COMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE &
ORGANIZATION
By Abdu S.
 Computer architecture and
organization
 Architecture is the key component of computer engineering & the
attributes visible to the programmer
Those are:-
– Instruction set,
– Number of bits used for data representation,
– I/O mechanisms,
– Addressing techniques.
– e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
 Organization is how features are implemented
– Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
– e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
By Abdu S.
• Structure is the way in which components Interrelate
to each other

• Function is the operation of individual components as

part of the structure

By Abdu S.
 Function
Computer functions:
– Data processing
− Only a few fundamental types of processing
– Data storage
− Short term
− Long term
– Data movement
− Between itself and outside world
− I/O to peripherals
− Data communication
– Control
− Manages the functions above

By Abdu S.
 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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 Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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 Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

By Abdu S.
 ENIAC - background
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
– Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955

By Abdu S.
 ENIAC - details
• Decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second

By Abdu S.
 von Neumann/Turing
• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by control
unit
• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
– IAS
• Completed 1952

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Structure of von Neumann
machine

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 IAS
• 1000 x 40 bit words
– Binary representation of data and instructions
– 2 x 20 bit instructions

By Abdu S.
By Abdu S.
 IAS - details
• 1000 x 40 bit words
– Binary number
– 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
– Memory Buffer Register
– Memory Address Register
– Instruction Register
– Instruction Buffer Register
– Program Counter
– Accumulator
– Multiplier Quotient

By Abdu S.
Structure of
IAS –detail

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 Evolution of Computers
FIRST GENERATION (1945 –1955)

 Program and data reside in the same memory

(stored program concepts – John von Neumann)
 Vacuum tubes were used to implement the functions
 (ALU & CU design)
 magnetic tape storage devices are used
 Using electronic vacuum tubes, as the switching
components

By Abdu S.
 SECOND GENERATION
(1955 – 1965)

 Transistor were used to design ALU & CU

 HLL is used
 To convert HLL to MLL compiler were used
 Separate I/O processor were developed to operate in
parallel with CPU, thus improving the performance
 Invention of the transistor which was faster, smaller
and required considerably less power to operate

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 THIRD GENERATION
(1965‐1975)

 IC technology improved
 Improved IC technology helped in designing low cost, high
speed processor and memory modules

 Multiprogramming, pipelining concepts were incorporated

 Cache and virtual memory concepts were developed

 More than one circuit on a single silicon chip became

available

By Abdu S.
 FOURTH GENERATION
(1975‐1985)
• CPU – Termed as microprocessor
• INTEL, MOTOROLA, TEXAS,NATIONAL
semiconductors started developing microprocessor
• Workstations, microprocessor (PC) & Notebook
computers were developed
• Interconnection of different computer for better
communication LAN,MAN,WAN
• Computational speed increased by 1000 times
• Specialized processors like Digital Signal Processor were also
developed

By Abdu S.
 BEYOND THE FOURTH GENERATION
(1985 – TILL DATE)

• E‐Commerce, E‐ banking, home office

• INTEL, MOTOROLA
• High speed processor ‐ GHz speed
• Because of submicron IC technology lot of
added features in small size

By Abdu S.
 Generations of Computer
• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
– Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971
– 100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971-1977
– 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
– 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration
– Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

By Abdu S.
 Moore’s Law
• Increased density of components on chip
• Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
• Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
• Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
– Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
• Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving
higher performance
• Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• Reduced power and cooling requirements
• Fewer interconnections increases reliability

By Abdu S.
Growth in CPU Transistor Count

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 Note: Each new generation is
characterized by

• 1.Greater processing performance

• 2.Larger memory capacity
• 3.Smaller size
• 4.Lower cost
• 5.Decreasing of memory access time

By Abdu S.
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 Architecture
Development & Style
Computer:- A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data,
and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.

Computers are classified based on the Parameters

like
 Speed of operation
 Cost
 Computational power
 Type of application

By Abdu S.
 DESK TOP COMPUTER

• Processing &storage units,

• visual display &audio units, keyboards
• Storage media‐Hard disks, CD‐ROMs
Example: Personal computers which is used in
homes and offices
Advantage:
Cost effective,
easy to operate,
suitable for general purpose educational or
By Abdu S.
 NOTEBOOK COMPUTER

Compact form of personal computer (laptop)

Advantage is comfortability
Flexibility
Movability

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 WORK STATIONS

 More computational power than PC

 Costlier
 Used to solve complex problems which arises in
engineering application
 Like:- graphics, CAD/CAM etc.

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 ENTERPRISE SYSTEM
(MAINFRAME)
• More computational power
• Larger storage capacity
• Used for business data processing in large
organization
• Commonly referred as servers or super computers

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 SUPER COMPUTERS

• Faster than mainframes

• Helps in calculating large scale numerical and
algorithm
• calculation in short span of time
• Used for aircraft design and testing, military
application and weather forecasting

By Abdu S.
 Digital components
• OR GATE
• AND >>
• NOR >>
• NAND >>
• EXCLUSIVE OR >>
• INVERTER >>
• BUFFER GATE
By Abdu S.
THANK!!!!!!!!!!

By Abdu S.