ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

11(01), 738-744

Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/16074

DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/16074

RESEARCH ARTICLE
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG
HOUSEKEEPING STAFF OF GOVERNMENT DOON MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL ,
DEHRADUN’’

Aagya Singhal1, Nancy1, Pratibha Sharma1, Rashi Gurung1, Ritika Shah1, Shahil Srivastva1, Sweta Rawat1,
Varsha Mudila1 and Manish Jagariya2
1. Department of Nursing, State College of Nursing, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Nursing, State College of Nursing, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Biomedical waste is defined as the waste segregated from the
Received: 25 November 2022 healthcare system that can be contagious, infective and hazardous. If
Final Accepted: 27 December 2022 this type of harmful waste is not managed properly it can lead to
Published: January 2023 various health hazards. Thus, the housekeeping staff that are
responsible for maintaining cleanliness in hospital and discarding waste
should have keen knowledge about Biomedical waste and its handling.
Objective–
1. To assess the pre-test knowledge and practice of housekeeping
staff regarding biomedical waste management.
2. To assess the post-test knowledge and practice of housekeeping
staff regarding biomedical waste management.
3. To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on
knowledge and practice regarding biomedical waste management
among housekeeping staff.
4. To find out the correlation between knowledge and practice
regarding biomedical waste management among housekeeping
staff
5. To find out the association between the pre-test level of knowledge
and practice score of housekeeping staff with their selected
demographic variable.
Methodology- A quantitative research approach with pre-experimental
research design was used to assess pre test and post test knowledge and
practice of housekeeping staff regarding biomedical waste
management. A total of 70 samples were taken by using convenience
sampling technique. Self structured questionnaire and practice checklist
was used to assess knowledge and practice of housekeeping staff.
Results- The findings of our study shows that the mean score and
standard deviation of pre test knowledge is 6.91±2.37 and post test
knowledge is 13.87±1.96 whereas of pre test practice is 3.90±1.78 and
post test practice is 8.46±1.00. The t value of knowledge was 21.87 and
of practice was 19.37 which is more than tabulated t value 2.00. p<0.05
which shows that there is significant difference in knowledge and

Corresponding Author:- Sweta Rawat 738

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practice after the structured teaching programme among the

housekeeping staff regarding biomedical waste management..
Conclusion-The findings indicates significant improvement in level of
knowledge and practice regarding biomedical waste management
among housekeeping staff of Govt. Doon Medical College Hospital,
Dehradun.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2023,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Over the years, there have been massive advances in the healthcare system which is ironic that the healthcare setting
which restores and maintains the health of the community also threatens the well being of the patient. The major
threat that arises is from poor biomedical waste management practices, serves a huge risk to public health.
Biomedical waste is one of the global issues of today’s era.

Biomedical waste is the waste generated from the hospital, nursing home, dispensary, and from any other healthcare
system during treatment, diagnosis or during any medical procedure.

Indian Medical Association Goes Eco-friendly (IMAGE) is the biomedical waste disposal and treatment project
established by Indian Medical Association (IMA) Kerala state branch. The project is the largest common biomedical
waste treatment in India. On an average, about 55.8 tonnes of biomedical waste reaches the IMAGE plant daily,
1674 tonnes monthly and 20,088 tonnes yearly. 1

Medical Pollution Control Committee (MPCC) is the first established common medical waste treatment plant
established in Uttar Pradesh with transportation system for safe transportation, treatment, and disposal of biomedical
waste. It also providing biomedical waste management services in Uttarakhand.2

According to Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change India generated 56,898 tones of
biomedical waste during Covid-19 (June 2020- July 2021), and in Uttarakhand, 811 metric tonnes of biomedical
waste was generated between March 2020 – February 2021.3

About 85% of the biomedical waste is non-hazardous, 10% is infectious and 3% is chemical and pharmaceutical
waste, 1% is sharp waste and 1% is radioactive, cytotoxic and heavy metal waste. 4 However, if the infectious
components get mixed with general waste the entire bulk of the hospital waste potential becomes infectious that can
cause viral diseases like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, A and C, arboviruses, enteroviruses,
dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne fever, and bacterial diseases like typhoid, cholera, tetanus, pseudomonas,
septicemia, rheumatic fever and parasitic diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis.5
So, it’s the duty of every hospital to ensure safe handling and management of biomedical waste.

A cross sectional study was conducted among 120 healthcare personnel of tertiary health care institute in Dakshina
Kannada, Karnataka by using pre-test, semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that knowledge regarding
color coding and risks of handling biomedical waste was poor across all the healthcare personnel especially among
class IV waste handlers.6

The housekeeping staff are one of those health care workers who works in different wards of hospital and spend
most of their time in contact with biomedical waste. So, it is necessary that they have an appropriate knowledge and
practice regarding biomedical waste management to protect them as well as the society and public from harmful
diseases.

Material and Methods:-

Study design
The study was conducted at Government Doon Medical College Hospital, Dehradun, Uttrakhand on housekeeping
staff and pre-experimental : one group pre-test post-test research design was used.
Convenience sampling technique was used for collecting the sample. Sample size taken was 70 housekeeping staff
of Government Doon Medical College Hospital, Dehradun.

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Inclusion criteria -
1. The study includes the housekeeping staff of Doon Medical College Hospital, Dehradun.
2. The study includes the housekeeping staff who were present at the time of collection of data.
3. The study includes housekeeping staff who were willing to participate in the study.

Exclusive Criteria –
1. The study does not include houskeeping staff who were having complete knowledge about biomedical waste
management.
2. The study does not include housekeeping staff who were not permanent.

Instrument/tool
It includes self structured questionnaire and practice checklist to evaluate the knowledge and practice of the
housekeeping staff regarding biomedical waste management.

The tools were prepared in 3 sections

SECTION A- Demographic data

It include age of participant, gender, educational status, income, years of experience, source of knowledge.

SECTION B- Self structured questionnaire

It include 20 question which are distributed in 2 parts -
Part 1 – Contain 10 questions related to introduction of biomedical waste management.
Part 2 – Contain 10 questions related to knowledge regarding biomedical waste management.

SECTION C- Practice checklist

It include 10 questions.

Scoring of Tool
Each question was awarded 1 mark for correct answer and 0 mark if the answer is wrong .

Thus total marks for the questions related to knowledge

1. Inadequate- 0-6
2. Moderate – 7-13
3. Adequate – 14-20

Thus total marks for the questions related to practice

1. Poor – 0-3
2. Fair – 4-7
3. Good – 8-10

Statistical analysis
The analysis of data was done on the basis of objectives and hypothesis using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Frequency and percentage distribution was used for analyzing demographic variables and compute pre test and post
test level of knowledge and practice. Mean and standard deviation was used for comparing overall knowledge and
practice score. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find out the correlation between knowledge and
practice. Chi square was used to find the association between pre test level of knowledge and practice with the
selected demographic variables.

Result:-
Table 1:- Frequency and percentage distribution of demographic variable. n = 70

S.No Demographic Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Age (in years)
21 – 30 24 34.3
31 – 40 28 40

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41 – 50 14 20
51 – 60 4 5.7
2. Gender
Male 42 60
Female 28 40
3. Educational Status
Primary 5 7.1
High School 12 17.1
Intermediate 27 38.7
Graduate 26 37.1
4. Income
5,000 – 10,000 51 72.9
10,000 – 15,000 14 20
15,000 – 20,000 3 4.3
20,000 – 25,000 2 2.8
5. Years of Experience
1–5 43 61.4
5 – 10 20 28.6
10 – 15 5 7.1
15 – 20 2 2.9
6. Previous Knowledge related to biomedical waste management
Yes 70 100
No 0 0
If yes, what is the source of knowledge
Mass media 3 4.2
Pamphlets 1 1.4
Peer group 18 25.8
Training officer 48 68.6

The study shows majority 40% of samples were between age group 31-40 whereas minority 5.7% were between 51-
60 years. 60% of samples were male and 40% were female. In terms of education majority 38.7% has completed
intermediate education and only 7.1% had primary education. Almost 72.9% had income between 5,000 to 10,000
whereas only 2.8% were having income between 20,000 to 25,000. In terms of years of experience majority 61.4%
had experience between 1 to 5 years and minority 2.9% had experience between 15 to 20 years. All 100% of
samples had previous knowledge regarding biomedical waste management out of which 68.6% have gained
knowledge from training officer, 25.8% from peer group, 1.4% from pamphlets and 4.2% from mass media.

Table 2:- Frequency and percentage distribution according to level of knowledge regarding biomedical waste
management. n=70
Level of knowledge Pre – test Post – test

Frequency % Frequency %

Inadequate 31 44.28 0 0
(0 - 6)
Moderate 36 51.42 29 41.42
(7 - 13)
Adequate 3 4.28 41 58.58
(14 - 20)

In pre test majority of hosekeeping staff were having moderate knowledge and after structured teaching programme
in post test majority had adequate knowledge.

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Table 3:- Frequency and percentage distribution according to level of practice regarding biomedical waste
management. n=70

Level of practice Pre – test Post – test

Frequency % Frequency %
Poor (0-3) 38 54.28 0 0
Fair (4-7) 30 42.86 10 14.29
Good (8-10) 2 2.86 60 85.71
In pre test majority of hosekeeping staff were having poor practice and after structured teaching programme in post
test majority had good practice.

Table 4:- Comparison of overall knowledge score. n=70

Variable Group Mean±SD Mean % Mean difference
t value
Knowledge Pre – test 6.91± 2.37 34.57% 6.96 21.87
Post- test 13.87±1.96 69.36% df=69
p<0.05
Pre test mean±SD was 6.91±2.37 and post test mean±SD was 13.87±1.96 which shows significant difference
between pre test and post test knowledge score. The calculated t-value was 21.87.

Table 4:- Comparison of overall practice score n=70

Variable Group Mean±SD Mean % Mean difference t value
Practice Pre – test 3.90 ±1.78 39% 4.56 19.37
df=69
Post- test 8.46± 1.00 p<0.05
84.57%
Pre test mean±SD was 3.90±1.78 and post test mean±SD was 8.46±1.00 which shows significant difference between
pre test and post test practice score. The calculated t-value was 19.37.

Table 5:- Correlation between knowledge and practice regarding biomedical waste management. n=70
S.No Category Correlation co-efficient
‘r’ value
1. Knowledge 0.404
2. Practice df= 69
p<0.05
The calculated r value (0.404) >tabulated r value(0.232), p<0.05 which indicate significant correlation that is
moderately positive correlation between knowledge and practice.

Table 6:- Association between pre-test level of knowledge of housekeeping staff with their selected demographic
variables. n=70
Variable Inadequate Moderate Adequate Df Chi-square P-value Inference
(0-6) (7-13) (14-20) value
Age of the participants
21-40 years 22 30 0 2 6.850* 0.032 S
41-60 years 9 7 2
Gender
Female 10 17 1 2 1.402 0.495 NS
Male 21 20 1
Educational status
Primary - 7 9 1 2 1.228 0.540 NS
High school
Intermediate- 28 24 1
Graduate
Income
5000-15000 30 33 2 2 1.621 0.444 NS
15000-25000 1 4 0

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Years of experience
1-10 years 30 31 2 2 3.939 0.139 NS
10-20 years 1 6 0
Source of knowledge
Mass media – 2 1 1 2 7.934* 0.018 S
Pamphlet
Peer group - 29 36 1
Training officier
The obtained p value for age of the participants and source of knowledge is p<0.05 which indicates there is
significant association between knowledge of housekeeping staff regarding biomedical waste management. Hence,
according to age of the participants and according to the source of knowledge the level of knowledge increases.

Table 4.7:- Association between pre-test level of practice of housekeeping staff with their selected demographic
variables n=70
Variable Poor (0-3) Fair (4-7) Good (8-10) Df Chi-square P-value Inference
value
Age of the participants
21-40 years 29 22 1 2 1.120 0.571 NS
41-60 years 8 9 1
Gender
Female 18 10 0 2 2.840 0.241 NS
Male 19 22 1
Educational status
Primary - 3 13 1 2 11.237* 0.003 S
High school
Intermediate- 34 18 1
Graduate
Income
5000-15000 34 30 1 2 0.167 0.919 NS
15000-25000 3 2 0
Years of experience
1-10 years 33 28 2 2 0.489 0.782 NS
10-20 years 4 3 0
Source of knowledge
Mass media – 1 2 1 2 7.934* 0.018 S
Pamphlet
Peer group - 36 29 1
Training officier
The obtained p value for educational status and source of knowledge is p<0.05 which indicates there is significant
association between practice of housekeeping staff regarding biomedical waste management. Hence, according to
level of educational status and according to the source of knowledge the level of practice increases

Discussion:-
This chapter discusses the major findings of the study and reviews that in relation to findings from the result of
previous study.

The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and
practice regarding Biomedical waste management in Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
In order to achieve the objective of the study pre-experimental (one group pre-test post-test) research design was
adopted. There was total 70 samples that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria using convenience sampling
technique. The Data was evaluated using Self Structured Questionnaires and Practice Checklist.

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The Discussion Is Done Under The Following Categories:

Discussion related to biomedical waste management and its effectiveness of structured teaching programme of
knowledge and practice among housekeeping staff.

The result shows the enhancement in knowledge (13.87) and practice (8.46) after application of structured teaching
programme, which is more than the previous knowledge (6.91) and practice (3.90) regarding biomedical waste.

Finding of the study revealed that in pre-test knowledge (44.28%) samples had inadequate knowledge, (51.42%) had
moderate knowledge, (4.28%) had adequate knowledge. In pre test practice (58.28%) had poor practice, (42.86%)
had fair practice and (2.86%) had good practice, whereas in post-test knowledge (0%) had inadequate knowledge
(41.42%) had moderate knowledge and (58.58%) had adequate knowledge and in post-test practice (0%) had poor
practice (14.29%) had fair practice and (85.7%)had good practice.

Discussion related to correlation between knowledge and practice regarding biomedical waste management
among housekeeping staff.
The calculated r value (0.404)>tabulated r value (0.232), thus p<0.05 which implies moderately positive correlation
between knowledge and practice regarding biomedical waste management.

Discussion related to association between selected demographic variable and pre test level of knowledge and
practice regarding biomedical waste management among housekeeping staffs.
Chi square value for age of participants for knowledge (χ2 =6.850) and practice (χ2 =1.120), gender (χ 2= 1.402) (χ
2= 2.840), educational status (χ2=1.228) (χ 2=11.237), income (χ2=1.621) (χ2=0.167), years of experience (χ2=
3.939) (χ2=0.489), source of knowledge (χ2=7.934) (χ2=7.934). The obtained p value for age of participants and
source of knowledge p<0.05 indicates there is significant relation between knowledge of biomedical waste
management hence level of knowledge increases according to age and source of knowledge and p value for
educational status and source of knowledge is p<0.05 which indicates there is significant relation between practice
of biomedical waste management and hence level of practice increases according to educational status and source of
knowledge.

Conclusion:-
Based on the findings, it is statistically evidence proved that the knowledge and practice of the participants
regarding biomedical waste management have been significantly increased after structured teaching programme has
been implemented.

Source Of Support
Nil.

Conflict of Interest
None.

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2. (n.d.). Retrieved from Medical Pollution Control Committee: https://mpccindia.org/
3. The Times Of India. (2021, July 27). Retrieved fromhttp://m.timesofindia.com/city/bengaluru/in-one-year-
india-generated-56000-tonnes-of-bio-medical waste/amp_articleshow/84784320.cms
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e_in_Dakshina_Kannada_Karnataka.

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