes:
1 Airflows indicated in the table are net quantity of exhaust air and shall be calculated by subtracting any airflow
supplied directly to a hood cavity from the total exhaust flow rate of the ­hood.
2 Where more than one type of appliance is located under a single hood, the highest exhaust rate shall be ­used.
3 ­ Extra-­heavy duty cooking appliances: Cooking appliances using solid fuel as the primary source of heat for
cooling, such as wood, charcoal, briquettes, and mesquite. Type I hoods serving barbeque pits, barbeque
cooking appliances, solid fuel burning stoves and ovens, hickory grilles, charbroilers, and charcoal grilles.
Hoods serving these systems must have separate exhaust systems from all the other ­hoods.
4 Heavy duty cooking appliances: Type I hoods serving electric ­ under-­fired broilers, electric chain (conveyor)
broilers, gas ­open-­burner ranges (with or without oven), electric and gas wok ranges, and electric and gas ­over-
­fired (upright) broilers and ­salamanders.
5 Medium duty cooking appliances: Type I hoods serving electric discrete element ranges (with or without oven),
electric and gas ­hot-­top ranges, electric and gas griddles, electric and gas ­double-­sided griddles, electric and
gas fryers (open deep fat fryers, donut fryers, kettle fryers, and pressure fryers), electric and gas pasta cook-­
ers, electric and gas conveyor pizza ovens, electric and gas tilting skillets (braising pans), and electric and gas
­rotisseries.
6 Light duty cooking appliances: Type I hoods serving electric and gas ovens (standard, bake, roasting, revolving,
retherm, convection, combination convection/steamer, conveyor, deck or deck style pizza, and pastry), electric
and gas ­steam-­jacketed kettles, electric and gas compartment steamers (both pressure and atmospheric), and
electric and gas ­cheesemelters.

C. 2006 IMC: Requirements are the same as the 2003 IMC except as listed in the
­following.
1. Exhaust/makeup air: 500 ft./min. minimum duct ­velocity.
2. Type I hood exhaust system shall operate automatically through an interlock with the
cooking appliances, by means of heat sensors, or by other approved ­methods.

D. NFPA 96-­2004
1. Exhaust/makeup ­air:
a. Exhaust systems: 500 ft./min. minimum duct ­velocity.
b. Supply air shall be adequate to prevent negative pressures from exceeding 0.02" ­WC.
c. Exhaust shall terminate a minimum of 40" above the ­roof.
d. Exhaust ducts shall not pass through fire ­walls.
e. All ducts shall lead directly to the exterior of the building to reduce the risk of fire
­hazard.
f. Exhaust ducts shall be independent of all other exhaust ­systems.
g. Hoods serving solid fuel cooking appliances must have separate exhaust systems from
all the other ­hoods.
2. Duct sheet metal ­construction:
a. Carbon steel: 16 ­gauge
b. Stainless steel: 18 ­gauge

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c. Exhaust ducts shall be all welded ­construction.

d. Horizontal duct ­slope:
1) All ducts shall be installed without forming drips or traps that might collect
­residues.
e. Exhaust ducts shall be enclosed in a fire rated enclosure from the penetration of the
ceiling, wall, or floor to the point of the outlet ­terminal.
1) Horizontal (in kitchen): Fire rated duct wrap ­recommended.
2) Horizontal (shaft offsets): Shaft enclosure ­recommended.
3) Vertical: shaft enclosure ­recommended.
4) 1 hour rating minimum for buildings less than four ­stories.
5) 2 hour rating minimum for buildings four stories or ­more.
f. Each exhaust duct system shall constitute an individual system serving only exhaust
hoods in one fire zone on one ­floor.
g. Common duct (manifold) systems: Master kitchen exhaust ducts that serve multiple
tenants shall include provisions to bleed air from outdoors or from adjacent spaces
into the master exhaust duct to maintain the necessary minimum air velocity in the
master exhaust ­duct.
h. The bleed air duct shall have a fire damper at least 12" from the master exhaust duct
connection, volume balancing damper upstream of the fire damper; the bleed air
duct cannot be used for exhaust of ­grease-­laden vapors and labeled as such, and shall
have the same construction requirements as the exhaust ­duct.
i. Dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts or exhaust duct ­systems.
3. Cleanouts:
a. Base of ­riser.
b. Each change in ­direction.
c. Horizontal: Every 12 ­feet.
d. Vertical: Every ­floor.
4. Hoods:
a. Steel: 18 ­gauge.
b. Stainless steel: 20 ­gauge.
5. Hood exhaust: Exhaust air volumes for hoods shall be of sufficient level to provide for
capture and removal of ­grease-­laden cooking ­vapors.
6. Fire damper: A fire damper with a 2858F fusible link is required at each supply air con-
nection to the ­hood.
a. Exception: If the supply air connection discharges air out the face of the hood rather
than the bottom or into the hood and is isolated from the exhaust hood by continu-
ously welded construction, it does not require a fire ­damper.
E. ASHRAE Standard 154 - ­2003
1. Exhaust/makeup ­air:
a. Exhaust systems: 500 ft./minute minimum duct ­velocity.
b. The commercial kitchen ventilation system shall provide pressure differentials to
control odor migration and to control dust, dirt, and ­insects.
1) Kitchen—negative with respect to dining and other adjacent ­areas.
2) Negative with respect to ­outdoors.
c. Exhaust discharge shall be designed to prevent ­re­entrainment into air ­intakes.
d. The minimum horizontal distance between intakes and discharge shall be 10 ­feet.
2. Hoods:
a. Type I hoods: A hood designed to capture smoke and/or ­ grease-­laden vapor pro-
duced by a cooking process, incorporating listed ­grease-­removal devices and fire sup-
pression ­equipment.
b. Type II hoods: A hood designed to capture heat, odors, products of combustion,
and/or moisture where smoke or grease laden vapor is not present. A Type II hood
may or may not have filters or baffles and does not have a ­fire-­suppression system.
Equipment requiring Type II ­ hoods—­microwave ovens, toasters, steam tables,
popcorn poppers, hot dog cookers, coffee makers, rice cookers, egg cookers, and
holding/warming ­ovens.

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c. Mounting heights and overhang ­requirements:

Mounting End Front Rear

Type of Hood
Height Overhang Overhang Overhang
Wall-Mounted Canopy 78" 6" 6" N/A
Single Island Canopy 78" 6" 6" 6"
Double Island Canopy 78" 6" 6" N/A
Eyebrow 78" N/A 6" N/A
Backshelf/Pass-over 24" 6" 10" N/A
Notes:
1 Mounting heights are minimum dimensions and are listed with respect to the finished floor except the ­back-
­shelf/pass-­over hoods, which are the maximum dimensions above the cooking ­surface.

d. Hood ­exhaust:

Minimum Exhaust Flow Rate

CFM/Lineal Foot of Hood Length
Type of Hood
Extra-Heavy
Light Duty Medium Duty Heavy Duty
Duty
Wall-Mounted Canopy 200 300 400 550
Single Island Canopy 400 500 600 700
Double Island Canopy 250 300 400 550
Eyebrow 250 250 Not Permitted Not Permitted
Backshelf/Pass-over 300 300 400 Not Permitted
Notes:
1 Light duty: Gas and electric ovens (standard, bake, roasting, revolving, retherm, convection, combination con-­
vection/steamer, conveyor, deck or deck style pizza and pastry ovens, electric and gas steam–jacketed kettles,
electric and gas compartment steamers, electric and gas cheesemelters, and electric and gas ­rethermalizers.
2 Medium duty: Electric discrete element ranges, electric and gas ­hot-­top ranges, electric and gas griddles, elec-­
tric and gas ­double-­sided griddles, electric and gas fryers (open deep fat fryers, donut fryers, kettle fryers, and
pressure fryers), electric and gas pasta cookers, electric and gas conveyor (pizza) ovens, electric and gas tilting
skillets/braising pans, and electric and gas ­rotisseries.
3 Heavy duty: Electric and gas underfired broilers, electric and gas chain (conveyor) broilers, gas ­open-­burner
ranges (with or without oven), electric and gas wok ranges, electric and gas overfired (upright) broilers, and
­salamanders.
4 ­ Extra-­heavy duty: Appliances using solid fuel such as wood, charcoal, briquettes, and ­mesquite.

17.04 ­Louvers

A. Louvers: Use stationary louvers only. Do not use operable louvers because they
become rusty or become covered with snow and ice and may not ­operate:
1. Intake (outdoor air): 500 ft./min. maximum velocity through free ­area.
2. Exhaust or relief: 700 ft./min. maximum velocity through free ­area.
3. Free area ­range:
a. Metal: 40–70 percent of gross area. Recommend using 50 percent free ­area.
b. Wood: 20–25 percent of gross ­area.
4. Pressure loss: 0.01–0.10" ­W.G.

17.05 Volume Dampers (Manual or Balancing Dampers)/

Motor Operated Dampers (Control Dampers)

A. Damper ­Characteristics
1. Opposed blade: Balancing, mixing, modulating, and 2-position control ­applications.
2. Parallel blade: ­Two-­position applications (open/closed).
3. Pressure Loss: 0.15" W.G. @2000 FPM (full open)
4. Size dampers at a flow rate of approximately 1,200–1,500 CFM/sq.ft. (1,200–1,500 FPM)
rather than on duct ­size.

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5. Linkage ­type:
a. Concealed—inside duct. When specifying concealed linkage, be careful of duct air
temperatures and actuator ratings (for example, generator radiator exhaust can reach
temperatures in excess of some actuator ratings).
b. Exposed—outside ­duct.
6. Dampers may be specified with integral ­insulation.

B. Damper Leakage Classes (AMCA Certified)

1. Class I ­dampers:
4.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" W.G. differential.
8.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" W.G. differential.
11.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" W.G. differential.
14.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" W.G. differential.
2. Class II ­dampers:
10.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" W.G. differential.
20.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" W.G. differential.
28.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" W.G. differential.
35.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" W.G. differential.
3. Class III ­dampers:
40.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" W.G. differential.
80.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" W.G. differential.
112.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" W.G. differential.
140.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" W.G. differential.

C. Damper ­Types
1. Standard ­V-­groove blade—approximately 2,000 FPM maximum ­velocity.
2. Airfoil blade—approximately 4,000 FPM maximum ­velocity.

D. Recommended
­1. Two-­position ducted applications: AMCA certified ­Ultra-­low Leakage Class with a max-
imum 8.0 CFM/sq.ft. leakage rate at a 4" WC pressure differential, ­airfoil-­parallel blade,
­motor-­operated ­damper.
2. All other ducted applications: AMCA certified ­ Ultra-­low Leakage Class with a maxi-
mum 8.0 CFM/sq.ft. leakage rate at 4" WC pressure differential, ­airfoil-­opposed blade,
motor operated ­damper.
3. Non-­ducted applications: AMCA certified ­Ultra-­low Leakage Class with a maximum
8.0 CFM/sq.ft. leakage rate at 4" WC pressure differential, ­ insulated-­airfoil-­opposed
blade, ­motor-­operated ­damper.

17.06 Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Combination

Fire/Smoke ­Dampers

A. Fire, Smoke, and Combination Damper ­Classifications

1. Damper ­type:
a. Expanding curtain type (fire damper only):
1) Type A: Frame and damper storage are located in the ­airstream.
2) Type B: Damper storage is totally recessed out of the ­airstream.
3) Type C: Frame and damper storage are totally recessed out of the ­airstream.
4) Recommend using Type C in ducted and ducted transfer applications and Type A
in transfer grille applications (to fit within the grille dimension, must oversize the
grille to account for the frame and blades).
b. Opposed blade ­type:
­ 1) V-­groove blades: Maximum velocity of 2,000 ­FPM.
2) Airfoil blades: Maximum velocity of 4,000 ­FPM.

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3) Blades and frame are located in the airstream. Must account for the pressure drop
of the damper and frame in static pressure ­calculations.
4) Leakage ­class:
a) Leakage Class ­I:
4.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" WC pressure differential.
8.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" WC pressure differential.
11.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" WC pressure differentia.l
14.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" WC pressure differential.
b) Leakage Class ­II:
10.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" WC pressure differential.
20.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" WC pressure differential.
28.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" WC pressure differential.
35.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" WC pressure differential.
c) Leakage Class III: (Not Permitted by IMC Code)
40.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" WC pressure differential.
80.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" WC pressure differential.
112.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" WC pressure differential.
140.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" WC pressure differential.
d) Leakage Class IV: (Not Permitted by IMC Code)
60.0 CFM/sq.ft. @1" WC pressure differential.
120.0 CFM/sq.ft. @4" WC pressure differential.
168.0 CFM/sq.ft. @8" WC pressure differential.
210.0 CFM/sq.ft. @12" WC pressure differential.
2. Fire ­rating:
a. 1-1/2 ­hour.
b. 3 ­hour.
3. Closure ­rating:
a. U.L. 555 and UL 555S require fire, smoke, and fire/smoke dampers to bear an affixed
label stating whether the damper is static or dynamic ­rated.
b. Dynamic Rating: Dynamic rated dampers must be U.L. tested and show airflow and
maximum static pressure against which the damper will operate (fully close). Damp-
ers are tested to 4" static pressure for “no duct” applications and 8" static pressure for
“in duct” ­applications.
c. Static Rating: Static rated dampers have not been U.L. tested against airflow and may
not close under ­ medium-­to-­high airflow conditions that may be encountered in
HVAC systems that do not shut down in the event of ­fire.
d. Recommend using dynamically rated fire/smoke dampers in all ­applications.
4. Temperature rating of fusible ­links:
a. Standard: 1658F.
b. Optional expanding curtain type (see code requirements): 2128F, 2858F.
c. Optional blade type (see code requirements): 2128F, 2508F, 2858F, 3508F, 4508F.
d. Smoke control ­requirements:
1)  Primary: 2858F (can be overridden by the fire department).
2)  Secondary: 3508F (cannot be overridden by fire department).

B. Fire/Smoke Damper ­Recommendations

1. Fire dampers (HVAC applications):
a. Curtain type: Type C, 1-1/2 or 3 hours to match wall construction, Expanding Cur-
tain Type Fire Damper with 1658F. fusible link for all applications (including transfer
duct applications) except transfer grille applications shall be Type ­A.
b. Blade type: 3,000 FPM minimum velocity, Airfoil Blade, Leakage Class I at 4" WC
pressure differential, 1-1/2 or 3 hours to match wall construction, Dynamic Fire
Damper at 8" WC closure rating with 1658F. fusible ­link.
2. Smoke Dampers and Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers (HVAC Applications):
a. Blade type: 3,000 FPM minimum velocity, Airfoil Blade, Leakage Class I at 4" WC
pressure differential, 1-1/2 or 3 hours to match wall construction, Dynamic Fire

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Damper at 8" WC closure rating with 2508F primary fusible link and 3508F secondary
fusible ­link.
3. Fire dampers, smoke dampers, and combination fire/smoke dampers (smoke control
applications):
a. Blade type: 3,000 FPM minimum velocity, Airfoil Blade, Leakage Class I at 4" WC pressure
differential, 1-1/2 or 3 hours to match wall construction, Dynamic Fire Damper at 8" WC
closure rating with 2858F. primary fusible link and 3508F. secondary fusible ­link.
4. Fire dampers, smoke dampers, and fire/smoke dampers: Blowout panels should be con-
sidered for ductwork systems under the following ­circumstances:
a. Whenever, the potential exists for fire, smoke, and/or fire/smoke dampers to close
suddenly and cause system pressures to exceed construction pressures of the duct-
work especially in systems utilizing dynamic rated ­dampers.
b. Whenever human operation of fire, smoke, and/or fire/smoke dampers is required
by code, by local authorities, or for smoke evacuation systems, in the event that the
fire department personnel or owner’s operating personnel inadvertently close all the
dampers, and system pressures exceed construction pressures of the ­ductwork.

C. 2003 ­IMC
  1. Installation shall comply with the IMC and manufacturer’s installation instructions
and ­listing.
  2. Testing ­procedures:
a. Fire dampers: UL ­555.
b. Smoke dampers: UL ­555S.
c. Combination fire/smoke dampers: UL 555 and ­UL 555S.
d. Ceiling dampers: UL ­555C.
e. Actuators: UL 555 and ­UL 555S.
  3. Fire protection ­rating:
a. Less than ­three-­hour rated assemblies: 1-1/2 ­hours
b. Three hours and above rated assemblies: 3 ­hours
  4. Fire damper actuating ­devices:
a. HVAC systems: 508F above ambient temperature but not less than 1608­F.
b. Smoke control systems: 2868F ­maximum.
  5. Smoke damper actuating ­devices:
a. Elevated temperature rating: 2508F minimum, 3508F ­maximum.
b. Duct mounted smoke damper: Provide duct mounted smoke detector located
within 5 feet with no inlet/outlets between damper and ­detector.
c. Unducted smoke damper: Provide ­space-­mounted smoke detector located within
5 feet of wall opening with ­damper.
d. Smoke dampers may be controlled by area smoke detectors at smoke doors, cor-
ridors, or where total coverage smoke detection system is ­employed.
e. Smoke damper leakage rating shall not be less than Class ­II.
  6. Combination fire/smoke damper actuating ­devices:
a. Smoke control system: 508F above smoke control design temperature, but not more
than 3508­F.
b. Smoke detectors as indicated under smoke damper actuating ­devices.
  7. Access: Fire, smoke, and fire/smoke dampers shall be provided with an approved
means of access. Access doors shall be labeled with 0.5"-high letters minimum reading:
“FIRE DAMPER,” “SMOKE DAMPER,” or “FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER,” ­respectively.
  8. Fire dampers are required at duct and transfer openings at the following ­locations:
a. Fire ­walls.
b. Fire ­barriers:
1) Exception: Dampers are not required in penetrations of walls with a required ­one-
­hour ­fire-­resistance rating or less by a ducted HVAC system in areas of other than
Use Group H where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprin-
kler ­system.

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2) Exception: Dampers are not required in ducts used as an approved smoke control sys-
tem where the damper would interfere with the operation of the smoke control ­system.
c. Fire ­partitions:
1) Exception: Dampers are not required in penetrations of tenant separation and cor-
ridor walls in buildings of other than Use Group H where the building is equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler ­system.
2) Exception: Dampers are not required in duct systems constructed of ­code-­approved
materials that meet all of the ­following:
a) Duct size 100 sq. in. or ­less.
b) Duct constructed of 24 gauge ­steel.
c) Duct cannot have openings that communicate the corridor with adjoining
rooms or ­spaces.
d) Duct is installed above a ­ceiling.
e) Duct shall not terminate at a fire rated wall with a ­register.
f) A minimum 12" long  16 gauge sleeve shall be centered at each duct ­opening.
  9. Smoke dampers are required at duct and transfer openings at the following ­locations:
a. Smoke barriers and corridors with smoke and draft ­controls.
1) Exception: Dampers are not required at corridor penetrations where the building is
equipped throughout with an approved smoke control ­system.
2) Exception: Ducts penetrating smoke barriers where the duct serves a single smoke
compartment and are constructed of ­steel.
3) Exception: Dampers are not required in ducts that do not serve the corridor and are
constructed of minimum 26 gauge ­steel.
10. Fire/smoke dampers are required at duct and transfer openings at the following ­locations:
a. Shaft ­enclosures:
1) Exception: Fire dampers are not required in exhaust systems equipped with steel
exhaust air subducts extending at least 22" vertically in an exhaust shaft and where
there is continuous airflow upward to the ­outside.
2) Exception: Smoke dampers are not required in bathroom, toilet, kitchen, and
clothes dryer exhaust openings equipped with 26 gauge minimum steel exhaust
air subducts extending at least 22" vertically in an exhaust shaft and where there is
continuous airflow upward to the outside in Group B and R occupancies equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler ­system.
3) Exception: Fire dampers and smoke dampers are not required in ducts used as an
approved smoke control system where the damper would interfere with the opera-
tion of the smoke control ­system.
4) Exception: Fire dampers and smoke dampers are not required in parking garage
exhaust ducts that are separated from other building shafts by not less than ­two-
­hour ­fire-­resistance rated ­assemblies.
b. Horizontal Assemblies (floor, floor/ceiling, roof ceiling): Horizontal assemblies
shall be protected by shaft ­enclosures.
1) Exception: Fire dampers may be permitted to be installed at each floor provided the
duct does not connect more than two floors in occupancies other than I-2 (Hospi-
tal) Occupancies and I-3 (Prison) ­Occupancies.
c. Fire/smoke dampers may be an individual fire damper and smoke damper in series
or a combination fire/smoke ­damper.

D. 2006 IMC: 2006 IMC changes are indicated in bold, italicized text in the preceding
­listings.

E. NFPA 90A-­2002
  1. Installation shall comply with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and UL ­listing.
  2. Testing ­procedures:
a. Fire dampers: UL ­555.
b. Smoke dampers: UL ­555S.
c. Combination fire/smoke dampers: UL 555 and ­UL 555S.
d. Ceiling dampers: UL ­555C.
e. Actuators: UL 555 and ­UL 555S.

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  3. Fire protection ­rating:

a. Less than ­three-­hour rated assemblies: 1-1/2 ­hours
b. Three-­hour and above rated assemblies: 3 ­hours
  4. Fire damper actuating ­devices:
a. HVAC systems: 508F above ambient temperature, but not less than 1608­F.
b. Smoke control systems: 508F above smoke control design temperature, but not
more than 3508­F.
  5. Smoke damper actuating ­devices:
a. Duct Mounted Smoke Damper: Provide duct mounted smoke detector located
within 5 feet with no inlet/outlets between damper and ­detector.
b. Unducted Smoke Damper: Provide space mounted smoke detector located within
5 feet of wall opening with ­damper.
c. Smoke dampers may be controlled by area smoke detectors at smoke doors, cor-
ridors, or where total coverage smoke detection system is ­employed.
  6. Combination fire/smoke damper actuating ­devices:
a. Smoke Control System: 508F above smoke control design temperature, but not
more than 3508F.
b. Smoke detectors as indicated under smoke damper actuating ­devices.
  7. Access: A service opening shall be provided adjacent to each fire damper, smoke damper,
fire/smoke damper, and smoke detector. Service openings shall be identified with letters
0.5" high minimum to indicate the type and location of the fire protection ­device.
  8. Fire dampers shall be installed at the following penetration ­locations:
­ a. Fire-­rated walls and partitions with a ­two-­hour rating or ­more.
b. Fire-­rated floors: Where air ducts extend through only one floor and serve only two
adjacent floors, the ducts may be enclosed or provided with a fire damper at each
floor penetration; otherwise, a shaft enclosure must be ­provided.
c. Shafts:
1) Less than four stories: ­One-­hour ­rating.
2) Four stories or more: ­Two-­hour ­rating.
3) Shafts that constitute air ducts or that enclose air ducts used for movement of envi-
ronmental air shall not enclose the ­following:
a) Kitchen hood exhaust ­ducts.
b) Ducts used to remove flammable ­vapors.
c) Ducts used for moving, conveying, or transporting stock, vapor, or ­dust.
d) Ducts used for the removal of nonflammable corrosive fumes and ­vapors.
e) Refuse or linen ­chutes.
f) Piping containing hazardous materials or combustible ­piping.
g) Combustible ­storage.
4) Exception: A fire damper is not required where the following ­occur:
a) Branch ducts connected to enclosed exhaust risers enclosed in ­shafts.
b) The airflow moves ­upward.
c) Steel subducts at least 22" in length are carried up inside the riser from each ­inlet.
d) The riser is appropriately sized to accommodate the flow restriction created
by the ­subduct.
  9. Smoke dampers shall be installed at the following penetration ­locations:
a. Smoke Barriers: Damper shall be installed within 2 feet of the smoke barrier and
prior to any air inlet or ­outlet.
1) Exception: Smoke dampers shall not be required on air systems other than where
necessary for the proper function of that system where the system is designed spe-
cifically to accomplish the ­following:
a) Function as an engineered smoke control ­system.
b) Provide air to other areas of the building during a fire ­emergency.
c) Provide pressure differentials during a fire ­emergency.
2) Exception: Smoke dampers shall not be required where ducts serve a single smoke
compartment and no other smoke ­compartment.
b. Smoke dampers shall be installed in air handling systems with a capacity greater
than 15,000 CFM to isolate air handling equipment (supply and return).

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1) Exception: Air handling units located on the floor they serve and serving only that
floor do not require smoke ­dampers.
2) Exception: Air handling units located on the roof and serving only the floor imme-
diately below the roof do not require smoke ­dampers.
10. Fire/smoke dampers shall be installed at the following penetration ­locations:
a. ­ Fire-­rate and ­smoke-­rated walls and ­partitions.
11. Maintenance: At least every four years the following shall be ­performed:
a. Fusible links shall be ­removed.
b. All dampers shall be operated to verify that they close ­fully.
c. The latch, if provided, shall be ­checked.
d. Moving parts shall be lubricated as ­necessary.

17.07 HVAC Smoke Detection Systems ­Control

A. 2003 ­IMC
1. HVAC systems shall be equipped with smoke detectors listed and labeled for installation
in air distribution ­systems.
2. Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 72 and manufacturer’s
installation ­instructions.
3. Smoke detectors are required at the following ­locations:
a. Return Air Systems: Smoke detectors are required in return air systems with design
air capacity greater than 2,000 CFM (upstream of filters, exhaust connections, out-
door air connections, etc.).
b. Common Supply and Return Systems: Smoke detectors are required in systems where
multiple air handling systems share common supply or return air ducts or plenums
with a combined capacity greater than 2,000 ­CFM.
c. Return Air Risers: Smoke detectors are required in systems where the return air riser
serves two or more floors and serves any portion of a return air system having a
design capacity greater than 15,000 CFM. Smoke detectors shall be installed at each
floor where the return air duct connects to the ­riser.
d. Fan Powered Boxes: Smoke detectors are required for ­ fan-­powered boxes with a
capacity greater than 2,000 ­CFM.
e. Exception: Smoke detectors are not required where air distribution systems are inca-
pable of spreading smoke beyond the enclosing walls, floors, and ceilings of the room
or space in which smoke is ­generated.
f. Exception: Smoke detectors are not required where the building is equipped through-
out with a ­total-­coverage smoke detection ­system.
4. Control/supervision:
a. Upon detection of smoke, the air distribution system shall be shutdown. Air distribution
systems that are part of a smoke control system shall switch to smoke control ­operation.
b. All smoke detectors shall be connected to the fire alarm ­system.

B. 2006 IMC: Requirements are the same as the 2003 ­IMC.

C. NFPA 90A-­2002
1. Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 72 and the manufacturer’s
installation ­instructions.
2. Smoke dampers installed to isolate the air handling system shall be arranged to close
automatically when the system is not in ­operation.
3. Supply Air System: Smoke detectors are required in supply air systems with design air capacity
greater than 2,000 CFM (downstream of filters, upstream of supply connections).
4. Return Air Risers: Smoke detectors are required in systems where the return air riser
serves two or more floors and serves any portion of a return air system having a design
capacity greater than 15,000 CFM. Smoke detectors shall be installed at each floor where
the return air duct connects to the ­riser.
a. Exception: Return air smoke detectors are not required where the entire space served
by the air distribution system is protected by an area smoke detection ­system.

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 Air Distribution Systems

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5. Exception: Smoke detectors are not required for fan units whose sole function is to
remove air from the inside of the building to the outside of the ­building.
6. Smoke detectors shall automatically stop their respective ­fans.
7. Where the system is functioning as an engineered smoke control system, the smoke
detectors are not required to stop the air handling ­system.

D. Because the IMC and NFPA requirements are different, I recommend meeting
both codes by providing smoke detectors in both the supply and return systems
with a capacity greater than 2,000 ­CFM.

17.08 Sound ­Attenuators

A. Types
1. Rectangular: 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-foot ­lengths.
2. Round: Two or three times the ­diameter.
B. Locating
1. Centrifugal and axial ­fans:
a. Discharge: 1 duct diameter from discharge for every 1,000 ­FPM.
b. Intake: 0.75 duct diameters from intake for ever 1,000 ­FPM.
2. Elbows: 3 duct diameters up and down ­stream.
3. Terminal Boxes: 1 duct diameter down ­stream.
4. Mechanical Equipment Rooms: Install in or close to mechanical equipment room wall
­opening.

17.09 Terminal ­Units

A. For diagrammatic examples of air terminal units, see Fig. ­17.4.

FIGURE 17.4   Air terminal Units.

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 173

B. Variable Air Volume (VAV) Terminal ­Units
1. VAV w/o ­reheat:
a. Controls space temperature by varying the quantity of supply ­air.
b. Supply temperature is ­constant.
c. The energy savings is due to reduced supply air quantities and therefore reduced
­horsepower.
2. VAV ­w/reheat:
a. Integrates heating at the VAV terminal unit to offset heating load, limit maximum
humidity, provide reasonable air movement, and provide ventilation ­air.
3. Minimum CFM for VAV ­boxes:
a. Dictated by ASHRAE Standard ­62.
b. Typical office building range: 30 percent to 50 percent of design ­flow.
c. When interior spaces are occupied or lights are on, the VAV terminal unit will maintain a
minimum flow to offset the heat gain. Therefore, the only time a VAV terminal unit serv-
ing an interior space will be closed is when the space is unoccupied and the lights are ­off.

­C. Fan-­Powered Terminal ­Units

1. Parallel ­fan-­powered terminal ­units:
a. Primary air is modulated in response to cooling demands and the fan is energized at
a predetermined reduced primary ­airflow.
b. The fan is the first stage of heating by utilizing plenum air for return. The second
stage of heating is the reheat ­coil.
c. Fan is located outside the primary airstream to allow intermittent fan ­operation.
2. Series ­fan-­powered terminal ­units:
a. A constant volume fan mixes primary air with a varying amount of air from the ceil-
ing ­plenum.
b. The fan is located within the primary airstream and runs ­continuously.
c. A series of ­ fan-­powered boxes are generally used with low temperature supply air
from the air handling ­unit.

D. Induction Terminal ­Units

1. Reduces cooling capacity by reducing primary air and inducing room or ceiling plenum ­air.
2. Incorporates reduced supply air quantity energy savings of the VAV system and air vol-
ume to space is constant to reduce the effect of stagnant ­air.

E. Constant Volume Reheat (CVR) Terminal ­Units

1. CVR terminal units provide zone/space control for areas of unequal loading, simultane-
ous cooling/heating, and close tolerance of temperature ­control.
2. Conditioned air is delivered to each terminal unit at a fixed temperature, and is then
reheated to control space ­temperature.
3. Energy inefficient ­system.
4. Energy codes restrict the use of these ­systems.

F. Constant Volume Bypass Terminal ­Units

1. Variation of CVR system. Constant volume primary air system with VAV secondary
­system.
2. Supply air to space varied by dumping air to return air ­plenum.
3. Energy codes restrict the use of these ­systems.

G. Dual Duct Terminal ­Units

1. A constant volume of supply air is delivered to the ­space.
2. Space temperature is maintained by mixing varying amounts of hot and cold ­air.
3. Energy inefficient ­system.
4. Energy codes restrict the use of these ­systems.

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H. VAV Dual Duct Terminal ­Units

1. A variable volume of supply air is delivered to ­space.
2. Space temperature is maintained by supplying either hot or cold air in varying amounts
and limiting the amount of hot and cold air ­mixing.
3. More energy efficient than standard dual duct ­systems.
4. Energy codes restrict the use of these ­systems.

I. Single Zone ­Systems

1. Supply unit serves single temperature zone and varies supply air temperature to control
space ­temperature.
2. Single zone systems are generally small capacity systems or serve large open ­areas.

J. Multizone ­Systems
1. Supply unit serves two or more temperature zones and varies supply air temperature to each
zone by mixing hot and cold air with zone dampers at the unit to control space ­temperature.
2. Each zone is served by a separate ductwork ­system.
3. Similar to dual duct systems, but where mixing occurs at the ­unit.
4. Limited number of zones, inflexible system, energy inefficient, and not a recommended ­system.
5. Multizone systems are essentially ­obsolete.

K. Terminal Unit ­Types

1. ­ Pressure-­independent terminal units: Terminal unit airflow is independent of pressure
upstream of the box. Recommend using ­pressure-­independent terminal ­units.
2. Pressure-­dependent terminal units: Terminal unit airflow is dependent on pressure
upstream of ­box.

L. Terminal Unit ­Installation

1. Locate all terminal units for unobstructed access to unit access panels, controls, and ­valving.
2. Minimum straight duct length upstream of terminal ­units:
a. Manufacturers generally recommend 1.5 duct diameters based on terminal unit inlet ­size.
b. 2.0 duct diameters are the recommended ­minimum.
c. 3.0 –5.0 duct diameters are ­preferred.
d. Best to use 3 feet of straight duct upstream of terminal units because you do not have
to concern yourself with box size when producing ductwork layout (the maximum
terminal unit inlet size is 16 inches with 2 duct diameters, which results in 32 inches,
and most of the time you are not using 16-inch terminal units).
3. Duct runout to the terminal unit should never be smaller than the terminal unit’s inlet size;
it may be larger than the inlet size, though. Terminal unit inlet and discharge ductwork
should be sized based on ductwork sizing criteria and not the terminal unit inlet and
discharge connection sizes. The transition from the inlet and discharge connection sizes
to the air terminal unit should be made at the terminal unit. A minimum of 3 feet of
straight duct should be provided upstream of all terminal ­units.

M. Zoning
1. Partitioned ­offices:
a. One, two, three, or four offices/terminal ­unit.
b. Two or three offices/terminal unit most ­common.
c. One office/terminal unit; most desirable, also most ­expensive.
2. Open ­offices:
a. 400–1,200 sq.ft./terminal ­unit.
3. Perimeter and interior spaces should be zoned ­separately.
4. Group spaces/zones/rooms/areas of similar thermal ­occupancy:
a. For example, group offices with ­offices.
b. Don’t put offices with conference rooms or other dissimilar ­rooms.
c. Don’t put east offices with south offices, ­etc.
d. Corner offices or spaces should be treated ­separately.

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Air Distribution ­Systems 175

17.10 Process Exhaust ­Systems

A. Ductwork material must be selected to suit the material or chemical being

­exhausted––­carbon steel, 304 or 316 stainless steel, Teflon- or ­Halar-­coated
stainless steel, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
are some examples. Sprinklers are generally required in FRP and PVC ductwork
systems in all sizes larger than 8 inches in ­diameter.

B. Process exhaust ductwork cannot penetrate fire walls, fire separation assem-
blies, or smoke ­walls.

C. Process exhaust systems should be provided with a blast gate or butterfly

damper at each tap for a hood or equipment, at each lateral, and at each sub-
main. At all fans, large laterals, and submains, a tight shutoff—style butterfly
damper should be provided for balancing and positive shutoff in addition to the
blast gate. Blast gates should be specified with a wiper gasket, of EPDM or other
suitable material, to provide as tight a seal as possible for blast gates; otherwise,
blast gates tend to experience high leakage rates. Wind loading on blast gates
installed on the roof or outside the building must be considered, especially in
large blast gates. Blast gate blades will act as a sail in the wind and cause con-
siderable stress on the ductwork ­system.

D. Process exhaust ductwork should be sloped a minimum of 1/8 inch per foot with
a drain provided at the low point. The drain should be piped to the appropriate
waste ­system.

E. Process exhaust systems are required, in most cases, to undergo a treatment

­process––­scrubbing, abatement, burning, or ­filtering.

F. Duct sizing must be based on capture velocities and entrainment velocities of the
material or chemical being exhausted. For most chemical or fume exhaust sys-
tems, the mains, risers, submains, and large laterals should be sized for 2,000 to
3,000 feet per minute, and small laterals and branches should be sized for 1,500
to 2,500 feet per minute. Discharge stacks should be sized for 3,000 to 4,000 feet
per minute discharge velocity and should terminate a minimum of 8 feet above
the roof and a minimum of 10 feet from any openings or intakes. Properly locate
discharge stacks and coordinate discharge height to prevent contamination of
outside air intakes, CT intakes, and combustion air intakes. Clearly indicate ter-
mination ­heights.

G. The connection to a fume hood or other piece of equipment will generally require
between 1.0 and 3.0 inches WC negative ­pressure.

H. Branches and laterals should be connected above duct centerline. If branches

and laterals are connected below the duct centerline, drains will be required at
the low point. Hoods, tools, and equipment must be protected from the possibil-
ity of drainage contaminating or entering equipment when taps are connected
below the ­centerline.

I. Specify proper pressure class upstream and downstream of scrubbers and other
abatement ­equipment.

J. When ductwork is installed outside or in unconditioned spaces, verify if conden-

sation will occur on the outside or the inside of this duct. Insulate the duct and/or
heat trace if ­required.

K. Process exhaust fans are required to be on emergency power by ­code.

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L. Process exhaust ductwork cannot penetrate ­fire-­rated construction. Fire damp-

ers are generally not desirable. If penetrating ­fire-­rated construction cannot be
avoided, process exhaust ductwork must be enclosed in a ­fire-­rated enclosure
until it exits the building or sprinkler protection located inside the duct may be
used if approved by authority having ­jurisdiction.

M. Provide pressure ports at the end of all laterals, submains, and ­mains.

N. Generally, drains are required in fan scroll, scrubber, and other abatement
­equipment.

O. Provide flexible connections at fans and specify flexible connections suitable for
­application.

P. If adjustable or variable frequency drives are required or used, locate and coor-
dinate them with the electrical engineer. Use direct drive fans with adjustable or
variable frequency ­drives.

17.11 Hazardous Exhaust ­Systems

A. Hazardous exhaust systems as defined in the 2003 IMC and the 2006 ­IMC.

B. A hazardous exhaust system shall include exhaust systems containing . . .

1. Flammable ­vapors.
2. Gases.
3. Fumes.
4. Mists.
5. Dusts.
6. Paint ­residue.
7. Corrosive ­fumes.
8. Dust and particulate ­matter.
9. Volatile or airborne materials posing a health ­hazard.

C. Hazardous Exhaust System ­Concerns

1. Combustibility.
2. Flammability.
3. Toxicity.
4. Corrosiveness.
5. Explosiveness.
6. Microbial.
7. Pathogenic

D. Hospital and research laboratory exhaust systems are designed to exhaust differ-
ent substances. However, these substances may or may not be flammable, toxic,
corrosive, or pathogenic. For the classification and identification of hazardous sub-
stances, see NFPA 704. NFPA 704 covers the concerns of combustibility, flammabil-
ity, toxicity, corrosiveness, and explosiveness, but this standard does not address
microbial, pathogenic, and other hospital or research exhaust hazards. Laboratory
exhaust systems involve the use of chemicals and other hazardous materials ­for:
1. Testing.
2. Analysis.
3. Teaching.
4. Research.
5. Development.
6. Nonproduction ­purposes.

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 177

7. 2006 IMC: Laboratory exhaust systems do not have to be independent of other exhaust
systems provided that all of the following conditions are ­met.
a. All hazardous exhaust ductwork and other laboratory exhaust ductwork within both
the occupied space and the shaft is under negative pressure while in ­operation.
b. All hazardous exhaust ductwork manifolded together must originate in the same fire ­area.
c. Each control branch has a flow regulating ­device.
d. Perchloric acid hoods must have a separate exhaust system and cannot be manifolded
­together.
e. Radioisotope hoods are properly ­filtered.
f. Biological safety cabinets are properly ­filtered.
g. A provision is made for continuous operation of the negative statice pressure in the
ductwork with standby fans and emergency power ­operation.
E. Hazardous exhaust systems are required wherever hazardous materials are pres-
ent to create any one of the following conditions. The criteria is based on the nor-
mal operating conditions and not the conditions that would exist in an accident
or unusual ­condition.
1. Materials are present in concentrations at room temperature that exceed 25 percent of
the lower flammability limit of the ­substance.
2. Materials are present with a health hazard of ­4.
3. Materials are present with a health hazard of 1, 2, or 3 at concentrations exceeding 1 percent
of the median lethal concentration for acute inhalation ­toxicity.
F. Hazardous exhaust systems must be independent of all other exhaust ­systems.

G. Hazardous exhaust systems must be located in separate shafts from other HVAC
duct systems and in separate shafts from other hazardous exhaust systems origi-
nating in different fire ­zones.

H. Hazardous exhaust systems must segregate compatible and incompatible mate-

rial exhaust air ­streams.

I. Ductwork design ­methods:

1. Vapors, gases, and smoke: Constant velocity or equal friction ­methods.
2. Dust, fibers, and particulate matter: Constant velocity ­method.
J. Exhaust makeup air shall be delivered to the space with hazardous exhaust sys-
tems in quantities nearly equal to the exhaust air quantities. Normally, the makeup
air is slightly less than the exhaust air quantity to help confine the ­contaminants.

K. Hazardous exhaust systems that penetrate a ­fire-­rated floor or ­fire-­rated wall

assembly must be enclosed in a ­fire-­resistance-­rated shaft enclosure, meeting
the fire rating of the highest rated assembly penetrated, from where the exhaust
system penetrates the rated enclosure until it terminates outdoors. In lieu of
enclosing the hazardous exhaust duct in a ­fire-­rated enclosure, the interior of
the duct may be equipped with an approved automatic fire suppression system
suitable for the materials being exhausted. Hazardous exhaust systems that pen-
etrate a floor/ceiling assembly must be enclosed in a ­fire-­rated shaft, regardless
of whether the system is protected by a fire suppression ­system.

L. Fire dampers are not permitted in hazardous exhaust ­systems.

M. Hazardous exhaust systems shall be protected by an approved automatic fire

suppression system. The automatic fire suppression system must be compatible
with the materials being exhausted (water, cry chemical, carbon dioxide).
1. Except hazardous exhaust systems conveying nonflammable and noncombustible mate-
rials at all ­concentrations.
2. Except in ducts where the ­cross-­sectional duct diameter is less than 10 ­inches.

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N. Ductwork materials for hazardous exhaust ­systems:

1. G90 galvanized ­steel.
2. 304 or 316 stainless ­steel
3. Fiberglass reinforced: Chemical exhaust; plastic (FRP)
4. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Chemical exhaust, underground ducts; PVC conforming to
NFPA 91, ASTM D1784, D1785, D1927, and ­D2241.
5. Polyvinyl steel and stainless steel (PVS and PVSS): Chemical exhaust; common type:
­Halar-­coated stainless steel, ­Teflon-­coated stainless ­steel.
6. Nonmetal ducts must meet the ASTM E 84 flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke
developed index of 50 or ­less.
7. Minimum hazardous exhaust duct ­thickness:
Minimum Nominal Thickness
Diameter of Duct
or Nonabrasive Nonabrasive/ Abrasive
Maximum Side Dimension Materials Abrasive Materials Materials
(Gauge) (Gauge) (Gauge)
0–8 inches 24 22 20
9–18 inches 22 20 18
19–30 inches 20 18 16
Over 30 inches 18 16 14

O. Hazardous exhaust ducts shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 10 feet.

Supports shall be constructed of noncombustible ­materials.

17.12 Galvanized Rectangular Ductwork

Weights––Pound per Lineal ­Foot

GALVANIZED RECTANGULAR DUCT WEIGHT

Width Sheet Metal Gauge Surface
+ Area
26 24 22 20 18
Depth 16 sq.ft./
(12") (24") (48") (60") (60+")
Inches ln.ft.
8 1.51 1.93 2.34 2.76 3.59 4.43 1.33
9 1.70 2.17 2.64 3.11 4.04 4.98 1.50
10 1.89 2.41 2.93 3.45 4.49 5.53 1.67
11 2.08 2.65 3.22 3.80 4.94 6.09 1.83
12 2.27 2.89 3.52 4.14 5.39 6.64 2.00
13 2.45 3.13 3.81 4.49 5.84 7.19 2.17
14 2.64 3.37 4.10 4.83 6.29 7.75 2.34
15 2.83 3.61 4.39 5.18 6.74 8.30 2.50
16 3.02 3.85 4.69 5.52 7.19 8.85 2.67
17 3.21 4.09 4.98 5.87 7.64 9.41 2.83
18 3.40 4.34 5.27 6.21 8.09 9.96 3.00
19 3.59 4.58 5.57 6.56 8.53 10.51 3.17
20 3.78 4.82 5.86 6.90 8.98 11.07 3.34
21 3.96 5.06 6.15 7.25 9.43 11.62 3.50
22 4.15 5.30 6.44 7.59 9.88 12.17 3.67
23 4.34 5.54 6.74 7.94 10.33 12.73 3.83
24 4.53 5.78 7.03 8.28 10.78 13.28 4.00
25 4.72 6.02 7.32 8.63 11.23 13.83 4.17
26 4.91 6.26 7.62 8.97 11.68 14.39 4.34
27 - 6.50 7.91 9.32 12.13 14.94 4.50
28 - 6.74 8.20 9.66 12.58 15.49 4.67
29 - 6.98 8.49 10.01 13.03 16.05 4.83
30 - 7.23 8.79 10.35 13.48 16.60 5.00
31 - 7.47 9.08 10.70 13.92 17.15 5.17
32 - 7.71 9.37 11.04 14.37 17.71 5.34
33 - 7.95 9.67 11.39 14.82 18.26 5.50
34 - 8.20 9.96 11.73 15.27 18.81 5.67
35 - 8.43 10.25 12.08 15.72 19.37 5.83
36 - 8.67 10.55 12.42 16.17 19.92 6.00
37 - 8.91 10.84 12.77 16.62 20.47 6.17
(Continued)
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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 179

GALVANIZED RECTANGULAR DUCT ­WEIGHT (Continued )

Width Sheet Metal Gauge Surface
+ Area
26 24 22 20 18
Depth 16 sq.ft./
(12") (24") (48") (60") (60+")
Inches ln.ft.
38 - 9.15 11.13 13.11 17.07 21.03 6.34
39 - 9.39 11.42 13.46 17.52 21.58 6.50
40 - 9.63 11.72 13.80 17.97 22.13 6.67
41 - 9.87 12.01 14.15 18.42 22.69 6.83
42 - 10.12 12.30 14.49 18.87 23.24 7.00
43 - 10.36 12.60 14.84 19.31 23.79 7.17
44 - 10.60 12.89 15.18 19.76 24.35 7.34
45 - 10.84 13.18 15.53 20.21 24.90 7.50
46 - 11.08 13.47 15.87 20.66 25.45 7.67
47 - 11.32 13.77 16.22 21.11 26.00 7.83
48 - 11.56 14.06 16.56 21.56 26.56 8.00
49 - 11.80 14.35 16.91 22.01 27.11 8.17
50 - 12.04 14.65 17.25 22.46 27.67 8.34
51 - 12.28 14.94 17.60 22.91 28.22 8.50
52 - 12.52 15.23 17.94 23.36 28.77 8.67
53 - 12.76 15.52 18.29 23.81 29.32 8.83
54 - 13.01 15.82 18.63 24.26 29.88 9.00
55 - 13.25 16.11 18.98 24.70 30.43 9.17
56 - 13.49 16.40 19.32 25.15 30.99 9.34
57 - 13.73 16.70 19.67 25.60 31.54 9.50
58 - 13.97 16.99 20.01 26.05 32.09 9.67
59 - 14.21 17.28 20.36 26.50 32.65 9.83
60 - 14.45 17.58 20.70 26.95 33.20 10.00
61 - - 17.87 21.05 27.40 33.75 10.17
62 - - 18.16 21.39 27.85 34.31 10.34
63 - - 18.45 21.74 28.30 34.86 10.50
64 - - 18.75 22.08 28.75 35.41 10.67
65 - - 19.04 22.43 29.20 35.97 10.83
66 - - 19.33 22.77 29.65 36.52 11.00
67 - - 19.63 23.12 30.09 37.07 11.17
68 - - 19.92 23.46 30.54 37.63 11.34
69 - - 20.21 23.81 30.99 38.18 11.50
70 - - 20.50 24.15 31.44 38.73 11.67
71 - - 20.80 24.50 31.89 39.29 11.83
72 - - 21.09 24.84 32.34 39.84 12.00
73 - - 21.38 25.19 32.79 40.39 12.17
74 - - 21.68 25.53 33.24 40.95 12.34
75 - - 21.97 25.88 33.69 41.50 12.50
76 - - 22.26 26.22 34.14 42.05 12.67
77 - - 22.55 26.57 34.59 42.61 12.83
78 - - 22.85 26.91 35.04 43.16 13.00
79 - - 23.14 27.26 35.48 43.71 13.17
80 - - 23.43 27.60 35.93 44.27 13.34
81 - - 23.73 27.95 36.38 44.82 13.50
82 - - 24.02 28.29 36.83 45.37 13.67
83 - - 24.31 28.64 37.28 45.93 13.83
84 - - 24.61 28.98 37.73 46.48 14.00
85 - - 24.90 29.33 39.18 47.03 14.17
86 - - 25.19 29.67 38.63 48.59 14.34
87 - - 25.48 30.02 39.08 48.14 14.50
88 - - 25.78 30.36 39.53 48.69 14.67
89 - - 26.07 30.71 39.98 49.25 14.83
90 - - 26.36 31.05 40.43 49.80 15.00
91 - - 26.66 31.40 40.87 50.35 15.17
92 - - 26.95 31.74 41.32 50.91 15.34
93 - - 27.24 32.09 41.77 51.46 15.50
94 - - 27.53 32.43 42.22 52.01 15.67
95 - - 27.83 32.78 42.67 52.57 15.83
96 - - 28.12 33.12 43.12 53.12 16.00
97 - - 28.41 33.47 43.57 53.67 16.17
(Continued)

)
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GALVANIZED RECTANGULAR DUCT ­WEIGHT (Continued )

Width Sheet Metal Gauge Surface
+ Area
26 24 22 20 18
Depth 16 sq.ft./
(12") (24") (48") (60") (60+")
Inches ln.ft.
98 - - 28.71 33.81 44.02 54.23 16.34
99 - - 29.00 34.16 44.47 54.78 16.50
100 - - 29.29 34.50 44.92 55.33 16.67
101 - - 29.58 34.85 45.37 55.89 16.83
102 - - 29.88 35.19 45.82 56.44 17.00
103 - - 30.17 35.54 46.26 56.99 17.17
104 - - 30.46 35.88 46.71 57.55 17.34
105 - - 30.76 36.23 47.16 58.10 17.50
106 - - 31.05 36.57 47.61 58.65 17.67
107 - - 31.34 36.92 48.06 59.21 17.83
108 - - 31.64 37.26 48.51 59.76 18.00
109 - - 31.93 37.61 48.96 60.31 18.17
110 - - 32.22 37.95 49.41 60.87 18.34
111 - - 32.51 38.30 49.86 61.42 18.50
112 - - 32.81 38.64 50.31 61.97 18.67
113 - - 33.10 38.99 50.76 62.53 18.83
114 - - 33.39 39.33 51.21 63.08 19.00
115 - - 33.69 39.68 51.65 63.63 19.17
116 - - 33.98 40.02 52.10 64.19 19.34
117 - - 34.27 40.37 52.55 64.74 19.50
118 - - 34.56 40.71 53.00 65.29 19.67
119 - - 34.86 41.06 53.45 65.85 19.83
120 - - 35.15 41.40 53.90 66.40 20.00
121 - - 35.44 41.75 54.35 66.95 20.17
122 - - 35.74 42.09 54.80 67.51 20.34
123 - - 36.03 42.44 55.25 68.06 20.50
124 - - 36.32 42.78 55.70 68.61 20.67
125 - - 36.61 43.13 56.15 69.17 20.83
126 - - 36.91 43.47 56.60 69.72 21.00
127 - - 37.20 43.82 57.04 70.27 21.17
128 - - 37.49 44.16 57.49 70.83 21.34
129 - - 37.79 44.51 57.94 71.38 21.50
130 - - 38.08 44.85 58.39 71.93 21.67
131 - - 38.37 45.20 58.84 72.49 21.83
132 - - 38.67 45.54 59.29 73.04 22.00
133 - - 38.96 45.89 59.74 73.59 22.17
134 - - 39.25 46.23 60.19 74.15 22.34
135 - - 39.54 46.58 60.64 74.70 22.50
136 - - 39.84 46.92 61.09 75.25 22.67
137 - - 40.13 47.27 61.54 75.81 22.83
138 - - 40.42 47.61 61.99 76.36 23.00
139 - - 40.72 47.96 62.43 76.91 23.17
140 - - 41.01 48.30 62.88 77.46 23.34
141 - - 41.30 48.65 63.33 78.02 23.50
142 - - 41.59 48.99 63.78 78.57 23.67
143 - - 41.88 49.34 64.23 79.13 23.83
144 - - 42.18 49.68 64.68 79.68 24.00
145 - - 42.47 50.03 65.13 80.23 24.17
146 - - 42.77 50.37 65.58 80.79 24.34
147 - - 43.06 50.72 66.03 81.34 24.50
148 - - 43.35 51.06 66.48 81.89 24.67
149 - - 43.64 51.41 66.93 82.45 24.83
150 - - 43.94 51.75 67.38 83.00 25.00
151 - - 44.23 52.10 67.82 83.55 25.17
152 - - 44.52 52.44 68.27 84.11 25.34
153 - - 44.82 52.79 68.72 84.66 25.50
154 - - 45.11 53.13 69.17 85.21 25.67
155 - - 45.40 53.48 69.62 85.77 25.83
156 - - 45.70 53.82 70.07 86.32 26.00
157 - - 45.99 54.17 70.52 86.87 26.17
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 181

GALVANIZED RECTANGULAR DUCT ­WEIGHT (Continued )

Width Sheet Metal Gauge Surface
+ Area
26 24 22 20 18
Depth 16 sq.ft./
(12") (24") (48") (60") (60+")
Inches ln.ft.
158 - - 46.28 54.51 70.97 87.43 26.34
159 - - 46.57 54.86 71.42 87.98 26.50
160 - - 46.87 55.20 71.87 88.53 26.67
161 - - 47.16 55.55 72.32 89.09 26.83
162 - - 47.45 55.89 72.77 89.64 27.00
163 - - 47.75 56.24 73.21 90.19 27.17
164 - - 48.04 56.58 73.66 90.75 17.34
165 - - 48.33 56.93 74.11 91.30 27.50
166 - - 48.62 57.27 74.56 91.85 27.67
167 - - 48.92 57.62 75.01 92.41 27.83
168 - - 49.21 57.96 75.46 92.96 28.00
169 - - 49.50 58.31 75.91 93.51 28.17
170 - - 49.80 58.65 76.36 94.07 28.34
171 - - 50.09 59.00 76.81 94.62 28.50
172 - - 50.38 59.34 77.26 95.17 28.67
173 - - 50.67 59.69 77.71 95.73 28.83
174 - - 50.97 60.03 78.16 96.28 29.00
175 - - 51.26 60.38 78.60 96.83 29.17
176 - - 51.55 60.72 79.05 97.39 29.34
177 - - 51.85 61.07 79.50 97.94 29.50
178 - - 52.14 61.41 79.95 98.49 29.67
179 - - 52.43 61.76 80.40 99.05 29.83
180 - - 52.73 62.10 80.85 99.60 30.00
181 - - 53.02 62.45 81.30 100.15 30.17
182 - - 53.31 62.79 81.75 100.71 30.34
183 - - 53.60 63.14 82.20 101.26 30.50
184 - - 53.90 63.48 82.65 101.81 30.67
185 - - 54.19 63.83 83.10 102.37 30.83
186 - - 54.48 64.17 83.55 102.92 31.00
187 - - 54.78 64.52 83.99 103.47 31.17
188 - - 55.07 64.86 84.44 104.03 31.34
189 - - 55.36 65.21 84.89 104.58 31.50
190 - - 55.65 65.55 85.34 105.13 31.67
191 - - 55.95 65.90 85.79 105.69 31.83
192 - - 56.24 66.24 86.24 106.24 32.00
193 - - 56.53 66.59 86.69 106.79 32.17
194 - - 56.83 66.93 87.14 107.35 32.34
195 - - 57.12 67.28 87.59 107.90 32.50
196 - - 57.41 67.62 88.04 108.45 32.67
197 - - 57.70 67.97 88.49 109.01 32.83
198 - - 58.00 68.31 88.94 109.56 33.00
199 - - 58.29 68.66 89.38 110.11 33.17
200 - - 58.58 69.00 89.83 110.67 33.34
201 - - 58.88 69.35 90.28 111.22 33.50
202 - - 59.17 69.69 90.73 111.77 33.67
203 - - 59.46 70.04 91.18 112.33 33.83
204 - - 59.76 70.38 91.63 112.88 34.00
205 - - 60.05 70.73 92.08 113.43 34.17
206 - - 60.34 71.07 92.53 113.99 34.34
207 - - 60.63 71.42 92.98 114.54 34.50
208 - - 60.93 71.76 93.43 115.09 34.67
209 - - 61.22 72.11 93.88 115.65 34.83
210 - - 61.51 72.45 94.33 116.20 35.00
211 - - 61.81 72.80 94.77 116.75 35.17
212 - - 62.10 73.14 95.22 117.31 35.34
213 - - 62.39 73.49 95.67 117.86 35.50
214 - - 62.68 73.83 96.12 118.41 35.67
215 - - 62.98 74.18 96.57 118.97 35.83
216 - - 63.27 74.52 97.02 119.52 36.00
217 - - 63.56 74.87 97.47 120.07 36.17
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

182 Pa rt 17

GALVANIZED RECTANGULAR DUCT ­WEIGHT (Continued )

Width Sheet Metal Gauge Surface
+ Area
26 24 22 20 18
Depth 16 sq.ft./
(12") (24") (48") (60") (60+")
Inches ln.ft.
218 - - 63.86 75.21 97.92 120.63 36.34
219 - - 64.15 75.56 98.37 121.18 36.50
220 - - 64.44 75.90 98.82 121.73 36.67
221 - - 64.73 76.25 99.27 122.29 36.83
222 - - 65.03 76.59 99.72 122.84 37.00
223 - - 65.32 76.94 100.16 123.39 37.17
224 - - 65.61 77.28 100.61 123.95 37.34
225 - - 65.91 77.63 101.06 124.50 37.50
226 - - 66.20 77.97 101.51 125.05 37.67
227 - - 66.49 78.32 101.96 125.61 37.83
228 - - 66.79 78.66 102.41 126.16 38.00
229 - - 67.08 79.01 102.86 126.71 38.17
230 - - 67.37 79.35 103.31 127.27 38.34
231 - - 67.66 79.70 103.76 127.82 38.50
232 - - 67.96 80.04 104.21 128.37 38.67
233 - - 68.25 80.39 104.66 128.93 38.83
234 - - 68.54 80.73 105.11 129.48 39.00
235 - - 68.84 81.08 105.55 130.03 39.17
236 - - 69.13 81.42 106.00 130.59 39.34
237 - - 69.42 81.77 106.45 131.14 39.50
238 - - 69.71 82.11 106.90 131.69 39.67
239 - - 70.01 82.46 107.35 132.25 39.83
240 - - 70.30 82.80 107.80 132.80 40.00
Notes:
1 Table includes 25 percent allowance for bracing, hangers, reinforcing, joints, and seams. Add 10 percent for
insulated ductwork ­systems.
2 The first column is the sum of the width and depth of the duct (i.e., a 20  10 duct equals 30 inches).
3 Columns 2 through 7 give the weight of galvanized steel ducts in pounds per lineal ­foot.
4 Column 8 gives the ductwork surface area used for estimating ­insulation.
5 Numbers in parentheses below the sheet metal gauges indicate the maximum duct dimension for the indicated ­gauge.

17.13 Galvanized Round Ductwork Weights—Pound per Lineal ­Foot

GALVANIZED ROUND DUCT ­WEIGHT

Gauge Surface
Diameter Area sq.ft./
26 24 22 20 18 16 Lin.ft.
3 0.89 1.13 1.38 1.63 2.12 2.61 0.79
4 1.19 1.51 1.84 2.17 2.82 3.48 1.05
5 1.48 1.89 2.30 2.71 3.53 4.35 1.31
6 1.78 2.27 2.76 3.25 4.23 5.22 1.57
7 2.08 2.65 3.22 3.79 4.94 6.08 1.83
8 2.37 3.03 3.68 4.34 5.64 6.95 2.09
9 2.67 3.40 4.14 4.88 6.35 7.82 2.36
10 2.96 3.78 4.60 5.42 7.06 8.69 2.62
11 3.26 4.16 5.06 5.96 7.76 9.56 2.88
12 3.56 4.54 5.52 6.50 8.47 10.43 3.14
14 4.15 5.30 6.44 7.59 9.88 12.17 3.67
16 4.74 6.05 7.36 8.67 11.29 13.91 4.19
18 5.34 6.81 8.28 9.75 12.70 15.65 4.71
20 5.93 7.57 9.20 10.84 14.11 17.38 5.24
22 6.52 8.32 10.12 11.92 15.52 19.12 5.76
24 7.12 9.08 11.04 13.01 16.93 20.86 6.28
26 7.71 9.84 11.96 14.09 18.34 22.60 6.81
28 8.30 10.59 12.88 15.17 19.76 24.34 7.33
30 8.89 11.35 13.80 16.26 21.17 26.08 7.85
32 9.49 12.11 14.72 17.34 22.58 27.81 8.38
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 183

GALVANIZED ROUND DUCT ­WEIGHT (Continued )

Gauge Surface
Diameter Area sq.ft./
26 24 22 20 18 16
Lin.ft.
34 10.08 12.86 15.64 18.43 23.99 29.55 8.90
36 10.67 13.62 16.56 19.51 25.40 31.29 9.42
38 11.27 14.38 17.48 20.59 26.81 33.03 9.95
40 11.86 15.13 18.40 21.68 28.22 34.77 10.47
42 12.45 15.89 19.32 22.76 29.63 36.51 11.00
44 13.05 16.65 20.24 23.84 31.04 38.24 11.52
46 13.64 17.40 21.17 24.93 32.46 39.98 12.04
48 14.23 18.16 22.09 26.01 33.87 41.72 12.57
50 --- 18.92 23.01 27.10 35.28 43.46 13.09
52 --- 19.67 23.93 28.18 36.69 45.20 13.61
54 --- 20.43 24.85 29.26 38.10 46.94 14.14
56 --- 21.18 25.77 30.35 39.51 48.67 14.66
58 --- 21.94 26.69 31.43 40.92 50.41 15.18
60 --- 22.70 27.61 32.52 42.33 52.15 15.71
62 --- 23.45 28.53 33.60 43.74 53.89 16.23
64 --- 24.21 29.45 34.68 45.16 55.63 16.76
66 --- 24.97 30.37 35.77 46.57 57.37 17.28
68 --- 25.72 31.29 36.85 47.98 59.10 17.80
70 --- 26.48 32.21 37.93 49.39 60.84 18.33
72 --- 27.24 33.13 39.02 50.80 62.58 18.85
74 --- 27.99 34.05 40.10 52.21 64.32 19.37
76 --- 28.75 34.97 41.19 53.62 66.06 19.90
78 --- 29.51 35.89 42.27 55.03 67.80 20.42
80 --- 30.26 36.81 43.35 56.44 69.53 20.94
82 --- 31.02 37.73 44.44 57.86 71.27 21.47
84 --- 31.78 38.65 45.52 59.27 73.01 21.99
86 --- 32.53 39.57 46.61 60.68 74.75 22.51
88 --- 33.29 40.49 47.69 62.09 76.49 23.04
90 --- 34.05 41.41 48.77 63.50 78.23 23.56
92 --- 34.80 42.33 49.86 64.91 79.96 24.09
94 --- 35.56 43.25 50.94 66.32 81.70 24.61
96 --- 36.32 44.17 52.02 66.73 83.44 25.13
98 --- 37.07 45.09 53.11 69.14 85.18 25.66
100 --- 37.83 46.01 54.19 70.55 86.92 26.18
102 --- 38.59 46.93 55.28 71.97 88.66 26.70
104 --- 39.34 47.85 56.36 73.38 90.39 27.23
106 --- 40.10 48.77 57.44 74.79 92.13 27.75
108 --- 40.86 49.69 58.53 76.20 93.87 28.27
110 --- 41.61 50.61 59.61 77.61 95.61 28.80
112 --- 42.37 51.53 60.70 79.02 97.35 29.32
114 --- 43.13 52.45 61.78 80.43 99.09 29.85
116 --- 43.88 53.37 62.86 81.84 100.82 30.37
118 --- 44.64 54.29 63.95 83.25 102.56 30.89
120 --- 45.40 55.21 65.03 84.67 104.30 31.42
122 --- 46.15 56.13 66.11 86.08 106.04 31.94
124 --- 46.91 57.05 67.20 87.49 107.78 32.46
126 --- 47.67 57.97 68.28 88.90 109.52 32.99
128 --- 48.42 58.89 69.37 90.31 111.25 33.51
130 --- 49.18 59.81 70.45 91.72 112.99 34.03
132 --- 49.94 60.73 71.53 93.13 114.73 34.56
134 --- 50.69 61.66 72.62 94.54 116.47 35.08
136 --- 51.45 62.58 73.70 95.95 118.21 35.60
138 --- 52.21 63.50 74.79 97.37 119.95 36.12
140 --- 52.96 64.42 75.87 98.78 121.68 36.65
142 --- 53.72 65.34 76.95 100.19 123.42 37.18
144 --- 54.48 66.26 78.04 101.60 125.16 37.70
Notes:
1 Table includes 25 percent allowance for bracing, hangers, reinforcing, joints, and seams. Add 10 percent for
insulated ductwork ­systems.
2 Table gives weight of galvanized steel ducts in pounds per lineal ­foot.

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 Air Distribution Systems

184 Pa rt 17

17.14 Galvanized Flat Oval Ductwork Weights-Pounds per Lineal ­Foot

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
3×8 5.1 0.15 1.57 24 2.3
3×9 5.6 0.18 1.83 24 2.6
3 × 11 6.0 0.22 2.09 24 3.1
3 × 12 6.4 0.25 2.36 24 3.4
3 × 14 6.7 0.29 2.62 24 3.8
3 × 15 7.0 0.32 2.88 24 4.2
3 × 17 7.3 0.36 3.14 24 4.5
3 × 19 7.5 0.39 3.40 24 4.9
3 × 22 8.0 0.46 3.93 24 5.7
4×7 5.7 0.18 1.57 24 2.3
4×9 6.2 0.22 1.83 24 2.6
4 × 10 6.7 0.26 2.09 24 3.1
4 × 12 7.2 0.31 2.36 24 3.4
4 × 13 7.6 0.35 2.62 24 3.8
4 × 15 8.0 0.40 2.88 24 4.2
4 × 17 8.4 0.44 3.14 24 4.5
4 × 18 8.5 0.48 3.40 24 4.9
4 × 20 9.0 0.52 3.68 24 5.3
4 × 21 9.5 0.57 3.93 24 5.7
5×8 6.6 0.25 1.83 24 2.6
5 × 10 7.3 0.30 2.09 24 3.0
5 × 11 7.9 0.35 2.36 24 3.4
5 × 13 8.4 0.41 2.62 24 3.8
5 × 14 8.8 0.46 2.88 24 4.2
5 × 16 9.3 0.52 3.14 24 4.5
5 × 18 9.5 0.57 3.40 24 4.9
5 × 19 10.0 0.63 3.66 24 5.3
5 × 21 10.5 0.68 3.93 24 5.7
6×8 6.9 0.26 1.83 24 2.6
6×9 7.7 0.33 2.09 24 3.0
6 × 11 8.4 0.39 2.36 24 3.4
6 × 12 8.9 0.46 2.62 24 3.8
6 × 14 9.6 0.53 2.88 24 4.2
6 × 15 10.1 0.59 3.14 24 4.5
6 × 17 10.5 0.65 3.40 24 4.9
6 × 19 11.0 0.72 3.66 24 5.3
6 × 20 11.5 0.79 3.93 24 5.7
6 × 22 11.8 0.85 4.18 24 6.0
6 × 23 12.0 0.92 4.45 24 6.4
6 × 25 12.5 0.98 4.71 22 8.3
6 × 28 13.2 1.11 5.23 22 9.2
6 × 30 13.5 1.18 5.50 22 9.7
6 × 31 13.8 1.24 5.76 22 10.1
6 × 33 14.0 1.31 6.02 22 10.6
6 × 34 14.3 1.38 6.28 22 11.0
6 × 36 14.5 1.44 6.54 22 11.5
6 × 37 14.9 1.50 6.80 22 12.0
6 × 39 15.0 1.57 7.07 22 12.4
6 × 41 15.4 1.64 7.33 22 12.9
6 × 44 15.9 1.77 7.85 22 13.8
6 × 45 16.0 1.83 8.12 22 14.3
6 × 52 17.0 2.09 9.16 20 19.0
6 × 59 18.0 2.42 10.47 20 21.7
7 × 10 8.7 0.42 2.36 24 3.4
7 × 12 9.4 0.50 2.62 24 3.8
7 × 13 10.1 0.57 2.88 24 4.2
(Continued)

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Bell_ch17.indd 184 8/17/07 8:14:59 PM

 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 185

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
7 × 15 10.7 0.65 3.14 24 4.5
7 × 16 11.0 0.73 3.40 24 4.9
7 × 18 11.7 0.80 3.67 24 5.3
7 × 20 12.0 0.88 3.93 24 5.7
7 × 21 12.5 0.95 4.19 24 6.1
7 × 23 13.0 1.03 4.45 24 6.4
8 × 10 9.0 0.44 2.36 24 3.4
8 × 11 9.8 0.53 2.62 24 3.8
8 × 13 10.6 0.62 2.88 24 4.2
8 × 14 11.2 0.70 3.14 24 4.5
8 × 16 11.5 0.79 3.40 24 4.9
8 × 17 12.0 0.87 3.67 24 5.3
8 × 18 12.4 0.90 3.80 24 5.5
8 × 19 13.0 0.96 3.93 24 5.7
8 × 21 13.5 1.05 4.18 24 6.1
8 × 22 14.0 1.13 4.45 24 6.4
8 × 24 14.4 1.23 4.71 24 6.8
8 × 27 15.2 1.40 5.23 22 9.2
8 × 30 15.9 1.57 5.76 22 10.2
8 × 33 16.6 1.74 6.28 22 11.0
8 × 35 17.0 1.83 6.54 22 11.5
8 × 36 17.3 1.92 6.80 22 12.0
8 × 39 17.9 2.09 7.33 22 12.9
8 × 43 18.6 2.27 7.85 22 13.8
8 × 46 19.1 2.44 8.37 22 14.7
8 × 49 19.6 2.62 8.89 20 18.4
8 × 50 20.0 2.71 9.16 20 19.0
8 × 52 20.2 2.80 9.42 20 19.5
8 × 58 21.0 3.14 10.47 20 21.7
8 × 65 22.0 3.49 11.52 20 23.8
8 × 71 23.0 3.84 12.57 18 33.9
8 × 77 24.0 4.19 13.61 18 36.7
9 × 12 10.8 0.64 2.88 24 4.2
9 × 14 11.5 0.74 3.14 24 4.6
9 × 15 12.0 0.83 3.40 24 4.9
9 × 17 12.9 0.93 3.67 24 5.3
9 × 18 13.5 1.03 3.93 24 5.7
9 × 20 14.0 1.13 4.19 24 6.1
9 × 22 14.5 1.23 4.45 24 6.4
9 × 23 15.0 1.33 4.71 24 6.8
10 × 12 11.0 0.66 2.88 24 4.2
10 × 13 11.9 0.77 3.14 24 4.5
10 × 15 12.5 0.87 3.40 24 4.9
10 × 16 13.4 1.00 3.66 24 5.3
10 × 18 14.0 1.09 3.93 24 5.7
10 × 19 14.5 1.20 4.19 24 6.1
10 × 20 14.7 1.25 4.18 24 6.1
10 × 21 15.0 1.31 4.45 24 6.4
10 × 23 15.7 1.42 4.71 24 6.8
10 × 24 16.0 1.53 4.97 24 7.2
10 × 26 16.7 1.63 5.23 22 9.2
10 × 27 17.0 1.75 5.50 22 9.7
10 × 29 17.7 1.86 5.76 22 10.2
10 × 30 18.0 1.96 6.02 22 10.6
10 × 32 18.5 2.07 6.28 22 11.1
10 × 34 19.0 2.18 6.54 22 11.5
10 × 35 19.3 2.29 6.80 22 12.0
10 × 38 20.1 2.51 7.33 22 12.9
10 × 41 20.8 2.73 7.85 22 13.8
10 × 43 21.0 2.84 8.12 22 14.3
10 × 45 21.5 2.95 8.37 22 14.7
(Continued)

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Bell_ch17.indd 185 8/17/07 8:15:00 PM

 Air Distribution Systems

186 Pa rt 17

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
10 × 48 22.1 3.16 8.89 22 15.6
10 × 51 22.8 3.39 9.42 20 19.5
10 × 52 23.0 3.49 9.69 20 20.1
10 × 54 23.3 3.60 9.95 20 20.6
10 × 57 23.8 3.82 10.56 20 21.9
10 × 60 24.4 4.04 11.00 20 22.8
10 × 63 25.0 4.25 11.52 20 23.8
10 × 67 25.5 4.47 12.05 20 24.9
10 × 70 26.0 4.69 12.51 20 25.9
10 × 73 26.4 4.91 13.10 18 35.3
10 × 76 27.0 5.13 13.61 18 36.7
11 × 14 13.0 0.90 3.40 24 4.9
11 × 16 13.6 1.02 3.67 24 5.3
11 × 17 14.0 1.14 3.93 24 5.7
11 × 19 15.0 1.26 4.19 24 6.1
11 × 22 16.3 1.50 4.71 24 6.8
11 × 24 17.0 1.62 4.97 24 7.2
12 × 14 13.0 0.92 3.40 24 4.9
12 × 15 13.8 1.05 3.67 24 5.3
12 × 17 14.5 1.18 3.93 24 5.7
12 × 18 15.3 1.31 4.19 24 6.1
12 × 20 16.0 1.44 4.45 24 6.4
12 × 21 16.7 1.57 4.71 24 6.8
12 × 25 18.0 1.83 5.24 22 9.2
12 × 28 19.1 2.09 5.76 22 10.1
12 × 31 20.1 2.36 6.28 22 11.1
12 × 34 20.9 2.62 6.81 22 12.0
12 × 37 21.9 2.88 7.33 22 12.9
12 × 40 22.7 3.14 7.85 22 13.8
12 × 42 23.0 3.27 8.12 22 14.3
12 × 43 23.5 3.40 8.37 22 14.7
12 × 45 24.0 3.53 8.64 22 15.2
12 × 47 24.3 3.67 8.89 22 15.6
12 × 50 25.0 3.93 9.42 20 19.5
12 × 53 25.7 4.19 9.95 20 20.6
12 × 56 26.3 4.45 10.56 20 21.9
12 × 59 26.9 4.71 11.00 20 22.8
12 × 62 27.5 4.98 11.52 20 23.8
12 × 65 28.1 5.23 12.05 20 24.9
12 × 69 28.7 5.51 12.57 20 26.0
12 × 72 29.2 5.76 13.10 18 35.3
12 × 78 30.0 6.28 14.14 18 38.1
12 × 81 31.0 6.54 14.66 18 39.5
14 × 17 16.0 1.37 4.19 24 6.1
14 × 19 17.0 1.53 4.45 24 6.4
14 × 20 17.5 1.68 4.71 24 6.8
14 × 22 18.0 1.83 4.97 24 7.2
14 × 23 18.9 1.98 5.23 24 7.6
14 × 27 20.2 2.30 5.76 22 10.1
14 × 28 21.0 2.44 6.02 22 10.6
14 × 30 21.3 2.60 6.28 22 11.0
14 × 31 22.0 2.75 6.54 22 11.5
14 × 33 22.4 2.91 6.80 22 12.0
14 × 34 23.0 3.05 7.07 22 12.4
14 × 36 23.4 3.21 7.33 22 12.9
14 × 38 24.0 3.36 7.59 22 13.3
14 × 39 24.4 3.51 7.85 22 13.8
14 × 41 25.0 3.67 8.12 22 14.3
14 × 42 25.3 3.84 8.37 22 14.7
14 × 45 26.1 4.12 8.89 22 15.6
14 × 49 26.9 4.43 9.42 20 19.5
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 187

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
14 × 52 27.7 4.74 9.95 20 20.6
14 × 55 28.4 5.04 10.56 20 21.9
14 × 58 29.1 5.35 11.00 20 22.8
14 × 61 29.8 5.65 11.52 20 23.9
14 × 64 30.5 5.96 12.05 20 24.9
14 × 67 31.1 6.27 12.57 20 26.0
14 × 71 31.7 6.57 13.10 18 35.9
14 × 77 33.0 7.18 14.14 18 38.1
16 × 19 18.0 1.75 4.71 24 6.8
16 × 21 19.0 1.92 4.97 24 7.2
16 × 22 19.5 2.08 5.23 24 7.6
16 × 24 20.0 2.27 5.50 24 7.9
16 × 25 20.9 2.44 5.76 22 10.2
16 × 29 22.3 2.79 6.28 22 11.0
16 × 30 23.0 2.97 6.54 22 11.5
16 × 32 23.5 3.13 6.80 22 12.0
16 × 33 24.0 3.32 7.07 22 12.4
16 × 35 24.7 3.48 7.33 22 12.9
16 × 36 25.0 3.67 7.59 22 13.3
16 × 38 25.7 3.84 7.85 22 13.8
16 × 41 26.8 4.19 8.38 22 14.7
16 × 44 27.7 4.53 8.89 22 15.6
16 × 46 28.0 4.71 9.16 22 16.1
16 × 47 28.6 4.88 9.42 22 16.6
16 × 49 29.0 5.06 9.69 20 20.1
16 × 51 29.4 5.23 9.95 20 20.6
16 × 54 30.2 5.59 10.47 20 21.7
16 × 57 31.0 5.93 11.00 20 22.8
16 × 60 31.8 6.28 11.52 20 23.8
16 × 63 32.5 6.61 12.05 20 24.9
16 × 66 33.3 6.98 12.57 20 26.0
16 × 69 34.0 7.33 13.09 20 27.1
16 × 76 35.0 8.03 14.14 18 38.1
16 × 79 36.0 8.38 14.66 18 39.5
18 × 21 19.9 2.16 5.23 24 7.6
18 × 23 21.0 2.36 5.50 24 7.9
18 × 24 21.6 2.56 5.76 24 8.3
18 × 26 22.0 2.75 6.02 22 10.6
18 × 27 23.1 2.95 6.28 22 11.0
18 × 29 24.0 3.14 6.54 22 11.5
18 × 31 24.5 3.35 6.80 22 12.0
18 × 32 25.0 3.53 7.07 22 12.4
18 × 34 25.7 3.73 7.33 22 12.9
18 × 37 27.0 4.13 7.85 22 13.8
18 × 40 28.1 4.53 8.37 22 14.7
18 × 43 29.1 4.92 8.89 22 15.6
18 × 46 30.2 5.31 9.42 22 16.6
18 × 49 31.1 5.70 9.95 20 20.6
18 × 53 32.0 6.10 10.56 20 21.9
18 × 56 32.9 6.49 11.00 20 22.8
18 × 59 33.7 6.88 11.52 20 23.8
18 × 62 34.5 7.26 12.05 20 24.9
18 × 65 35.3 7.67 12.51 20 25.9
18 × 68 36.0 8.07 13.10 20 27.1
18 × 71 37.0 8.44 13.61 18 36.7
18 × 78 38.0 9.23 14.66 18 39.5
20 × 26 23.6 3.05 6.28 22 11.0
20 × 29 25.2 3.49 6.81 22 12.0
20 × 31 26.0 3.71 7.07 22 12.4
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

188 Pa rt 17

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
20 × 33 26.6 3.93 7.33 22 12.9
20 × 34 27.0 4.15 7.59 22 13.3
20 × 36 28.0 4.36 7.85 22 13.8
20 × 39 29.2 4.81 8.37 22 14.7
20 × 40 30.0 5.02 8.64 22 15.2
20 × 42 30.3 5.23 8.89 22 15.6
20 × 44 31.0 5.45 9.16 22 16.1
20 × 45 31.4 5.67 9.42 22 16.6
20 × 47 32.0 5.89 9.69 22 17.0
20 × 48 32.5 6.11 9.95 22 17.5
20 × 51 33.4 6.55 10.56 20 21.9
20 × 55 34.4 6.98 11.00 20 22.8
20 × 58 35.3 7.41 11.52 20 23.8
20 × 61 36.2 7.86 12.05 20 24.9
20 × 64 37.1 8.29 12.57 20 26.0
20 × 67 37.9 8.71 13.10 20 27.1
20 × 77 40.0 10.04 14.66 18 39.5
22 × 25 23.9 3.12 6.28 22 11.0
22 × 28 25.6 3.60 6.81 22 12.0
22 × 31 27.2 4.08 7.33 22 12.9
22 × 35 28.7 4.56 7.85 22 13.8
22 × 38 30.0 5.04 8.38 22 14.7
22 × 39 31.0 5.28 8.64 22 15.2
22 × 41 31.3 5.52 8.90 22 15.6
22 × 42 32.0 5.76 9.16 22 16.1
22 × 44 32.5 6.00 9.42 22 16.6
22 × 46 33.0 6.24 9.69 22 17.0
22 × 47 33.7 6.48 9.95 22 17.5
22 × 50 34.8 6.96 10.47 20 21.7
22 × 53 35.8 7.44 11.00 20 22.8
22 × 57 36.7 7.92 11.52 20 23.8
22 × 60 37.8 8.40 12.04 20 24.9
22 × 63 38.7 8.88 12.57 20 26.0
22 × 66 39.6 9.36 13.09 20 27.1
22 × 69 40.4 9.84 13.61 20 28.2
22 × 75 42.0 10.80 14.66 18 39.5
22 × 82 44.0 11.76 15.71 18 42.3
24 × 27 25.9 3.66 6.81 22 12.0
24 × 30 28.1 4.19 7.33 22 12.9
24 × 33 29.3 4.71 7.85 22 13.8
24 × 37 30.8 5.23 8.38 22 14.7
24 × 40 32.2 5.76 8.90 22 15.6
24 × 41 33.0 6.02 9.16 22 16.1
24 × 43 33.5 6.28 9.42 22 16.6
24 × 44 34.0 6.54 9.69 22 17.1
24 × 46 34.7 6.80 9.95 22 17.5
24 × 49 35.9 7.33 10.47 20 21.7
24 × 52 37.0 7.85 11.00 20 22.8
24 × 55 38.1 8.38 11.52 20 23.8
24 × 59 39.2 8.90 12.04 20 24.9
24 × 62 40.1 9.42 12.57 20 26.0
24 × 65 41.1 9.95 13.09 20 27.1
24 × 68 42.0 10.47 13.61 20 28.2
24 × 74 44.0 11.52 14.66 18 39.5
26 × 29 27.9 4.25 7.33 22 12.9
26 × 32 29.7 4.82 7.85 22 13.8
26 × 35 31.3 5.39 8.38 22 14.7
26 × 39 32.8 5.96 8.90 22 15.6
26 × 42 34.3 6.52 9.42 22 16.6
26 × 45 35.6 7.09 9.95 22 17.5
26 × 48 36.9 7.66 10.47 22 18.4
26 × 51 38.1 8.22 11.00 20 22.8
26 × 54 39.3 8.79 11.52 20 23.8
(Continued)
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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 189

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )
Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
26 × 57 40.4 9.36 12.04 20 24.9
26 × 61 41.5 9.93 12.57 20 26.0
26 × 64 42.5 10.49 13.09 20 27.1
26 × 67 43.5 11.06 13.61 20 28.2
26 × 70 44.4 11.63 14.14 20 29.3
28 × 31 29.9 4.88 7.85 22 13.8
28 × 34 31.7 5.50 8.38 22 14.7
28 × 37 33.4 6.11 8.90 22 15.6
28 × 41 34.9 6.72 9.42 22 16.6
28 × 44 36.4 7.33 9.95 22 17.5
28 × 47 37.8 7.94 10.47 22 18.4
28 × 50 39.1 8.55 11.00 20 22.8
28 × 53 40.3 9.16 11.52 20 23.8
28 × 56 41.5 9.77 12.04 20 24.9
28 × 59 42.6 10.38 12.57 20 26.0
28 × 63 43.8 10.99 13.09 20 27.1
28 × 66 44.8 11.60 13.61 20 28.2
28 × 69 45.8 12.22 14.14 20 29.3
30 × 33 32.0 5.56 8.38 22 14.7
30 × 36 33.7 6.22 8.90 22 15.6
30 × 39 35.4 6.87 9.42 22 16.6
30 × 43 37.0 7.53 9.95 22 17.5
30 × 46 38.5 8.18 10.47 22 18.4
30 × 49 39.9 8.84 11.00 20 22.8
30 × 52 41.2 9.49 11.52 20 23.8
30 × 55 42.5 10.15 12.06 20 25.0
30 × 58 43.7 10.80 12.57 20 26.0
30 × 61 44.9 11.46 13.09 20 27.1
30 × 64 46.0 12.11 13.61 20 28.2
30 × 68 47.1 12.77 14.14 20 29.3
30 × 71 48.2 13.42 14.66 18 39.5
32 × 35 34.0 6.28 8.90 22 15.6
32 × 38 35.8 6.98 9.42 22 16.6
32 × 41 37.4 7.68 9.95 22 17.5
32 × 45 39.0 8.38 10.47 22 18.4
32 × 48 40.5 9.08 11.00 22 15.3
32 × 51 42.0 9.77 11.52 20 23.8
32 × 54 43.3 10.47 12.04 20 24.9
32 × 57 44.6 11.17 12.57 20 26.0
32 × 60 45.9 11.87 13.09 20 27.1
32 × 63 47.1 12.57 13.61 20 28.2
32 × 67 48.3 13.26 14.14 20 29.3
32 × 70 49.4 13.96 14.66 20 30.3
34 × 37 36.0 7.05 9.42 22 16.6
34 × 40 37.8 7.79 9.95 22 17.5
34 × 43 39.5 8.52 10.47 22 18.4
34 × 47 41.1 9.27 11.00 22 19.3
34 × 50 42.6 10.01 11.52 20 23.8
34 × 53 44.1 10.75 12.04 20 24.9
34 × 56 45.5 11.50 12.57 20 26.0
34 × 59 46.8 12.24 13.09 20 27.1
34 × 62 48.1 12.98 13.61 20 28.2
34 × 65 49.3 13.72 14.14 20 29.3
34 × 69 50.5 14.46 14.66 20 30.3
34 × 72 51.6 15.20 15.18 18 31.4
36 × 39 38.0 7.85 9.95 22 17.5
36 × 42 39.8 8.64 10.47 22 18.4
36 × 45 41.5 9.42 11.00 22 19.4
36 × 49 43.1 10.21 11.52 20 23.8
36 × 52 44.7 11.00 12.04 20 24.9
36 × 55 46.2 11.78 12.57 20 26.0
36 × 58 47.6 12.57 13.09 20 27.1
36 × 61 48.9 13.35 13.61 20 28.2
36 × 64 50.2 14.14 14.14 20 29.3
(Continued)
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 Air Distribution Systems

190 Pa rt 17

GALVANIZED FLAT OVAL DUCTWORK WEIGHT (Continued )

Nominal Cross Surface Area Weight
Flat Oval Equiv. Round Sectional sq.ft./ Gauge lbs./
Size Area sq.ft. ln.ft. ln.ft.
36 × 67 51.1 14.92 14.66 20 30.3
36 × 71 52.7 15.71 15.18 18 40.9
38 × 41 40.0 8.70 10.47 22 18.4
38 × 44 41.8 9.53 11.00 22 19.3
38 × 47 43.5 10.36 11.52 22 20.3
38 × 51 45.2 11.19 12.04 20 24.9
38 × 54 46.7 12.02 12.57 20 26.0
38 × 57 48.2 12.85 13.09 20 27.1
38 × 60 49.7 13.68 13.61 20 28.2
38 × 63 51.0 14.51 14.14 20 29.3
38 × 66 52.4 15.34 14.66 20 30.3
38 × 69 53.7 16.16 15.18 20 31.4
40 × 43 42.0 9.60 11.00 22 19.3
40 × 46 43.8 10.47 11.52 22 20.3
40 × 49 45.6 11.34 12.04 20 24.9
40 × 53 47.2 12.21 12.57 20 26.0
40 × 56 48.8 13.09 13.09 20 27.1
40 × 59 50.4 13.96 13.61 20 28.2
40 × 62 51.8 14.83 14.14 20 29.3
40 × 65 53.2 15.71 14.66 20 30.3
40 × 68 54.5 16.58 15.18 20 31.4
40 × 71 55.8 17.45 15.71 18 42.3
Notes:
1 Equivalent round is the diameter of the round duct which will have the capacity and friction equivalent to the
flat oval duct ­size.
2 To obtain the rectangular duct size, use the Trane Ductulator and equivalent round duct ­size.
3 Table includes 25 percent allowance for bracing, hangers, reinforcing, joints, and seams. Add 10 percent for
insulated ductwork ­systems.
4 Table lists standard sizes as manufactured by United Sheet Metal, a division of United McGill ­Corporation.

17.15 Ductwork Cost ­Ratios

DUCTWORK COST RATIOS

SMACNA Pressure Class Installed Cost Ratio
± 1/2" 1.00
± 1" 1.05
± 2" 1.15
± 3" 1.40
± 4" 1.50
± 6" 1.60
± 10" 1.80

Aspect Ratios Installed Cost Ratio Operating Cost Ratio

1:1 1.00 1.000
2:1 1.13 1.001
3:1 1.28 1.005
4:1 1.45 1.010
5:1 1.65 1.012
6:1 1.85 1.020
7:1 2.08 1.030

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 191

17.16 Friction Loss Correction Factors for ­Ducts

FRICTION LOSS CORRECTION FACTORS FOR DUCTS

Material
Concrete
Velocity Galv. Steel Fiberous
Duct Carbon or Conc.
FPM Stainless Aluminum Glass PVC Drywall
Liner Steel Block
Steel (2)
(1)
500 1.00 1.25 0.98 0.93 1.25 0.93 1.5–1.9 1.25
600 1.00 1.28 0.98 0.92 1.27 0.92 1.5–1.9 1.27
700 1.00 1.30 0.98 0.92 1.30 0.92 1.5–2.0 1.30
800 1.00 1.31 0.97 0.91 1.31 0.91 1.5–2.0 1.31
900 1.00 1.32 0.97 0.90 1.31 0.90 1.5–2.0 1.31
1000 1.00 1.33 0.97 0.90 1.32 0.90 1.6–2.1 1.32
1200 1.00 1.36 0.97 0.89 1.34 0.89 1.6–2.1 1.34
1400 1.00 1.38 0.96 0.88 1.36 0.88 1.6–2.1 1.36
1600 1.00 1.40 0.96 0.87 1.38 0.87 1.6–2.2 1.38
1800 1.00 1.41 0.96 0.86 1.39 0.86 1.6–2.3 1.39
2000 1.00 1.42 0.96 0.85 1.40 0.85 1.7–2.3 1.40
2500 1.00 1.45 0.95 0.84 1.42 0.84 1.7–2.3 1.42
3000 1.00 1.47 0.95 0.83 1.43 0.83 1.7–2.3 1.43
3500 1.00 1.49 0.95 0.83 1.44 0.83 1.8–2.4 1.44
4000 1.00 1.50 0.94 0.82 1.45 0.82 1.8–2.4 1.45
4500 1.00 1.52 0.94 0.81 1.46 0.81 1.8–2.4 1.46
5000 1.00 1.54 0.94 0.80 1.48 0.80 1.8–2.4 1.48
5500 1.00 1.55 0.93 0.79 1.49 0.79 1.8–2.4 1.49
6000 1.00 1.56 0.93 0.78 1.50 0.78 1.8–2.4 1.50
Notes:
1 First number indicated is for smooth concrete; second number indicated is for rough ­concrete.
2 Flexible ductwork has a friction loss correction factor of 1.5–2.0 times the value read from friction loss tables,
ductulators, ­etc.

17.17 Velocity ­Pressures

VELOCITIES VS. VELOCITY PRESSURES

Velocity Velocity Velocity
Velocity Velocity Velocity
Pressure Pressure Pressure
FPM FPM FPM
in. W.G. in. W.G. in. W.G.
50 0.0002 2,050 0.262 4,050 1.023
100 0.0006 2,100 0.275 4,100 1.048
150 0.001 2,150 0.288 4,150 1.074
200 0.002 2,200 0.302 4,200 1.100
250 0.004 2,250 0.316 4,250 1.126
300 0.006 2,300 0.330 4,300 1.153
350 0.008 2,350 0.344 4,350 1.180
400 0.010 2,400 0.359 4,400 1.207
450 0.013 2,450 0.374 4,450 1.235
500 0.016 2,500 0.390 4,500 1.262
550 0.019 2,550 0.405 4,550 1.291
600 0.022 2,600 0.421 4,600 1.319
650 0.026 2,650 0.438 4,650 1.348
700 0.031 2,700 0.454 4,700 1.377
750 0.035 2,750 0.471 4,750 1.407
800 0.040 2,800 0.489 4,800 1.436
850 0.045 2,850 0.506 4,850 1.466
900 0.050 2,900 0.524 4,900 1.497
950 0.056 2,950 0.543 4,950 1.528
1,000 0.062 3,000 0.561 5,000 1.559
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

192 Pa rt 17

VELOCITIES VS. VELOCITY PRESSURES (Continued )

Velocity Velocity Velocity
Velocity Velocity Velocity
Pressure Pressure Pressure
FPM FPM FPM
in. W.G. in. W.G. in. W.G.
1,050 0.069 3,050 0.580 5,050 1.590
1,100 0.075 3,100 0.599 5,100 1.622
1,150 0.082 3,150 0.619 5,150 1.654
1,200 0.090 3,200 0.638 5,200 1.686
1,250 0.097 3,250 0.659 5,250 1.718
1,300 0.105 3,300 0.679 5,300 1.751
1,350 0.114 3,350 0.700 5,350 1.784
1,400 0.122 3,400 0.721 5,400 1.818
1,450 0.131 3,450 0.742 5,450 1.852
1,500 0.140 3,500 0.764 5,500 1.886
1,550 0.150 3,550 0.786 5,550 1.920
1,600 0.160 3,600 0.808 5,600 1.955
1,650 0.170 3,650 0.831 5,650 1.990
1,700 0.180 3,700 0.853 5,700 2.026
1,750 0.191 3,750 0.877 5,750 2.061
1,800 0.202 3,800 0.900 5,800 2.097
1,850 0.213 3,850 0.924 5,850 2.134
1,900 0.225 3,900 0.948 5,900 2.170
1,950 0.237 3,950 0.973 5,950 2.207
2,000 0.249 4,000 0.998 6,000 2.244
6,050 2.282 8,050 4.040 10,050 6.297
6,100 2.320 8,100 4.090 10,100 6.360
6,150 2.358 8,150 4.141 10,150 6.423
6,200 2.397 8,200 4.192 10,200 6.486
6,250 2.435 8,250 4.243 10,250 6.550
6,300 2.474 8,300 4.295 10,300 6.614
6,350 2.514 8,350 4.347 10,350 6.678
6,400 2.554 8,400 4.399 10,400 6.743
6,450 2.594 8,450 4.452 10,450 6.808
6,500 2.634 8,500 4.504 10,500 6.873
6,550 2.675 8,550 4.558 10,550 6.939
6,600 2.716 8,600 4.611 10,600 7.005
6,650 2.757 8,650 4.665 10,650 7.071
6,700 2.799 8,700 4.719 10,700 7.138
6,750 2.841 8,750 4.773 10,750 7.205
6,800 2.883 8,800 4.828 10,800 7.272
6,850 2.925 8,850 4.883 10,850 7.339
6,900 2.968 8,900 4.938 10,900 7.407
6,950 3.011 8,950 4.994 10,950 7.475
7,000 3.055 9,000 5.050 11,000 7.544
7,050 3.099 9,050 5.106 11,050 7.612
7,100 3.143 9,100 5.163 11,100 7.681
7,150 3.187 9,150 5.220 11,150 7.751
7,200 3.232 9,200 5.277 11,200 7.820
7,250 3.277 9,250 5.334 11,250 7.890
7,300 3.322 9,300 5.392 11,300 7.961
7,350 3.368 9,350 5.450 11,350 8.031
7,400 3.414 9,400 5.509 11,400 8.102
7,450 3.460 9,450 5.567 11,450 8.173
7,500 3.507 9,500 5.627 11,500 8.245
7,550 3.554 9,550 5.686 11,550 8.317
7,600 3.601 9,600 5.746 11,600 8.389
7,650 3.649 9,650 5.807 11,650 8.461
7,700 3.696 9,700 5.866 11,700 8.534
7,750 3.745 9,750 5.927 11,750 8.607
7,800 3.793 9,800 5.988 11,800 8.681
7,850 3.842 9,850 6.049 11,850 8.755
7,900 3.891 9,900 6.110 11,900 8.829
7,950 3.940 9,950 6.172 11,950 8.903
8,000 3.990 10,000 6.234 12,000 8.978

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 193

17.18 Equivalent Round/Rectangular ­Ducts

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT DIMENSIONS
Duct Dia. Rect. Aspect Ratio
in. Size in. 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
Width --- 6
6
Height --- 5
Width 6 8
7
Height 6 6
Width 7 9 9 11
8
Height 7 7 6 6
Width 8 9 11 11 12 14
9
Height 8 7 7 6 6 6
Width 9 10 12 12 14 14 15 17
10
Height 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6
Width 10 11 12 14 14 16 18 17
11
Height 10 9 8 8 7 7 7 6
Width 11 13 14 14 16 16 18 19
12
Height 11 10 9 8 8 7 7 7
Width 12 14 15 16 18 18 20 19
13
Height 12 11 10 9 9 8 8 7
Width 13 14 17 18 18 20 20 22
14
Height 13 11 11 10 9 9 8 8
Width 14 15 17 18 20 20 23 25
15
Height 14 12 11 10 10 9 9 9
Width 15 16 18 19 20 23 23 25
16
Height 15 13 12 11 10 10 9 9
Width 16 18 20 21 22 25 25 28
17
Height 16 14 13 12 11 11 10 10
Width 16 19 21 23 24 25 28 28
18
Height 16 15 14 13 12 11 11 10
Width 17 20 21 23 24 27 28 30
19
Height 17 16 14 13 12 12 11 11
Width 18 20 23 25 26 27 30 30
20
Height 18 16 15 14 13 12 12 11
Width 19 21 24 26 28 29 30 33
21
Height 19 17 16 15 14 13 12 12
Width 20 23 26 26 28 32 33 36
22
Height 20 18 17 15 14 14 13 13
Width 21 24 26 28 30 32 35 36
23
Height 21 19 17 16 15 14 14 13
Width 22 25 27 30 32 34 35 39
24
Height 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 14
Width 23 25 29 30 32 36 38 39
25
Height 23 20 19 17 16 16 15 14
Width 24 26 30 32 34 36 38 41
26
Height 24 21 20 18 17 16 15 15
Width 25 28 30 33 36 38 40 41
27
Height 25 22 20 19 18 17 16 15
Width 26 29 32 35 36 38 43 44
28
Height 26 23 21 20 18 17 17 16
Width 27 30 33 35 38 41 43 44
29
Height 27 24 22 20 19 18 17 16
Width 27 31 35 37 40 43 45 47
30
Height 27 25 23 21 20 19 18 17
Width 28 31 35 39 40 43 45 50
31
Height 28 25 23 22 20 19 18 18
Width 29 33 36 39 42 45 48 50
32
Height 29 26 24 22 21 20 19 18
Width 30 34 38 40 44 47 50 52
33
Height 30 27 25 23 22 21 20 19
Width 31 35 39 42 44 47 50 52
34
Height 31 28 26 24 22 21 20 19
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

194 Pa rt 17

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT DIMENSIONS (Continued )

Duct Dia. Rect. Aspect Ratio
in. Size in. 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
Width 32 36 39 42 46 50 53 55
35
Height 32 29 26 24 23 22 21 20
Width 18 20 23 25 26 27 30 30
20
Height 18 16 15 14 13 12 12 11
Width 33 36 41 44 48 50 53 55
36
Height 33 29 27 25 24 22 21 20
Width 35 39 44 47 50 54 58 61
38
Height 35 31 29 27 25 24 23 22
Width 37 41 45 49 52 56 60 63
40
Height 37 33 30 28 26 25 24 23
Width 38 43 48 51 56 59 63 66
42
Height 38 34 32 29 28 26 25 24
Width 40 45 50 54 58 61 65 69
44
Height 40 36 33 31 29 27 26 25
Width 42 48 53 56 60 65 68 72
46
Height 42 38 35 32 30 29 27 26
Width 44 49 54 60 62 68 70 74
48
Height 44 39 36 34 31 30 28 27
Width 46 51 57 61 66 70 75 77
50
Height 46 41 38 35 33 31 30 28
Width 48 54 59 63 68 72 78 83
52
Height 48 43 39 36 34 32 31 30
Width 49 55 62 67 70 77 80 85
54
Height 49 44 41 38 35 34 32 31
Width 51 58 63 68 74 79 83 88
56
Height 51 46 42 39 37 35 33 32
Width 53 60 66 70 76 81 85 91
58
Height 53 48 44 40 38 36 34 33
Width 55 61 68 74 78 83 90 94
60
Height 55 49 45 42 39 37 36 34
Width 57 64 71 75 82 88 93 96
62
Height 57 51 47 43 41 39 37 35
Width 59 65 72 79 84 90 95 99
64
Height 59 52 48 45 42 40 38 36
Width 60 68 75 81 86 92 98 105
66
Height 60 54 50 46 43 41 39 38
Width 62 70 77 82 90 95 100 107
68
Height 62 56 51 47 45 42 40 39
Width 64 71 80 86 92 99 105 110
70
Height 64 57 53 49 46 44 42 40
Width 66 74 81 88 94 101 108 113
72
Height 66 59 54 50 47 45 43 41
Width 68 76 84 91 98 104 110 116
74
Height 68 61 56 52 49 46 44 42
Width 70 78 86 93 100 106 113 118
76
Height 70 62 57 53 50 47 45 43
Width 71 80 89 95 102 110 115 121
78
Height 71 64 59 54 51 49 46 44
Width 73 83 90 98 104 113 118 124
80
Height 73 66 60 56 52 50 47 45
Width 75 84 93 100 108 115 123 129
82
Height 75 67 62 57 54 51 49 47
Width 77 86 95 103 110 117 125 132
84
Height 77 69 63 59 55 52 50 48
Width 79 88 98 105 112 119 128 135
86
Height 79 70 65 60 56 53 51 49
Width 80 90 99 107 116 124 130 138
88
Height 80 72 66 61 58 55 52 50
Width 82 93 102 110 118 126 133 140
90
Height 82 74 68 63 59 56 53 51
(Continued)

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 195

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT DIMENSIONS (Continued )

Duct Dia. Rect. Aspect Ratio
in. Size in. 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75
Width 84 94 104 112 120 128 138 143
92
Height 84 75 69 64 60 57 55 52
Width 86 96 107 116 124 131 140 146
94
Height 86 77 71 66 62 58 56 53
Width 88 99 108 117 126 135 143 151
96
Height 88 79 72 67 63 60 57 55
Width 90 100 111 119 128 137 145 154
98
Height 90 80 74 68 64 61 58 56
Width 91 103 113 123 132 140 148 157
100
Height 91 82 75 70 66 62 59 57
Width 93 105 116 124 134 142 153 160
102
Height 93 84 77 71 67 63 61 58
Width 95 106 117 128 136 146 155 162
104
Height 95 85 78 73 68 65 62 59

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT ­DIMENSIONS

Duct Dia. Rect. Aspect Ratio
in. Size in. 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Width
6
Height
Width
7
Height
Width
8
Height
Width
9
Height
Width
10
Height
Width 18 21
11
Height 6 6
Width 21 21 24
12
Height 7 6 6
Width 21 25 24 30
13
Height 7 7 6 6
Width 24 25 28 30 36
14
Height 8 7 7 6 6
Width 24 28 28 35 36 42
15
Height 8 8 7 7 6 6
Width 27 28 32 35 42 42 48
16
Height 9 8 8 7 7 6 6
Width 27 32 32 35 42 49 48
17
Height 9 9 8 7 7 7 6
Width 30 32 36 40 42 49 56
18
Height 10 9 9 8 7 7 7
Width 30 35 36 40 48 49 56
19
Height 10 10 9 8 8 7 7
Width 33 35 40 45 48 56 56
20
Height 11 10 10 9 8 8 7
Width 33 39 40 45 54 56 64
21
Height 11 11 10 9 9 8 8
Width 36 39 44 50 54 56 64
22
Height 12 11 11 10 9 8 8
Width 39 42 44 50 54 63 64
23
Height 13 12 11 10 9 8 8
Width 39 42 48 55 60 63 72
24
Height 13 12 12 11 10 9 9
(Continued)

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Bell_ch17.indd 195 8/17/07 8:15:13 PM

 Air Distribution Systems

196 Pa rt 17

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT ­DIMENSIONS (Continued )

Duct Dia. Rect. Aspect Ratio
in. Size in. 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Width 42 46 48 55 60 70 72
25
Height 14 13 12 11 10 10 9
Width 42 46 52 55 66 70 72
26
Height 14 13 13 11 11 10 9
Width 45 49 52 60 66 70 80
27
Height 15 14 13 12 11 10 10
Width 45 49 56 60 66 77 80
28
Height 15 14 14 12 11 11 10
Width 48 53 56 65 72 77 88
29
Height 16 15 14 13 12 11 11
Width 48 53 60 65 72 77 88
30
Height 16 15 15 13 12 11 11
Width 51 56 60 70 78 84 88
31
Height 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Width 54 56 60 70 78 84 96
32
Height 18 16 15 14 13 12 12
Width 54 60 64 75 78 91 96
33
Height 18 17 16 15 13 13 12
Width 57 60 64 75 84 91 96
34
Height 19 17 16 15 14 13 12
Width 57 63 68 75 84 91 104
35
Height 19 18 17 15 14 13 13
Width 60 63 68 80 90 98 104
36
Height 20 18 17 16 15 14 13
Width 63 67 72 85 96 105 112
38
Height 21 19 18 17 16 15 14
Width 66 70 76 90 96 105 120
40
Height 22 20 19 18 16 15 15
Width 69 74 80 90 102 112 120
42
Height 23 21 20 18 17 16 15
Width 72 81 84 95 108 119 128
44
Height 24 23 21 19 18 17 16
Width 75 84 88 100 114 126 136
46
Height 25 24 22 20 19 18 17
Width 78 88 92 105 120 126 136
48
Height 26 25 23 21 20 18 17
Width 81 91 96 110 120 133 144
50
Height 27 26 24 22 20 19 18
Width 84 95 100 115 126 140 152
52
Height 28 27 25 23 21 20 19
Width 90 98 104 120 132 147 160
54
Height 30 28 26 24 22 21 20
Width 93 102 108 125 138 147 160
56
Height 31 29 27 25 23 21 20
Width 96 105 112 130 144 154 168
58
Height 32 30 28 26 24 22 21
Width 99 109 116 130 144 161
60
Height 33 31 29 26 24 23
Width 102 112 120 135 150 168
62
Height 34 32 30 27 25 24

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 197

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR DUCT ­DIMENSIONS

Rect. Aspect Ratio
Duct Dia.
Size
in. 3.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
in.
Width 105 116 124 140 156
64
Height 35 33 31 28 26
Width 108 119 128 145 162
66
Height 36 34 32 29 27
Width 111 123 132 150 168
68
Height 37 35 33 30 28
Width 114 126 136 155
70
Height 38 36 34 31
Width 117 130 140 160
72
Height 39 37 35 32
Width 123 133 144 165
74
Height 41 38 36 33
Width 126 137 148 165
76
Height 42 39 37 33
Width 129 140 152
78
Height 43 40 38
Width 132 144 156
80
Height 44 41 39
Width 135 147 160
82
Height 45 42 40
Width 138 151 164
84
Height 46 43 41
Width 141 154 168
86
Height 47 44 42
Width 144 158
88
Height 48 45
Width 147 161
90
Height 49 46
Width 150 165
92
Height 50 47
Width 153 168
94
Height 51 48
Width 159
96
Height 53
Width 162
98
Height 54
Width 165
100
Height 55
Width 168
102
Height 56
Width
104
Height

Notes:
1 Shaded areas and bold numbers exceed the recommended maximum 4:1 aspect ­ratio.

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 Air Distribution Systems

198 Pa rt 17

ROUND/RECTANGULAR DUCT ­EQUIVALENTS

A\B 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7 8 9 10 11
3.0 3.3
3.5 3.5 3.8
4.0 3.8 4.1 4.4
4.5 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9
5.0 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.5
5.5 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.0
6 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6
7 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.8 7.1 7.7
8 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.7
9 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.7 9.3 9.8
10 5.7 6.3 6.7 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.4 10.9
11 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.5 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.0
12 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.3 12.0 12.6
13 6.4 7.0 7.6 8.1 8.6 9.0 9.5 10.3 11.1 11.8 12.4 13.1
14 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.4 8.9 9.3 9.8 10.8 11.4 12.2 12.9 13.5
15 6.8 7.5 8.0 8.6 9.1 9.6 10.1 11.0 11.8 12.6 13.3 14.0
16 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.8 9.4 9.9 10.4 11.3 12.2 13.0 13.7 14.4
17 7.2 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.6 10.2 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.1 14.9
18 7.3 8.0 8.7 9.3 9.9 10.4 11.0 11.9 12.9 13.7 14.5 15.3
19 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.1 14.9 15.7
20 7.7 8.4 9.1 9.7 10.3 10.9 11.5 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.2 16.0
22 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.1 10.8 11.4 12.0 13.0 14.1 15.0 15.9 16.8
24 8.3 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.4 13.5 14.6 15.6 16.5 17.4
26 8.5 9.4 10.1 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.8 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.1 18.1
28 8.8 9.6 10.4 11.2 11.9 12.6 13.2 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.7 18.7
30 9.0 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.2 13.0 13.6 14.9 16.1 17.2 18.3 19.3
32 10.2 11.0 11.8 12.6 13.3 14.0 15.3 16.5 17.7 18.8 19.8
34 10.4 11.3 12.2 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.7 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.4
36 10.7 11.5 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.7 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.8 20.9
38 11.8 12.7 13.5 14.3 15.0 16.5 17.8 19.0 20.2 21.4
40 12.0 13.1 13.8 14.7 15.3 16.8 18.2 19.5 20.7 21.8
42 13.2 14.0 14.9 15.6 17.1 18.5 19.9 21.1 22.3
44 13.4 14.3 15.1 15.9 17.5 18.9 20.3 31.5 22.7
46 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.2 17.8 19.3 20.6 21.9 23.2
48 14.8 15.7 16.5 18.1 19.6 21.0 22.3 23.6
50 15.1 15.9 16.8 18.4 19.9 21.4 22.7 24.0
52 16.2 17.1 18.7 20.2 21.7 23.1 24.4
54 16.4 17.3 19.0 20.6 22.0 23.5 24.8
56 16.7 17.6 19.3 20.9 22.4 23.8 25.2
58 17.8 19.5 21.2 22.7 24.2 25.5
60 18.1 19.8 21.5 23.0 24.5 25.9
62 20.1 21.7 23.3 24.8 26.3
64 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.1 26.6
66 20.6 22.3 23.9 25.5 26.9
68 20.8 22.6 24.2 25.8 27.3
70 21.1 22.8 24.5 26.1 27.6
72 23.1 24.8 26.4 27.9
74 23.3 25.1 26.7 28.2
76 23.6 25.3 27.0 28.5
78 23.8 25.6 27.3 28.8
80 24.1 25.8 27.5 29.1
82 26.1 27.8 29.4
84 26.4 28.1 29.7
86 26.6 28.3 30.0
88 26.8 28.6 30.3
90 27.1 28.9 30.6
92 29.1 30.8
94 29.4 31.1
96 29.6 31.4
98 29.9 31.7
100 30.1 31.9

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 199

ROUND/RECTANGULAR DUCT ­EQUIVALENTS

A\B 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13.1
13 13.7 14.2
14 14.2 14.7 15.3
15 14.6 15.3 15.8 16.4
16 15.1 15.7 16.4 16.9 17.5
17 15.6 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 18.6
18 16.0 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.7
19 16.4 17.1 17.8 18.4 19.0 19.6 20.2 20.8
20 16.8 17.5 18.2 18.9 19.5 20.1 20.7 21.3 21.9
22 17.6 18.3 19.1 19.8 20.4 21.1 21.7 22.3 22.9 24.0
24 18.3 19.1 19.9 20.6 21.3 22.0 22.7 23.3 23.9 25.1 26.2
26 19.0 19.8 20.6 21.4 22.1 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.9 26.1 27.3 28.4
28 19.6 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.4 25.1 25.8 27.1 28.3 29.5
30 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.9 23.7 24.4 25.2 25.9 26.6 28.0 29.3 30.5
32 20.8 21.8 22.7 23.5 24.4 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.5 28.9 30.2 31.5
34 21.4 22.4 23.3 24.2 25.1 25.9 26.7 27.5 28.3 29.7 31.0 32.4
36 21.9 22.9 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.6 27.4 28.2 29.0 30.5 32.0 33.3
38 22.4 23.5 24.5 25.4 26.4 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.2
40 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.6 30.5 32.1 33.6 35.1
42 23.4 24.5 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.5 29.4 30.3 31.2 32.8 34.4 35.9
44 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.0 30.9 31.8 33.5 35.1 36.7
46 24.4 25.5 26.6 27.7 28.7 29.7 30.6 31.6 32.5 34.2 35.9 37.4
48 24.8 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2 31.2 32.2 33.1 34.9 36.6 38.2
50 25.2 26.4 27.6 28.7 29.8 30.8 31.8 32.8 33.7 35.5 37.2 38.9
52 25.7 26.9 28.0 29.2 30.3 31.3 32.3 33.3 34.3 36.2 37.9 39.6
54 26.1 27.3 28.5 29.7 30.8 31.8 32.9 33.9 34.9 36.8 38.6 40.3
56 26.5 27.7 28.9 30.1 31.2 32.3 33.4 34.4 35.4 37.4 39.2 41.0
58 26.9 28.2 29.4 30.6 31.7 32.8 33.9 35.0 36.0 38.0 39.8 41.6
60 27.3 28.6 29.8 31.0 32.2 33.3 34.4 35.5 36.5 38.5 40.4 42.3
62 27.6 28.9 30.2 31.5 32.6 33.8 34.9 36.0 37.1 39.1 41.0 42.9
64 28.0 29.3 30.6 31.9 33.1 34.3 35.4 36.5 37.6 39.6 41.6 43.5
66 28.4 29.7 31.0 32.3 33.5 34.7 35.9 37.0 38.1 40.2 42.2 44.1
68 28.7 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.3 37.5 38.6 40.7 42.8 44.7
70 29.1 30.4 31.8 33.1 34.4 35.6 36.8 37.9 39.1 41.2 43.3 45.3
72 29.4 30.8 32.2 33.5 34.8 36.0 37.2 38.4 39.5 41.7 43.8 45.8
74 29.7 31.2 32.5 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.8 40.0 42.2 44.4 46.4
76 30.0 31.5 32.9 34.3 35.6 36.8 38.1 39.3 40.5 42.7 44.9 47.0
78 30.4 31.8 33.3 34.6 36.0 37.2 38.5 39.7 40.9 43.2 45.4 47.5
80 30.7 32.2 33.6 35.0 36.3 37.6 38.9 40.2 41.4 43.7 45.9 48.0
82 31.0 32.5 34.0 35.4 36.7 38.0 39.3 40.6 41.8 44.1 46.4 48.5
84 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.1 38.4 39.7 41.0 42.2 44.6 46.9 49.0
86 31.6 33.1 34.6 36.1 37.4 38.8 40.1 41.4 42.6 45.0 47.3 49.6
88 31.9 33.4 34.9 36.4 37.8 39.2 40.5 41.8 43.1 45.5 47.8 50.0
90 32.2 33.8 35.3 36.7 38.2 39.5 40.9 42.2 43.5 45.9 48.3 50.5
92 32.5 34.1 35.6 37.1 38.5 39.9 41.3 42.6 43.9 46.4 48.7 51.0
94 32.8 34.4 35.9 37.4 38.9 40.3 41.7 43.0 44.3 46.8 49.2 51.5
96 33.0 34.7 36.2 37.7 39.2 40.6 42.0 43.3 44.7 47.2 49.6 52.0
98 33.3 35.0 36.5 38.1 39.5 41.0 42.4 43.7 45.1 47.6 50.1 52.5
100 33.6 35.2 36.8 38.4 39.8 41.3 42.7 44.1 45.4 48 50.5 52.9

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 Air Distribution Systems

200 Pa rt 17

ROUND/RECTANGULAR DUCT ­EQUIVALENTS

A\B 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28 30.6
30 31.7 32.8
32 32.7 33.9 35.0
34 33.7 34.9 36.1 37.2
36 34.6 35.9 37.1 38.2 39.4
38 35.6 36.8 38.1 39.3 40.4 41.5
40 36.4 37.8 39.0 40.3 41.5 42.6 43.7
42 37.3 38.7 40.0 41.3 42.5 43.7 44.8 45.9
44 38.1 39.5 40.9 42.2 43.5 44.7 45.8 47.0 48.1
46 38.9 40.4 41.8 43.1 44.4 45.7 46.9 48.0 49.2 50.3
48 39.7 41.2 42.6 44.0 45.3 46.6 47.9 49.1 50.2 51.4 52.5
50 40.5 42.0 43.6 44.9 46.2 47.5 48.8 50.0 51.2 52.4 53.6 54.7
52 41.2 42.8 44.3 45.7 47.1 48.4 49.7 51.0 52.2 53.4 54.6 55.7
54 41.9 43.5 45.1 46.5 48.0 49.3 50.7 52.0 53.2 54.4 55.6 56.8
56 42.7 44.3 45.8 47.3 48.8 50.2 51.6 52.9 54.2 55.4 56.6 57.8
58 43.3 45.0 46.6 48.1 49.6 51.0 52.4 53.8 55.1 56.4 57.6 58.8
60 44.0 45.7 47.3 48.9 50.4 51.9 53.3 54.7 60.0 57.3 58.6 59.8
62 44.7 46.4 48.0 49.6 51.2 52.7 54.1 55.5 56.9 58.2 59.5 60.8
64 45.3 47.1 48.7 50.4 51.9 53.5 54.9 56.4 57.8 59.1 60.4 61.7
66 46.0 47.7 49.4 51.1 52.7 54.2 55.7 57.2 58.6 60.0 61.3 62.6
68 46.6 48.4 50.1 51.8 53.4 55.0 56.5 58.0 59.4 60.8 62.2 63.6
70 47.2 49.0 50.8 52.5 54.1 55.7 57.3 58.8 60.3 61.7 63.1 64.4
72 47.8 49.6 51.4 53.2 54.8 56.5 58.0 59.6 61.1 62.5 63.9 65.3
74 48.4 50.3 52.1 53.8 55.5 57.2 58.8 60.3 61.9 63.3 64.8 66.2
76 48.9 50.9 52.7 54.5 56.2 57.9 59.5 61.1 62.6 64.1 65.6 67.0
78 49.5 51.4 53.3 55.1 56.9 58.6 60.2 61.8 63.4 64.9 66.4 67.9
80 50.1 52.0 53.9 55.8 57.5 59.3 60.9 62.6 64.1 65.7 67.2 68.7
82 50.6 52.6 54.6 56.4 58.2 59.9 61.6 63.3 64.9 66.5 68.0 69.5
84 51.1 53.2 55.1 57.0 58.8 60.6 62.3 64.0 65.6 67.2 68.7 70.3
86 51.7 53.7 55.7 57.6 59.4 61.2 63.0 64.7 66.3 67.9 69.5 71.0
88 52.2 54.3 56.3 58.2 60.1 61.9 63.6 65.4 67.0 68.7 70.2 71.8
90 52.7 54.8 56.8 58.8 60.7 62.5 64.3 66.0 67.7 69.4 71.0 72.6
92 53.2 55.3 57.4 59.3 61.3 63.1 64.9 66.7 68.4 70.1 71.7 73.3
94 53.7 55.9 57.9 59.9 61.9 63.7 65.6 67.3 69.1 70.8 72.4 74.0
96 54.2 56.4 58.4 60.5 62.4 64.3 66.2 68.0 69.7 71.5 73.1 74.8
98 54.7 56.9 59.0 61.1 63.0 64.9 66.8 68.6 70.4 72.2 73.8 75.5
100 55.2 57.4 59.5 61.6 63.6 65.5 67.4 69.2 71 72.8 74.5 76.2

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 Air Distribution Systems

Air Distribution ­Systems 201

ROUND/RECTANGULAR DUCT ­EQUIVALENTS

A\B 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
50
52 56.8
54 57.9 59.0
56 59.0 60.1 61.2
58 60.0 61.2 62.3 63.4
60 61.0 62.2 63.4 64.5 65.6
62 62.0 63.2 64.4 65.5 66.7 67.8
64 63.0 64.2 65.4 66.6 67.7 69.9 70.0
66 63.9 65.2 66.4 67.6 68.8 69.9 71.0 72.1
68 64.9 66.2 67.4 68.6 69.8 71.0 72.1 73.2 74.3
70 65.8 67.1 68.3 69.6 70.8 72.0 73.2 74.3 75.4 76.5
72 66.7 68.0 69.3 70.6 71.8 73.0 74.2 75.4 76.5 77.6 78.7
74 67.5 68.9 70.2 71.5 72.7 74.0 75.2 76.4 77.5 78.7 79.8 80.9
76 68.4 69.8 71.1 72.4 73.7 75.0 76.2 77.4 78.6 79.7 80.9 82.0
78 69.3 70.6 72.0 73.3 74.6 75.9 77.1 78.4 79.6 80.7 81.9 83.0
80 70.1 71.6 72.9 74.2 75.4 76.9 78.1 79.4 80.6 81.8 82.9 84.1
82 70.9 72.3 73.7 75.1 76.4 77.8 79.0 80.3 81.5 82.8 84.0 85.1
84 71.7 72.6 74.6 76.0 77.3 78.7 80.0 81.3 82.5 83.8 85.0 86.1
86 72.5 73.3 75.4 76.8 78.2 79.6 80.9 82.2 83.5 84.7 85.9 87.1
88 73.3 74.0 76.3 77.7 79.1 80.5 81.8 83.1 84.4 85.7 86.9 88.1
90 74.1 75.6 77.1 78.5 79.9 81.3 82.7 84.0 85.3 86.6 87.9 89.1
92 74.9 76.4 77.9 79.3 80.8 82.2 83.5 85.4 86.2 87.5 88.8 90.1
94 75.6 77.2 78.7 80.1 81.6 83.0 84.4 86.0 87.1 88.4 89.7 91.0
96 76.3 77.9 79.4 80.9 82.4 83.8 85.3 86.6 88.0 89.3 90.7 91.9
98 77.1 78.7 80.2 81.7 83.2 84.7 86.1 87.5 88.9 90.2 91.6 92.9
100 77.8 79.4 81 82.5 84 85.5 86.9 88.3 89.7 91.1 92.4 93.8

ROUND/RECTANGULAR DUCT ­EQUIVALENTS

A\B 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
70
72
74
76 83.1
78 84.2 85.3
80 85.2 86.4 87.5
82 86.3 87.4 88.5 89.6
84 87.3 88.5 89.6 90.7 91.8
86 88.3 89.5 90.7 91.8 92.9 94.0
88 89.3 90.5 91.7 92.9 94.0 95.1 96.2
90 90.3 91.5 92.7 93.9 95.0 96.2 97.3 98.4
92 91.3 92.5 93.7 94.9 96.1 97.2 98.4 99.5 100.6
94 92.3 93.5 94.7 95.9 97.1 98.3 99.4 100.6 101.1 102.8
96 93.2 94.5 95.7 96.9 98.1 99.3 100.5 101.6 102.7 103.8 104.9
98 94.2 95.5 96.7 97.9 99.1 100.3 101.5 102.7 103.8 104.9 106.0 107.1
100 95.1 96.4 97.6 98.9 100.1 101.3 102.5 103.7 104.8 106 107.1 108.2

Notes:
1 Shaded areas and bold numbers exceed the recommended maximum 4:1 aspect ­ratio.

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Bell_ch17.indd 201 8/17/07 8:15:22 PM

 Air Distribution Systems

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Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

Bell_ch17.indd 202 8/17/07 8:15:22 PM