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Chapter 1—The Study of Human Development

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Who is most likely interested in the study of human development?

a. Dr. Harvey, who studies the brain cells of infants
b. Dr. Hatfield, who studies eating disorders
c. Dr. Deal, who studies how political attitudes change with age
d. Dr. Hersh, who studies elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 4
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

2. Which of the following words most accurately reflects the nature of the scientific study of human
development?
a. multidisciplinary
b. group-focused
c. nontheoretical
d. static
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 4
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Factual

3. As Mrs. Olson aged, she matured from being a loving, tender-hearted mother to a bitter and sad elderly
lady whose family could not deal with the negative changes in her behaviour. What is the term for the
changes in Mrs. Olson's character?
a. disruption
b. discontinuity
c. disjointedness
d. disconnectedness
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 5
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

4. Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with regard
to the nature/nurture question?
a. How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory
processes?
b. Which human behaviours are determined genetically, and which are determined by
environmental factors?
c. At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human
development?
d. Which genes are responsible for childhood behaviour, and which genes are responsible for
adult behaviour?
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 5
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

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Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
5. Which of the following is one of the fundamental characteristics of human development?
a. science and religion
b. nature and nurture
c. general and specific
d. hereditary and developmental
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 5
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

6. Since Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position concerning the origins of mental retardation, what is she
most likely to attribute her son’s retardation to?
a. her parenting style
b. her genes
c. his exposure to a toxic chemical prior to birth
d. random chance
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 5
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

7. When discussing child development, Jenny uses terms like the "terrible twos" and the "tranquil threes."
Which view are these ideas most compatible with?
a. a context-specificity view
b. a hereditary view
c. a continuity view
d. a discontinuity view
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

8. Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-breakers throughout their
childhood, or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. Which issue of human development is
her research most concerned with?
a. nature vs. nurture
b. universal vs. context-specific development
c. biological vs. sociocultural forces
d. continuity vs. discontinuity
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

9. Yacef is interested in determining whether children develop virtually the same way in Algeria as they
do in other parts of the world. Which issue of human development does Yacef's research deal with?
a. psychological vs. biological forces
b. universal vs. context-specific development
c. nature vs. nurture
d. continuity vs. discontinuity
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6-7
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
10. When Kayla says, "It doesn't matter if they are French, Swedish, or Chinese, kids are kids," which
position concerning human development is she espousing?
a. a discontinuous position
b. a universal position
c. a nurture position
d. a context-specific position
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6-7
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

11. Sophia notices that children seem to mature socially much faster in Argentina than in Canada. Which
position regarding human development is Sophia most likely to support?
a. a nature position
b. a discontinuous position
c. a context-specific position
d. a continuous position
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 6-7
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

12. Lori is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, "Psychological and sociological factors are
important, but they alone cannot explain the development of human beings." Which concept does
Lori's professor seem to be supporting?
a. the biopsychosocial framework
b. the position that development is continuous
c. the notion of universality
d. discontinuity
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 7
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

13. Dr. Arantes uses a biopsychosocial framework for understanding human development. Which position
is he most likely to endorse on the nature vs. nurture issue?
a. Nature is most important.
b. Nurture is most important.
c. Nature and nurture both play important roles in human development.
d. Neither nature nor nurture is important in the study of human development.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 7
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

14. When asked why her sister Yvonne ended up in jail, Penny says, "She was always a mean, aggressive
person. She really liked hurting people." What kinds of forces is Penny relying on to explain Yvonne's
development?
a. sociocultural forces
b. normative age-graded forces
c. normative history-graded forces
d. psychological forces
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8

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OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

15. Charlie and Suzanne had two girls: Jadah who is 12, and Jackie who is 8. Both girls have red hair and
freckles, just like their father. The girls also have a small body frame, just like their mother. Which of
the following types of forces explains the characteristics of Jadah and Jackie?
a. psychological forces
b. biological forces
c. sociocultural forces
d. life-cycle forces
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

16. According to your textbook, which kind of developmental forces have received the most attention?
a. biological forces
b. sociocultural forces
c. psychological forces
d. biopsychosocial forces
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Factual

17. Which of the following constitutes a "psychological force?"

a. health
b. ethnicity
c. personality
d. heredity
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

18. Julio is interested in studying how family relationships affect development. What kind of
developmental influences is Julio most likely interested in studying?
a. psychological influences
b. sociocultural influences
c. non-normative influences
d. biological influences
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8-9
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

19. Daisy and Rose are identical twins who were separated at birth. Daisy was raised in the Canada
whereas Rose spent her childhood in Austria. Which kind of forces would likely explain most of the
differences between their behaviour as teens?
a. psychological forces
b. nature-based forces
c. biological forces
d. sociocultural forces
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8-9

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OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

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20. Ben is interested in studying the effects of various biological forces on human development. Which of
the following topics is probably of least interest to him?
a. cognition
b. brain maturation
c. menopause
d. exercise
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

21. Which of the following is an example of a biological force?

a. a nice personality
b. Aboriginal descent
c. facial wrinkling
d. a violent temper
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

22. Your friend David has decided to start studying human development because he hates studying
biology. According to your textbook, will David find happiness in his new area of interest?
a. Yes, because he can focus on psychological factors and ignore sociocultural and biological
factors.
b. Yes, but only if he enjoys studying sociocultural factors.
c. No, because studying biological influences is a necessary component to understanding
development.
d. No, because normative age-graded influences are all biological.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 8
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

23. Which of the following problems is most likely to be encountered by researchers assessing the effects
of sociocultural forces?
a. the lack of genetic distinction between individuals from different racial backgrounds
b. the fact that culture appears to have little impact on cognitive development
c. changing ethnic labels (e.g., Native or Indian to Aboriginal)
d. the inability to apply results to the population being studied
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 9
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Factual

24. Luke and his identical twin Danny are attending an opera. Luke really seems to enjoy the experience,
while Danny comments, "I would rather eat glass than listen to this music again." What kinds of forces
best explain the reactions of the twins?
a. biological forces
b. psychological forces
c. sociocultural forces
d. life-cycle forces
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 9-10

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OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Factual

25. Which of the following best describes the relationship between biological, psychological, and
sociocultural forces in human development?
a. unimportant
b. interactive
c. independent
d. non-normative
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 10
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

26. Marcie has been promoted and is moving her family to a new city in a different part of the country.
Though 4-year-old Andrew is very happy and makes the transition easily, 13-year-old John is unhappy
and has a very difficult time adjusting to the move. Which single set of factors best explains the
different responses of Andrew and John to the move?
a. biological factors
b. sociocultural factors
c. personality factors
d. life-cycle factors
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9-10
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

27. When Alan says, "It would have been tough to be a father at age 18, but being one at age 28 is super,"
which factors is he noting the importance of in human development?
a. biological factors
b. life-cycle factors
c. sociocultural factors
d. psychological factors
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9-10
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

28. Which of the following best exemplifies the basic premise of life-cycle forces?
a. Biological forces play little role once a person reaches puberty.
b. Unconscious desires are the basis for most human behaviour.
c. Past experiences are the cornerstone for current behaviour.
d. The forces that influence human behaviour are too complex to identify through empirical
research.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 9-10
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Conceptual

29. Dr. Wagner is a neuroscientist. In what specific part of the body does Dr. Wagner specialize?
a. the hormones and endocrine system
b. the heart and cardiovascular system
c. the brain and nervous system
d. the reproductive organs and the reproductive system

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 11
OBJ: 1-1 BLM: Application

30. Connie, a Grade 2 teacher, notices her students behaving differently from the Grade 4 students during
recess, and she comes up with several connected ideas to explain why the two groups behave
differently. What do Connie's ideas exemplify?
a. self-efficacy
b. a theory
c. a life-cycle force
d. a mesosystem
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 12
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

31. What do we call an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development?
a. a theory
b. a prediction
c. a correlation coefficient
d. a structured observation
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 12
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

32. When an explanation is provided for a theory that is proposed, which one of the following four
questions is answered concerning that theory?
a. who
b. how
c. when
d. why
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 12
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

33. Which of the following individuals is considered to be the founder of psychodynamic theory?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Erik Erikson
b. F. Skinner
c. CHOICE BLANK
d. John Watson
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 12
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

34. When asked to explain why children sometimes act violently, Dr. Zylar responds, "Generally speaking,
these children are driven by forces that are mostly unconscious." Which theory is Dr. Zylar most likely
a proponent of?
a. psychodynamic theory
b. social cognitive theory
c. ecological theory
d. cognitive-developmental theory

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 12-13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
35. Mick's biggest challenge in life is to think of his life as satisfactory and worth living. According to
psychosocial theory, which stage of life is Mick most likely in?
a. young adulthood
b. adolescence
c. late life
d. middle adulthood
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

36. Gabrielle is at the stage of psychosocial development in which she is developing the ability to try new
things and to deal with failure. At which of the following stages has Gabrielle arrived?
a. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b. generativity vs. stagnation
c. industry vs. inferiority
d. initiative vs. guilt
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

37. In which theory is the epigenetic principle a key component?

a. social cognitive theory
b. ecological theory
c. information-processing theory
d. psychosocial theory
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

38. What is exemplified by the fact that hope is important in early childhood, that development of identity
is most important in adolescence, and that wisdom is most important in late life?
a. external societal demands
b. the epigenetic principle
c. initiative vs. guilt
d. identity vs. identity confusion
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

39. Which theory says that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal
maturational plan and external societal demands?
a. social cognitive theory
b. ecological theory
c. cognitive-developmental theory
d. psychosocial theory
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
40. How would Erik Erikson most likely respond to the statement, "A mid-life crisis is a normal part of the
human life-cycle"?
a. He would agree.
b. He would disagree and point out that there is no "normal" progression of human
development.
c. He would disagree and point out that "crises" are not a normal part of human
development.
d. He would say nothing since he focused on development between birth and adolescence.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 12-13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

41. Joan has decided to retire early and to take a reduced pension so that she can volunteer for an
international child development agency. At which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory
is Joan?
a. intimacy vs. isolation
b. generativity vs. stagnation
c. industry vs. inferiority
d. integrity vs. despair
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 13
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

42. After studying his history, Giles is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. What are
Giles's parents attempting to use to increase Giles's studying?
a. positive reinforcement
b. punishment
c. extinction
d. negative reinforcement
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

43. Lynne always wants to go visit her grandparents because when she visits, they give her a new toy.
What are Lynne’s grandparents doing to Lynne’s visiting behaviour?
a. positively reinforcing it
b. buying her affections
c. manipulating it
d. extinguishing it
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

44. Ken is attempting to alter the behaviour of his son by controlling the consequences of his son's actions.
What is Ken practising?
a. social learning theory
b. negative reinforcement
c. operant conditioning
d. ecological theory

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

45. Dr. John tells his students that "It is best to conceptualize infants as being born with minds like empty
blackboards, and that whatever experiences infants have will be written on the board and will
influence their actions." What does Dr. John appear to be?
a. a psychodynamic theorist
b. a behaviourist
c. a cognitive-developmental theorist
d. an information-processing theorist
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

46. Who would be most likely to make the statement: "Life is about consequences!"?
a. George, who is an Eriksonian theorist
b. Jane, who is a cognitive-developmental theorist
c. Elroy, who is an ecological theorist
d. Judy, who is a behaviourist
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

47. Which of the following occurs with an effective punishment?

a. It causes some physical pain.
b. It follows a reinforcer.
c. It reduces likelihood of negative behaviour.
d. It eventually becomes ineffective.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

48. Michelle finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her obnoxious behaviour, the obnoxious
behaviour increases in frequency. What do Michelle's talks appear to be doing to her daughter's
obnoxious behaviour?
a. punishing it
b. reinforcing it
c. suppressing it
d. having no effect on it
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

49. Even though Brenda was never reinforced directly for doing so, she increased the frequency of her
swearing after she saw her friend Elizabeth get a lot of attention after she swore. What does this
situation illustrate?
a. observational learning
b. operant conditioning
c. punishment
d. self-efficacy

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ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

50. Kaylee is a popular cheerleader in high school. She wears the latest designer clothes and recently dyed
her hair purple for a school football game. Two other cheerleaders saw Kaylee's hair and the attention
that she'd received from the football players, and they decided to colour their hair as well. What type
of learning theory did the other two cheerleaders follow?
a. imitation
b. self-efficacy
c. reinforcement
d. punishment
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

51. Melissa is doing a study where volleyball players are self-reporting whether or not they believe they
are capable of playing well in Saturday's game. What does Melissa’s study appear to be assessing?
a. the life-cycle forces of the volleyball players
b. the exosystems of the volleyball players
c. the internal maturational plans of the volleyball players
d. the self-efficacy of the volleyball players
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

52. Albert believes he can successfully ski down a steep mountain. Which of the following would Bandura
most likely say about Albert?
a. He has reached formal operations.
b. He has high self-efficacy.
c. He has resolved the industry vs. inferiority stage.
d. He has been negatively reinforced.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

53. Mr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be assertive by having them watch how other students
can be successful by acting assertively. What theory’s principles is Mr. Link using to help his students?
a. principles of social learning theory
b. principles of operant conditioning
c. principles of cognitive-developmental theory
d. principles of psychosocial theory
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14-15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

54. Who would most likely explain a child's maladaptive behaviour by saying, "He probably saw some TV
character do that"?
a. Gail, who is a behaviourist
b. Gordon, who is a social learning theorist

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c. Tony, who is a Freudian theorist
d. Mary Ann, who is a Piagetian theorist
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14-15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

55. Who developed social cognitive theory?

a. Piaget
b. Skinner
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Bandura
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

56. Dr. Sefky says: "Sure, reinforcement and punishment are important, but how people understand that
reinforcement and punishment is at least as important." Given this statement, which of the following
theories is Dr. Sefky most likely to agree with?
a. cognitive-developmental theory
b. social cognitive theory
c. psychosocial theory
d. psychodynamic theory
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

57. Which of the following terms is associated with social cognitive theory?
a. self-control
b. imitation
c. life-span perspective
d. discontinuity
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 14-15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

58. Brandon's developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as
progressing discontinuously through several qualitatively different stages of thinking. What is his
instructor most likely to be?
a. a Piagetian
b. a social learning theorist
c. an ecological theorist
d. a behaviourist
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 15
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

59. What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of development?

a. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
b. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor
c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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d. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 16
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

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60. Lionel is able to think in an abstract manner, and he can speculate about what his future will hold. At
what stage of Piaget's cognitive development has Lionel arrived?
a. pre-operational thought
b. concrete operational thought
c. sensorimotor
d. formal operational thought
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 16
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

61. Rutger believes that, rather than progressing through a sequence of stages, mental processes gradually
get more complex and efficient. Which theory does Rutger most likely support?
a. Piaget's theory
b. Kohlberg's theory
c. information-processing theory
d. Erikson's theory
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 17
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

62. What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive development using the analogy of
"mental software"?
a. an information-processor
b. an Eriksonian
c. an operant conditioning theorist
d. a social learning theorist
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 17
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

63. Which of the following theorists supported the concept that a child's thinking process is influenced by
the sociocultural context in which he or she matures?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Urie Bronfenbrenner
d. Paul Baltes
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 17
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

64. When Dr. Bentley is asked to explain troubled adolescents, she says, "The only way to explain the
problems of adolescents is to study them in relation to their parents and the culture that surrounds
them." Which theory does Dr. Bentley most likely support?
a. psychodynamic theory
b. cognitive developmental theory
c. ecological theory
d. social cognitive theory
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

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65. Which theorist is most closely associated with an ecological approach to human development?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Jean Piaget
c. Erik Erikson
d. Urie Bronfenbrenner
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

66. Louis discovers that the experiences he has in his developmental psychology class help him to deal
with the children he works with at a day-care centre. Which of Bronfenbrenner's concepts best
exemplifies this relationship?
a. the mesosystem
b. the exosystem
c. the macrosystem
d. the microsystem
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

67. Mary has only one child, one-year-old Shelly, and Mary has stayed at home during most of Shelly's
life. From an ecological perspective, what is Mary part of?
a. Shelly's mesosystem
b. Shelly's exosystem
c. Shelly's macrosystem
d. Shelly's microsystem
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

68. The AIDS epidemic has dramatically influenced dating behaviour. From an ecological perspective,
what is this influence part of?
a. the culture's mesosystem
b. the culture's exosystem
c. the culture's macrosystem
d. the culture's microsystem
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

69. When Tina was given a huge salary increase, she was able to get things for her children that they had
always needed and move into a nicer home. According to Bronfenbrenner, what does this increase in
the mother's salary exemplify?
a. the impact of the children's exosystem
b. the impact of the children's mesosystem
c. the impact of the children's macrosystem
d. the impact of the children's microsystem
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 18
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

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70. Matt finds himself unable to adjust to college because he doesn't seem to have the study skills
necessary to earn passing grades. Which theory best explains Matt's predicament?
a. psychosocial theory
b. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
c. the competence-environmental press theory
d. Kohlberg's theory of moral development
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 19
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

71. Who is most likely to support a life-span perspective?

a. Corinne, who believes that childhood is the most important stage of development
b. Claire, who thinks that in order to understand childhood you must consider what comes
after it
c. Simone, who is a Piagetian
d. Danielle, who disagrees with the biopsychosocial perspective
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Conceptual

72. Who does your textbook say is most responsible for developing the first life-span perspective?
a. Bandura
b. Riley
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Piaget
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

73. Marcia is 80 years old and is learning how to speak French and play the guitar for the first time. What
does this new skill development exemplify?
a. multiple causation
b. optimization
c. plasticity
d. multidirectionality
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

74. Jackson's knowledge of economics has grown over the years, while at the same time his ability to play
hockey has deteriorated. What does Jackson's experience exemplify?
a. multiple causation
b. historical context
c. plasticity
d. multidirectionality
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

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75. Fred grew up in the 1960s when a traditional family included a mother, father and two children. What
does Fred's experience demonstrate?
a. multidirectionality
b. multiple causation
c. historical context
d. plasticity
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

76. Which perspective features the concepts of multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context, and
multiple causation?
a. the life-span perspective
b. the cognitive-developmental perspective
c. the psychosocial perspective
d. the ecological perspective
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 20
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Factual

77. Lisa is getting ready to apply for graduate school. In order to focus on this goal, she is resigning from
her posts as editor of the campus newspaper and president of her sorority. What do these changes in
Lisa's life exemplify?
a. compensation
b. elective selection
c. loss-based selection
d. self-efficacy
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

78. Mr. Harwood is no longer able to participate in his weekly poker game because his dementia is
progressing and he can't remember which card is which. What does this change in Mr. Harwood's life
exemplify?
a. loss-based selection
b. elective selection
c. self-efficacy
d. compensation
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

79. Professor Linwood always makes a point of learning the names of all the students in her class. She
used to always be able to do this in her head, but has recently found that she needs note cards to help
her remember. What does this change in behaviour illustrate?
a. loss-based selection
b. elective selection
c. compensation
d. the epigenetic principle

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ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 21
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

80. Dana studies how individuals’ choice of life goals change as the individual gets older, and how
individuals maintain and enhance the goals that they select. Which model does Dana most likely
support?
a. the social-cognitive model
b. the ecological model
c. the epigenetic model
d. the selective optimization with compensation model
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 21
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

81. Karen is interested in studying the impact of growing up during the Great Depression on the saving
and spending habits of individuals. Which perspective is Karen using?
a. the life course perspective
b. the life-span perspective
c. the social cognitive perspective
d. the psychosocial perspective
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

82. Ashlyn wonders if the attack on New York on September 11, 2001, will impact the career goals of
individuals who were adolescents at the time of the attack. Which perspective does this kind of
question best reflect?
a. a cognitive-developmental perspective
b. a life course perspective
c. a social cognitive perspective
d. an operant conditioning perspective
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

83. Which research study subject would you most expect to see from a researcher with a life course
perspective?
a. the effect of smoking on neurotransmitter systems and memory in old age
b. how memory processes change from infancy to the teenage years
c. growing up in the 1960s, and its influence on drug-taking behaviour in middle adulthood
d. sex differences in marital satisfaction from year one to year three of a marriage
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 22
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

84. A one-on-one interview is classified as which of the following approaches to measurement in human
development research?
a. observing systematically
b. using tasks to sample behaviour
c. asking people for self-reports

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d. taking physiological measures
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: 25-26
OBJ: 1-2 BLM: Application

85. Patti studies the behaviour of preschool children by watching them play at a local daycare centre.
While doing this, she is careful to find a spot where she will be completely unnoticed by the
individuals she is observing. What kind of approach is Patti using to study the children?
a. a structured observation approach
b. a correlational approach
c. a self-report approach
d. a naturalistic observation approach
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

86. Carrie takes notes on the behaviours exhibited by college students attending a frat party. What kind of
study is Carrie doing?
a. a longitudinal study
b. a systematic observational study
c. an experimental study
d. a sequential study
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

87. Dr. Lund stages a fire drill at the elementary school in order to study how children respond to potential
emergency situations. Which method is Dr. Lund using?
a. structured observation
b. naturalistic observation
c. self-report
d. experiment
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 25
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

88. Dr. Jones studies how children think about television by asking them to answer several questions
related to their television viewing. Which method is Dr. Jones using?
a. naturalistic observation
b. structured observation
c. experiment
d. self-report
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 26
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

89. Dr. Simpson's students were rightfully upset when he used very accurate weight scales to determine
their grades in a Developmental Psychology class. What did Dr. Simpson’s method of assessment
lack?
a. sufficient sample size

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Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
b. reliability
c. validity
d. the ability to identify practice effects
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 28
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

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90. What does the term "reliability" mean?
a. honesty
b. completeness
c. truthfulness
d. consistency
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 28
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

91. Virtually all studies done in psychology rely on studying people representative of a larger group. What
do we call the groups of people who participate in these studies?
a. samples
b. populations
c. mesosystems
d. independent variables
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 28
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

92. Which of the following analogies could be used to complete the phrase, "Population is to sample as"?
a. black is to white
b. reliability is to validity
c. experiment is to correlation
d. set is to subset
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 28
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Conceptual

93. Harvey is interested in doing a study to determine whether or not a statistically significant relationship
exists between participating in college athletics and self-efficacy for academic work. Because Harvey
is not particularly interested in determining a cause-and-effect relationship, what kind of study should
he do?
a. a cross-sectional study
b. a correlational study
c. an experimental study
d. a naturalistic observation study
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28-29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

94. Based on a study that finds that self-esteem is inversely correlated with college grades, which person
would you predict would have the highest grades?
a. Michael, who has very high self-esteem
b. Dave, who has average self-esteem
c. Peter, who has very low self-esteem
d. Fred, who has absolutely no self-esteem
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 28-29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
95. Which of the following can range from –1.0 to 1.0?
a. a correlation coefficient
b. a dependent variable
c. an independent variable
d. a sample
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 28
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

96. Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship?

a. –.23
b. –.82
c. .15
d. .57
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Conceptual

97. After grading the first exam, your developmental psychology instructor says, "Those students who
actually come to class did much better than those of you who show up once a week." Given this
information, which correlation between attendance and grades would be most likely?
a. +.01
b. + .09
c. + .10
d. + .90
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

98. If Mark wants to do one study to determine whether or not playing violent video games causes
children to act more aggressively, what kind of study should he do?
a. an experiment
b. a correlational study
c. a longitudinal study
d. a cross-sectional study
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

99. Mallory is conducting a study to determine whether skateboarding causes a reduction in intelligence.
In this experiment, what is skateboarding?
a. the control group
b. the independent variable
c. the dependent variable
d. the cohort effect
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

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 Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development Test Bank Human Development 3Ce
100. In an experiment designed to determine whether taking vitamin A before attending a social event is
associated with improved self-esteem, what is the dependent variable?
a. vitamin A
b. the social event
c. the measure of self-esteem
d. the subjects' cohort
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

101. Which type of variable is manipulated by an experimenter?

a. the dependent variable
b. the independent variable
c. the confounding variable
d. the extraneous variable
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

102. You are doing a study to determine whether smoking nicotine prior to taking a psychology test affects
performance on that test. What is the independent variable in your study?
a. the psychology test
b. the participants in your study
c. the smoking of nicotine
d. the amount of nicotine
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 29
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

103. Dr. Jackson is studying sibling rivalry. One of his current subjects is Lisa. Lisa, and other age-peers,
have been assessed every five years since 1970. Another of Dr. Jackson's subjects is Michael. Michael
is part of a second group that has been assessed every five years since 1985. What kind of research
design is Dr. Jackson using?
a. a cross-sectional study
b. an experimental study
c. a longitudinal study
d. a sequential study
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 31-32
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Conceptual

104. Michael studies developmental differences in extroversion by testing 9-, 19-, 39-, and 59-year-old
subjects all at the same time. What kind of study is Michael performing?
a. a sequential study
b. a longitudinal study
c. an experimental study
d. a cross-sectional study
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 32
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

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105. Denise is studying how attitudes toward government change over the course of life by studying one
group of people when they are 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, and 61 years old. What kind of design is Denise
using?
a. sequential design
b. longitudinal design
c. cross-sectional design
d. experiment design
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 32
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

106. What best explains the fact that Tiffany likes to listen to the Salads (a 2000s band) and her
grandmother prefers listening to Bill Haley and the Comets (a 1950s band)?
a. age effects
b. non-normative factors
c. cohort effects
d. time-of-measurement effects
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 33
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

107. Avery studies two different cohorts over a 50-year period, testing each subject every five years. What
kind of design is Avery using?
a. a longitudinal design
b. a cross-sectional design
c. a sequential design
d. an experimental design
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 33
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Application

108. In Canada, the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans
monitors the ethics and funding of research using human subjects. Which of the following is broken if
informed consent is not received from a research participant?
a. respect for persons
b. balancing harm and benefits
c. concern for welfare
d. consideration of financial costs
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 36
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

109. Which of the following Canadian organizations is responsible for overseeing stem cell research?
a. The Tri-Council Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans
b. The Federal Government
c. The Stem Cell Network
d. The Canadian Institute of Health Research
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 36

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OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Factual

110. There are several professions in which employees choose to include research results into their
everyday practice. Which of the following would be considered as an example of evidence-based
practice?
a. Professor Blum uses a new lecture format on his students.
b. Nurse Jones treats patient Miller on the basis of her blood sugar test results.
c. Pastor Smith bases his sermon on a recent tragic event.
d. Chef Lawson uses the latest technology in her kitchen to bake a wedding cake.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 37
OBJ: 1-3 BLM: Conceptual

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