Basic Textual and Contextual Reading

Approach in
The Study and Appreciation of
literature
1
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…teaching minds …changing lives …moving forward

Name: _____________________________________________________

Subject: 21st Literature

Grade and Section: ___________________________________________

Date Deploy:

Date Returned:

Literary Genres, Elements, and Structure Figures of

Speech and OtherLiterary Techniques

2. Produce an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia.

 Overview (Optional)

This module helps the learner to understand and appreciate the literary texts in various genres
across national literature and cultures. Because a multicultural framework celebrates diversity,
this
module includes literary works from different countries reflecting the ethnicity, habits, and
customs of
various groups throughout the world. It also incorporates learning activities to help students get a
more
meaningful encounter with literature. Moreover, the literary pieces are enriched with activities
which
engage students in thought and writing using learning strategies to enhance their understanding,
appreciation of the literary work, and multimedia and ICT skills.

DISCUSSION
EXPLORE

Before you start studying this module, may I know if you know the song “Blowin' In
The Wind” by Bod Dylan? This song was released in 1963 as the first single of his
second studio album 'The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'. The song speaks about humanity,
war, and peace and other ambiguous questions that people refuse to answer. Bob
Dylan claims that the answers are already there.

“Blowin' in the Wind”

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 by: Bob Dylan
How many roads must a man walk down
Before you call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail
Before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes, and how many times must the cannon balls fly
Before they're forever banned?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
Yes, and how many years can a mountain exist
Before it is washed to the sea?
Yes, and how many years can some people exist
Before they're allowed to be free?
Yes, and how many times can a man turn his head
And pretend that he just doesn't see?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
Yes, and how many times must a man look up
Before he can see the sky?
Yes, and how many ears must one man have
Before he can hear people cry?
Yes, and how many deaths will it take 'til he knows
That too many people have died?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
After singing the song, analyze the song and answer the following questions in separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the poetic genre of this song?

2. What figure of speech is used in the song? Give at least 3 lines to support your answer.
3. What do the following words symbolize?
a. roads b. dove c. sky d. ears e. deaths
4. What is the theme and meaning of this song?
5. Can you give at least three (3) quests of Bob Dylan as expressed in the song?
Instructions: Identify the correct literal meaning of the following words, write the letter of the
correct
answer in separate sheet of paper.

____1. Love
a. intense feeling of affection b. strong feeling of annoyance c. lack of sleep d. no remorse
___ 2. Boredom
a. weary b. hungry c. carry d. showy
___ 3. Glad
a. unwilling b. reluctant c. delighted d. dismayed
____ 4
____ 5. Implied
a. suggested but not heard b. suggested but not directly expressed
c. suggested but directly expressed d. suggested but get lost

Before analyzing a literary piece below, answer the following questions in separate sheet of
paper.

1.What is the literal meaning of the word “itik?

2.What ideas are implied by the word “Itik” in the text?

“Gai Kog Itik, Parts”

Jayson E. Parba
Parts, daghan daw kag itik
sa imong tugkaran?Tagai ko,
Kanang nindot og lawas, ha?
Kanang kimbot ug sampot.
Ayaw nang sombra katambok
Basin dali ra kayo hangoson
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Ug usa pa, di ko ana,
Kusog man gud na mukaon.
Ayaw na pod nang niwang,
Basin dali ra kayo kapoyon.

Ug usa pa, di ko ana,

Way lami kaunon ang bukogon.

Figures of speech, also referred to as figurative language, are words

or phrases that express meanings in a nonliteral way. These expressions are

Literary writers use figures of speech to enhance the artistic quality of

their works.
Figures of speech bring vividness and liveliness to the work, and they also emphasize the
message that
the writer wants to convey. The use of these expressions also allows readers to feel a connection
with the
literary work by sparking their imagination and arousing their emotions.
Figures of speech can be classified into different categories
Figures of Relationship
1. A simile compares two unlike things with a common quality. The comparison is done using
words such
as like or as.
Example:
My love is like a red rose.
(love is being compared to a rose)

2. A metaphor is a comparison that is done by stating that one thing is another in order to suggest
their
similarity or shared qualities.
Example:
The clouds are soft cottons in the sky.
(clouds are compared to soft cottons)
3. Personification gives human qualities to objects and things.

Example:
The rain gently kissed my cheeks.
(can rain kiss? only persons can kiss)
4. Metonymy refers to using a thing or idea that is not referred to by its own name but by a
different one,
a name of something with which it is closely associated.
Example:
“White House declared….”
(Rather than “the president declared”)

5. Synecdoche uses a part of something to represent the whole or the whole to represent a part.
Example:
Ask for a hand.
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(refers to asking for a woman to marry)

Figures of Emphasis
1. Hyperbole uses intentional exaggeration to achieve emphasis or produce a comic effect.
Example:
He’s running faster than the wind.

2. An oxymoron is a word or a combination of words with contradictory meanings, as in

open secret.
Example:
Durian is disgustingly delicious.
3. Paradox is a statement that appears to hold contradictory ideas but may actually be true.
Example:
John is normally abnormal.

Figures of Sound
1. Alliteration refers to the use of closely spaced words that have the same initial sounds.
Example:
Black bug bit a big black bear….
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2. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate the sound of what they are referring to.
Example:
Machine noises-honk, beep, vroom, clang, zap, bang
www.literarydevices.com

What are literary techniques/ devices?

Literary techniques or devices refer to specific methods writers employ in their works to
convey messages. Readers, on the other hand, look for several literary techniques when
examining or analyzing a text or simply evaluating a text’s artistic value.
Writers make use of literary techniques or devices to convey messages or to simply add
an artistic value to a text. Readers look for these techniques to help them analyze or
interpret a specific body of work.

Literary Technique
1. Anaphora is sometimes called epanaphora, refers to the repetition of a word or phrase at the
beginning
of a sentence to create an artistic or heightened effect. It adds rhythm to a particular line or
paragraph,
making it easier to memorize or remember. Anaphora is also used for emphasis or to stir
emotions among
the audience.
Examples:
1.“Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better”

2. “My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration”.

https://sentence.yourdictionary.com
2. Antihero is a fictional character who does not possess the traits, such as pride and valor,
expected of a
hero. Often, antiheroes are portrayed as foolish and usually find themselves in mischief.
Example:
I Am Robot
If I Am Detective
Pika
Chu
I Musts Also Beez
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 Bumble
Beez
And together become
Robot
Nick
Evangeline Ruth Hope
June 2019
https://sentence.yourdictionary.com

3. Cliff-hanger is a literary technique used by the author to arouse curiosity among readers by
ending a
chapter or story abruptly. Most of the time, the characters are confronted with a difficult or an
unsettling
situation. Instead of providing a resolution, the author would end it. Furthermore, this technique
is often
found in serialized works. Writers utilize cliff-hangers in their works to keep the readers focused
and
interested as to what will happen next.

Example:
“It was a first truly successful primetime, use of a cliffhanger to keep fans talking all summer…”
https://sentence.yourdictionary.com

4. Juxtaposition is a technique author’s use in their works to compare two different things, or two
contrasting ideas to be able to emphasize their differences, such as good and evil, life and death,
truth and
lies, among others. This technique is also used to develop a character, resolve a conflict, or
clarify various
concepts.
Example:
“All’s fair in love and war”.
https://sentence.yourdictionary.com

5. Foreshadowing refers to lines or dialogues in a story which give the reader an idea of what is
about to
happen without spoiling or explicitly stating the plot’s entirety. When writers use this technique,
especially in mystery or thriller novels, they provide “red herrings” (misleading or false clues) to
divert
the readers’ expectations.

Example:
In Western movie, the good guy enters a bar, has a drink, and leaves. The bad guy scowls and
spits on
the floor and you know there is definitely more to come between them.
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6. Catharsis is derived from the Greek word catharsis, which means “purification” or
“purgation.” It
refers to the emotional release or cleansing of the characters, or audience or readers, from strong
emotions
usually brought by learning of the truth or when confronted with difficult situations. This
technique is
commonly found in tragedies, such as Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Sophocles’ Oedipus
the King.
Example:
Playing the piano is a catharsis for a tired, busy mother after a long day of work.
www.softschools.com

7. Stream of Consciousness is sometimes referred to as interior monologue, is a literary

usually associated with Modern writers. The plot is developed based on the characters’
reminiscence or
recollection of events and thought fragments. Instead of using dialogues to show the characters’
reaction
or emotion, writers make use of stream of consciousness to show each character’s complex
nature. More
so, readers are taken into the depths of the characters’ mind and witness how these characters
process
their thoughts when faced with a particular situation or emotion.
Example:
Excerpt from James Joyce Novel Ulysses
“He is young Leopold, as in a retrospective arrangement, a mirror within a mirror (hey, presto!),
he
beholdeth himself. That young figure of then is seen, precious manly, walking on a nipping
morning from
the old house in Clambrassil to the high school, his book satchel on him bandolier wise, and in it
a goodly
hunk of wheaten loaf, a mother’s thought.”
https://literarydevices.net
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8. Hamartia or tragic flaw is a technique commonly found in Greek tragedies. It refers to the
tragic
hero’s error in judgment, which leads to his or her downfall. Most of the time, this error is
committed
unknowingly, such in the case of Oedipus when he killed his father Laius and married his mother
Jocasta.
Hamartia is used to have the audience identify themselves with the protagonist (that he or she has
weaknesses too) and to provoke pity because of the miserable turn of events he or she went
through.
Additionally, it is used to impart a moral objective among readers or audience to improve or
change for
the better so as to avoid the tragedy that has befallen the protagonist.
Example:
One of the countless politicians to be involved in an extra- marital affair and in subsequent
scandal, Bill
Clinton’s impeachment was one of the most public scandals to date. Again, relation of power and
the
abuse of power are perhaps unsurprising, though tragic. The notable aspect of Bill Clinton’s
story is that
he has been able to move beyond the scandal; it was not, ultimately, his downfall.
https://literarydevices.net

ACTIVITY
DEEPEN
Instructions: Reread the text. What inference can be made about the text? Copy the table below
and
write the answers.

Instructions: Write a five sentence paragraph on the question below.

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What is your ideal girl (if you are a boy) (or ideal boy if you are a girl)?

ASSESSMENT
TRANSFER

Instruction. Choose the best answer. Write your answers in separate paper.

Instructions: Identify the correct literal meaning of the following words; write the letter of the
correct
answer.
___ 1. Glad
a. unwilling b. reluctant c. delighted d. dismayed
____ 2. Surmount
a. beaten b. dominated someone c. leap over d. overcome a difficulty
____ 3. Implied
a. suggested but not heard b. suggested but not directly expressed
c. suggested but directly expressed d. suggested but get lost
____4. Love
a. intense feeling of affection b. strong feeling of annoyance
c. lack of sleep d. no remorse
___ 5. Boredom
a. weary b. hungry c. carry d. showy

Instructions: Identify the figures of speech and literary techniques in the following statements.
Write the
letter of the correct answer.
1. The clouds are soft cottons in the sky.
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification
2. I ask for your hand to marry me.
a. Metonymy b. Hyperbole c. Synecdoche d. Simile
3. He is running faster than the wind.
a. Oxymoron b. Paradox c. Alliteration d. Hyperbole
4. Black bug bit in a big black bear is an example of
a. Alliteration b. Hyperbole c. Onomatopoeia d. Simile
5. My hair is like a satin.
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification

Instructions: Identify the figure of speech used by the following lines by matching column A
with column
B. Write your answer in separate paper.
AB
_____1. Her skin is softer than silk. a. metaphor
_____2. She is as beautiful as an angel. b. oxymoron
_____3. He is like an angry lion. c. metonymy
_____4. The winds softly whisper in my ears. d. paradox
_____5. She sells seashells on the seashores e. synecdoche
_____6. Boots on the ground. f. alliteration
_____7. My heart bleeds with his words. g. Onomatopoeia
_____8. Her eyes are like diamonds. h. Hyperbole
_____9. Hark..hark…Bow..wow.. i. simile
_____10 Crook..crook..

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Instructions: Identify the figures of speech and literary techniques in the following statements.
Write the
letter of the correct answer.
1. He is running faster than the wind.
a. Oxymoron b. Paradox c. Alliteration d. Hyperbole
2. Black bug bit in a big black bear is an example of
a. Alliteration b. Hyperbole c. Onomatopoeia d. Simile
3. My hair is like a satin.
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification
4. The clouds are soft cottons in the sky.
a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Personification
5. I ask for your hand to marry me.
a. Metonymy b. Hyperbole c. Synecdoche d. Simile

RESOURCES

Redoblado, Simoun Victor D., (2017), 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the
World, Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc. Manila Philippines
Uychoco, Marikit Tara A (2016), 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World,
Rex Bookstore, Manila Philippines