SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS \ 3A-TWOVARIABLE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS. 32 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD 33 nVARIABLE SYSTEMS, n= 3 34 SELECTED APPLICATIONS 3.5 FINAL NOTES CHAPTER TEST COMPUTER-BASED EXERCISES APPENDIX: ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (3 X 3) SYSTEMS. HCHAPTER OBJECTIVES Provide an understanding of the nature of systems of equations and their graphical representation (where appropriate) G Provide an understanding of the different solution set possibilities for systems of equations G Provide an appreciation of the graphical interpretation of soluti 2 Present procedures for determining solution set stems of equations Illustrate some applications of systems of linear equations i be I \ | | i q | Reena tHESTUNG Example 22 in Chap. 2 (page 73) was concerned with airlifting emergency Ser ed evr eoruree 3.1 supplies into a South American city. From Example 22 we know that the volume capacity of the plane equals 6,000 cubic feet. Another considera- tion is that the weight capacity of the plane is 40,000 pounds. In addition, the amount of money available for the purchase of supplies totals $150,000. Initial reports indicate that the most needed item is water. To respond to this need, Red Cross officials have specified that the number of containers of water shipped should be twice the combined number shipped of blood and medical supply kits. Red Cross officials want to determine if there is some combination of the four items which will fill the plane to its weight and volume capacities, expend the full budget of $150,000, and satisfy the re- quirement regarding the shipment of water. (Example 16] In business, economies, or social science applications, we metimes are inter- here are values of variables which satisfy several attributes. It may be that each attribute can be represented by using an equation, expressed in terms of the different variables. Together, the set of equations repre sents all of the attr este in determining whether used to determine whether there are values ariables which jointly satisfy a set of equations. For example, in the Motivating Scenario, we will see quantities of the four items which satisfy the attributes of weight capacity, volume capacity, budget, and water requirements. TWO-VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS ystems of Equ: A system of equations is a set consisting of more than one equation, One way to characterize a system of equations is by its dimensions. If a system of equations consists of m equations and n variables, we say that this system is an “m by n”” system, or that it has dimensions m Xn. A system of equations involving 2 equations and 2 variables is described as having dimensions 2 X 2. A system con sisting of 15 equations and 10 variables is said to be a (15 X 10) system In solving systems of equations, we are interested in identifying values of the variables that satisfy all equations in the system simultaneously. For example, given the two equations utes of interest. In this chapter, we will be concerned with the woe ewes GebTWO-VARIABLE. SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS S=((x,y)|5x + 10y= 20 and 3x +4y= 10) As you will see in this chapter, the solution set S for a system of linear equations may be a null set, a finite set, or an infinite set.* There are quite a few solution procedures which may be used in solving systems of equations. In this chapter, we concentrate on two different procedures. Other procedures will be presented in Chap. 9. We begin our discussion in this chapter with the simplest systems, two equa. tions and two variables. Our discussions will emphasize both the graphical and algebraic aspects of each situation. These procedures will be extended later in the chapter to acquaint us with how larger systems of equations are handled. We will also discuss a variety of applications of systems of equations Graphical Analy: From Chap. 2 we know that a linear equation involving two variables graphs as a straight line. Thus a (2X 2) system of linear equations is represented by two straight ines in two dimensions. In solving for the values of the two variables which satisfy both equations, we are graphically trying to determine whether the two lines have any points in common. For (2 X 2) systems of equations three different types of solution sets might exist. Figure 3.1 illustrates the three possibilities, In Fig. 3.la, the two lines inter sect. The coordinates of the point of intersection (2, y,) represent the solution for the system of equations, ie., the pair of values for x and y which satisfy both equations. When there is just one pair of values for the variables which satisfy the system of equations, the system is said to have a unique solution. In Fig. 3.16, the two lines are parallel to each other. You should remember from Chap. 2 that parallel lines have the same slope; and provided that they have different y intercepts, the lines have no points in common. If a (2 X 2) aystem of, Figure 3.1. Solution set possibilities fora (2 X 2) system of equations * A ull at contains no elements (itis empty), finite set consi ‘an infinite set consists ofan infinite number of elements88 ee! CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ‘equations has these characteristics, the system is said to have no solution. That ‘there are no values for the variables which satisfy both equations. The equations: such a system are said to be inconsistent. ‘The final possibility for a (2 X 2) system is illustrated in Fig. 3.1c, In this case poth equations graph as the same line, and they are considered to be equivalent equations. An infinite number of points are common to the two lines, and the system is said to have infinitely many solutions. Being represented by the same line implies that both lines have the same slope and the same y intercept. Two equations can look very different from each other and still be equivalent to one another. For example, the two equations —6r + 12y and Lix- gy= 6 are equivalent, Verify that the slope and the y intercept are the same for both. Another way of summarizing the three cases illustrated in Fig. 3.1 is as follows, SLOPE-INTERCEPT RELATIONSHIPS Given a (2 X 2) system of linear equations (in slope-intercept form), ym mx hy Gn y= mxt ky G2) ‘where m; and ms represent the respective slopes of the two lines and Ay and. kg represent the respective y intercepts. 1. There isa unique solution to the system if m,% ms IL There is no solution fo the system if m, = mg but ky # ky. IIL There are infinitely many solutions ifm = m, and ky = ky Graphical Solutions Graphical solution approaches are possible for two-variable systems of equations, However, you must be accurate in your graphics. The following example illustrates a graphical solution. Graphically determine the solution to the system of equations 2x +4y=20 (3.3) at y 0 (3.4) ‘The x and y intercepts are, respectively, (10, 0) and (0, 6) for Bq. (3.3). Similarly, the intercepts for Eq. (3.4) are (¥, 0) and (0, 10). When these are plotted in Fig. 3.2 and con: nected, the two lines appear to cross at (2, 4). A problem with graphical solutions is that it may be difficult to read the precise coordi nates of the points of intersection. This is especially true when the coordinates are not Figure 32Figure 3.2 3.1 TWO-VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF i ' F i | integers. This is why algebraic solution procedures are preferred from the standpoint of identifying exact solutions. However, whether you use graphical or algebraic procedures, there is always a check on your answer: Substitute your answer into the original equations to cae swhether they are satisfied by the values. Substituting x = 2and y~ 4 into Eqs. (3.3) and (3.4), we get 2) + 48) 20= 20 a2) + (4) =10 or 10=10 ‘Therefore our solution is correct. Q ‘The Elimination Procedure One popular solution method for two- and three-variable systems is the elimina tion procedure. Given a (2 X 2) system of equations, the two equations, or multi ples of the two equations, are added so as to eliminate one of the two variables. The Fesultant equation is stated in terms of the remaining variable. This equation can be solved for the remaining variable, the value of which can be substituted back into one of the original equations to solve for the value of the eliminated variable. The solution process is demonstrated in the following example, after which the proce- dure will be formalized.90 wer) CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Solve the system of equations in Example 1 SOLUTION The original system was 2x4 4y = 20 G3) ar+ y=10 4) ‘The objective of the elimination procedure is to eliminate one ofthe two variables by adding (multiples of the equations. If we multiply Ea, (3.4) by ~4 and add the resulting equation [Bq, (3.4a)] to Bq. (34), we get Eq. (2.5): 2t4y= 20 3.3) H4-Bg (QM) —122—4y——40 (8.40) 102 (3.5) Equation (3.5) contains the variable x only and can be solved for the value x = 2. Substitut ing this value for x into one of the original equations —let’s select Eq. (3.3) —we find that 2(2) + 4y=20 416 or yo 4 ‘Therefore the unique solution to the system, as we determined graphically, is x 4 PRACTICE EXERCISE Verify that the solution is exactly the same if xis selected for elimination. To eliminate x, multiply Eqs. (3.3) and (3.4) by ~3 and 2, respectively ‘The elimination proce equations, eneralized as follows for a (2 X 2) system of ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (2 X 2) SYSTEMS ] I. Select a variable to eliminate. Hl Multiply (if necessary) the equations by constants so that the coefi- cients on the selected variable are the negatives of one another in the ‘two equations, and add the two resulting equations. IIL (A) [adding the equations results in a new equation having one variable, there is a unique solution fo the system. Solve for the3.1 TWO-VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS value of the remaining variable, and substitute this value back into one of the original equations to determine the value of the variable that was originally eliminated. {B) If adding the equations results in the identity 0~ 0, the two original equations are equivalent fo each other and there are infinitely many solutions fo the system. (©) Hadding the equations results in a false statement, say, 0= 5, the equations are inconsistent and there is no solution. See Fig. 3.3. a eS i are ite Figure 3.3. Elimination procedure for (2 X 2) systems (infinitely Many Solutions) Solve the following system of equations by the elimination, DROIT (intnitly Many Sotations) r rm fea i SOLUTION Choosing x as a variable to eliminate, Eq. (3.6) is multiplied by 5 and added to Ea. (3. (5+ Ea. (3 16r—10y= 30 (8.62) + 10y = —30 en o= 0 When Eqs. (2.6a) and (5.7) are added, both variables are eliminated on the left side of the equation and we are left with the identity 0 — 0. From step IIB of the solution procedure we Conclude that the two equations are equivalent and there are infinitely many solutions. Q92 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS In order to specify sample members of the solution set, we could arbitrary value for either x or y and substitute this value into one of the original equations, solving for the corresponding value of the other variable. For example, verify that if we let y = 3, substitution of this value into either Eq. (3.6) or (3.7) will result in the corresponding value x= 4. Thus, one member of the solution set is (4, 3). A more general way of specifying the solution set is to solve either of the original equations for one of the variables. The result is an equation which states the value of one variable in terms of the value of the second variable. To illustrate, if Eq, (3.6) is solved for x, the result is Bx or x=bt2 ‘Therefore, one way of generalizing the solution set is y arbitrary Very simply, this notation states that y may be assigned any real value and the corresponding value for xis obtained by substitution into the equation x = 3y + 2. Alternatively, the solution set might be generalized by solving either of the original equations for y. Verify that the resulting generalization would have the form x arbitrary yo-3 yn Set) Solve the following system of equations by the elimination procedure, 6e— 12y= 24 (3.8) -lsx+ sy= 9 3.9) SOLUTION “Maltiplying Bq. (8.9) by 4 and adding this multiple to Eq, (3.8) yields 6r— y= 24 3.8) [4-Eq. 9) —6r+129=36 (8.90) Or+ oy=60 or o=60 Sinco 0 = 60 isa false statement, there is no solution to the system of equations.3.1 TWO-VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS PRACTICE EXERCISE Rewrite Eqs. (3.8) and (3.9) in slope-intercept form and confirm that they have the same slope but different y intercepts. (m X 2) Systems, m> 2 When there are more than two equations (m > 2) involving two variables, each equation still graphs as a line in two dimensions. For example, Fig. 3.4 illustrates two (3 X 2) systems. In Fig. $.4a the three lines all intersect at the same point, and there is a unique solution, In Fig. 9.4b there are points which are common to different pairs of lines, but there is no point common to all three, which means that there is no solution. A possible, but unlikely, situation is that the m equations are all equivalent to one another and all graph as the same line ‘The solution procedure is relatively simple for these systems. Figure 3.4 Solution possibilities for (3 % 2) systems. SOLUTION PROCEDURE FOR (m X 2) SYSTEMS, m > 2 I. Select any two of the m equations and solve simultaneously. IL (A) Ifin step I there is a unique solution, substitute the values found into the remaining equations in the system. Ifall remaining equa- tions are satisfied by these values, they represent a unique solu- tion. If the values fail to satisfy any of the remaining equations, there is no solution to the system. (B) If in step I there is no solution, there is no solution for the system. (C) If in step I there are infinitely many solutions, two different equa- tions should be selected and step I should be repeated. See Fig. 3.5. |94 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ) fom 2h ear moot ieee |. smogutore Im 2) stom Choowe 2 va ‘pest procs Figure 3.5. Elimination procedure for (m X 2) systems, m> 2. Determine the solution set for the following system of equations: x+y= 8 (3.10) 22—ay 11) mir +ey= 8 (3.12) rhys (3.13) SOLUTION ‘The (2 X 2) system consisting of Eqs. (8.10) and (3.11) is solved by multiplying Ea. (8.10) by =2 and adding it to Eq. (3.14), or [-2-Eg. (G10) —22—-4y= 16 Substituting back into Eq, (3.10) yields x+20) ‘The solution (2, 8) is tested by substituting into Bq. (9.12). Si ice 5(2) + 63) = 8 or 8=8 Figure 3.6 No solution for (4X 2) system.‘TWO.VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS the point (2, 3) satisfies the first three equations. Substituting into Eq, (9.18) gives 24347 or 547 Since (2, 3) does not satisfy Eq, (8.13), there is no unique solution to the system of equations. Figure 26 illustrates the situation. Note that the lines representing Eas. (3.10), oct at the point (2, 3); however (2, 3) does not le on the line representing Eq. (3.13). Figare 3.6 Nosolution for for Ea. 10) 13.12 | POINT FOR In the solution procedure for (m X 2) systems, m > 2, justify from a graphical THOUGHT & standpoint why (a) the signal of no solution for the selected equations in step TB DISCUSSION would lead us to conclude that there is no solution to the entire system and (b) why the signal ofan infinite numberof solutions for the selected equations in step IIC is inconclusive regarding the solution set, requiring selection of a different pair of equations in step 1 Section 3.1 Follow-up Exercises In Exercises 1-10, determine the nature of the solution set—unique, infinite, or no olution —by comparing the slope and y coordinates of the y intercepts for the lines repre senting the two equations.96 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 2 2x —9y— 108 4 Br+6y= 48 YA Sx— By 8 6 4:~2y=36 Art 12y——24 7 a y+2. 8 Sr +3y——6 -s 210 Br +ay—0 In Exercises 11-20, solve graphically and check your answer algebraically. Gaussian el transformati (2X 2) syste Solve each of the following systems. For any system having infinitely many solutions, specify @ generalized form of the solution, 21 4r—-ay= ~22 28 ~2e4 ax+ 25 2— y= 9 26 z+3y 27 12r—dy | nat y 29 x- y=2 30 2+ yar k—5y=6 B1 ort y= 3 32 ax y xy 22+ by = 38 z- y= 1 34 20 22 24 6: 28 2—5y= 1 4r+3y=—1Figure 3.7 3.2 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD 3.2 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD In this section we discuss the gaussian elimination procedure. Although it may appear to be a bit tedious compared with the elimination procedure, it is generaliz- able to solve systems of any size. In addition, the computational aspects of this procedure are somewhat standardized, making for easy programming and com puter implementation The General Idea The gaussian elimination method begins with the original system of equations and transforms it, using row operations, into an equivalent system from which the solution may be read directly. Remember that an equivalent system is one which hhas the same solution set as the original system. Figure 3.7 shows the transformation —iee., change in form —which is desired in solving a (2 X 2) tem. In contrast to the elimination procedure discussed in the last section, the transformed system still has dimensions of 2 X 2. The row operations, however, have transformed the coefficients on the variables so that only one variable re- mains in each equation; and the value of that variable (v, or v,in Fig. 3.7) is given by the right side of the equation. Note the coefficients on each variable in the “trans formed system.” The following row operations are all that are needed in the gaussian elimina- tion procedure. Given an original system of equations, the application of these operations results in an equivalent system of equations. BASIC ROW OPERATIONS a 1 Both sides of an equation may be multiplied by a nonzero constant, I Nonzero multiples of one equation may be added to another equation, IIL The order of equations may be interchanged.98 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Let’s work a simple example and then generalize and streamline the procedure. Solve the following system of equations by the gaussian elimination method: 2e—y=-7 (14) xt ye 4 (3.15) SOLUTION According to Fig, 8.7, we want to transform the given system to have the form Aajt oy = v, x ZA v yao On the left-hand side ofthe transformed equations the nonzero variable coefficients appear in a diagonal pattern from the upper let to the lower right. The objective of the gaussian climination method is to transform the original system into this diagonal form. Using row ‘operation I, we can multiply Fa, (3.14) by } and the coefficient on the variable x becomes The resulting equivalent system of equations is Bq. 14)) > (3.140) rtyn 4 (3.15) ‘The coefficient of x can be transformed to zero in Eq. (3.15) by applying row operation Il. If Eq, (3-14a) is multiplied by —1 and added to Eq, (3.15), the resulting equivalent system is (8.140) [1+ Bq. (da) + Bq. (3.15) Ox+ty= (3.154) Using row operation I, we can multiply Eq, (3.15a) by +4. The coefficient on y becoms this equation: Lin (3.142) lf + Bq. (8.15a)] > or+@y= 3 (8.156) Finally, the coefficient of y can be transformed to zero in Eq, (3.14a) by applying row operation II. If Eq. (3.156) is multiplied by # and added to Bq, (3.14a), the transformed (3.14) 3 (3.158) }- Eq. (8.156) +Eq, (3.140) 1x+@ ort 1 ‘There is reason for carrying these zero coefficients through the transformation. You will see why very shortly. However, when these zero terms are dropped from Eqs. (3.14b) and '.15b), the final system has the diagonal form3.2 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD which gives the solution to the system NOTE — To create a coefficient of 1 on xin Eq, (3.14), we could have begun the solution process by interchanging Eqs. (3.14) and (3.15) [rule Ill]. Remember that chang. ing the order of equations has no impact on the solution set. ‘The Method ‘The general idea of the gaussian elimination method is to transform an original system of equations into diagonal form by repeatedly applying the three basic row operations. This procedure can be streamlined if we use a type of shorthand nota tion to represent the system of equations. The approach eliminates the variables and represents a system of equations by using the variable coefficients and right side constants only. For example, the system of equations would be written as ‘The vertical line is used to separate the left and right sides of the equations. Each column to the left of the vertical line contains all the coefficients for one of the variables in the system. For the general (2 X 2) system portrayed in Fig. 3.7, the gaussian transforma- tion would appear as in Fig. 3.8. The primary objective is to change the array of (a, »,) 10 coeticients (@ Pinto the form (1°). although there are variations onthe gaussian elimination method, and for any given problem on which you may be tempted to try a shortcut, the following procedure will always work. Figure 3.8 Coeficient transformation (2 % 2) system,CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OP LINEAR EQUATIONS A GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (2 X 2) SYSTEM: 1 Given the (2% 2) system of equations, create an array which contains | the variable coefficients and the right-side constants as shown below: | a, bf a by ey | It Transform the coeficients into diagonal form one column at a time be | ginning with column 1. First( 9) should be transformed into ( 1 a, 0, | and then 8) should be transformed into (°). The process of trans forming a column into the desired form is sometimes referred to as piv- | oting. (A) In any column transformation, fist create the element which equals 1. This is accomplished by multiplying the row (equation) in which the 1 is desired by the reciprocal of the coefficient currently in that position. If the original element in this position equals zero, first apply row operation IIl and interchange rows to create a nonzero element in this position. Then, multiply the row by the reciprocal of the coefficient. (B) Create the zero in the column by multiplying the row found in step IIA by the negative of the value currently in the position where the 0 is desired. Add this multiple to the row in which the | is desired. Let’ illustrate step IIB, since it tends to be confusing. Assume in the following 1 6{10 a Os] 12 @) we desire a zero where th€)5 appears in column 1. We can create the zero by multiplying row 1 by the negative df , or —5, and adding this multiple of row 1 to row 2, or 5a] 12 ro Step IB32 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD ‘The following examples illustrate the entire procedure, Solve the following system by the gaussian elimination method, 5+ 2y= 25 4e— Ty=—26 SOLUTION Let's rewrite the system without the variables. 5 2] 2% RK, 4 -1|-26 Ry Note the labeling of rows 1 and 2by R, and R,. This wll be convenient for summarizing the row operations used in the transformation process, A © is created in column 1 by multiplying row 1 by . The new (equivalent) system is Equivalent system 1 Ry (Step 1a) A @is created in row 2 of column 1 by multiplying row 1 ofthe new system (R,,) by —4and ‘adding this row multiple to row 2. The new system is Equivalent system 2 4R,,+ Ry (Step 1B) Moving tothe second column, a (I) is created in row 2 by multiplying that row by —. The resulting system is Equivalent system 3 1 4 |B Ru =—ARa (Step 1A) Finally, a is created in the second column of row 1 by multiplying the latest (Ry) by —4 ‘and adding this to row 1, or Equivalent system 4 Ry =A t Rye (Step 1B) Ry ‘The original system has been rewritten in the equivelent diagonal form102 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 3 Qa f Er a NOTE — Remember that at any stage in the gaussian elimination process we have a system of equations which is equivalent to the original system. By this, we mean that the modified system of equations has the same solution set as the original system. The tonsted gta a 3.9 3 Figure 3.9 Equivalent systems for equations using gaussian elimination method. (Infinitely Many Solutions) In Example 3 we found that the system ae- y= 6 = 18x + 10y=-30weasystem anthat the al system, GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD 103 had infinitely many solutions. Let's see how this is discovered when using the gaussian climination method, First, we rewrite the system as an array 6 |-30 8, is created in column 1 by multiplying row 1 by (Step 1A) A @is created in row 2 of column 1 by multiplying the new row 1 by 15 and adding this iple to row 2. The resulting system is Ry Ry, = 15Ry, +R (Step IB) ‘Moving to column 2, we wish to create a (D)in row 2. Note that the current entry is zero. If we interchange rows 1 and 2 to create a nonzero entry in this position, we will undo what we achieved in column 1. We cannot achieve complete diagonelization. If we rewaite this equivalent system with the variables included, we g Or+0y=0 Since any ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers satisfies the second equation, the first equation the only restriction on the solution set. The original two-equation system has meen reduced to an equivalent system containing one equation. The fact that the second ‘equation has been transformed into the identity 0 = O is the signal that there are infinitely many solutions to the original aystem. As in Example 3, we can solve for x in the first ‘and specify the solution set as ind that the system 1ay= 24 had no solution. U mu OR, R104 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS A Dis created in column 1 by multiplying row 1 by & @ -2]4 2k, (Step 1A) 15 3]9 A @ is created in row 2 of column 1 by multiplying the new row 1 by 1.5 and adding this multiple to row 2. Ry, = 15), + (Step 1B) ‘As with Example 8, we can go no further in diagonalizing this system. In fact, row 2 in this equivalent system represents a contradiction: or +oy= 15 or o=15 This is the same signal as with the elimination procedure discussed earlier. This system is inconsistent, having no solution Q Section 3.2 Follow-up Exercises Determine the solution sets for each of the following systems of equations using the gaussian climination method. 1 ar-2y= 7 2 2t+4y——16 2+ 4y r-2y= 16 =2x+5y= 40 4 br—2y=—12 ax—2y——5 Set y= 7 Bax+ y= 4 6 6r~ay= 14 5x—10y=-20 32+ 4y=—7 B x4 deni 5r—l0y= 6 10 4x- y= 1 e+ 5y=—9 12 &-6y= 24 —4z+3y=10 14 5r—2y= 19 ztay=—3 16 2s—4y= 8 z+2y—10 3333. VARIABLE SYSTEMS, n= 3 3.3 n-VARIABLE SYSTEMS, » = 3 Graphical Analysis for Three-Variable Systems With three variables each linear equation graphs as aplane in three dimensions. In wrivinga system of three-variable equations, we are looking for any points common aoe eevee planes. Lets first consider (2 X 3) systems, or those represented ty two planes. For (2. 3) systems there cannot be a unique solution, There iso een which two planes ean intersect at only one point. Think about itt The we van wets for (2 % 8) systems contain either no elements (110 solution) or infinitely Sion vetions, Figure 3.10 illustrates different possibilities for these types of systems. Figure 3.10 Possible solution ses for (2 X 3) systems. For (mX 3) systems, where m 2 3, itis possible to have a unique solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions. Figure 3.11 illustrates different solution Pos sibilities for (3 X 8) systems. Figure 3:11 Possible solution sets for (@ X) systems.106 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Gaussian Elimination Procedure for (3 X 3) Systems ‘The gaussian elimination method for (3 X 3) systems of equations attempts to transform the system into diagonal form as shown in Fig. 3.12. The transformation should occur column by column moving from left to right. The following example illustrates the procedure. 4 Figure 3.12 Coefficient transformation 8 ocaioatsynem for 3 3) system, 80% ty Transformed system (Unique Solution) Determine the solution or the following system of equations Pe! xt at xo 6 2x,- m+ Sx 4 fx, +52, — 10x, = 13 SOLUTION For this example, the successive transformations will simply be listed with the correspond. ing row operations indicated to the right of each row. Ry = —2R, +R, (Step 1B) Ry AR, + Ry (Step 11B) R, R= ¥en (Step 114) Ray + R, (Step IB)33. mVARIABLE SYSTEMS, n=3 (Step HB) (Step ITA) (Step 1B) Ry | Ry=— $y. + Ry (Step 1B) Ra ° The system has a unique solution when x; = 2, x, 8, and x, = 1 (N6 Solution) Determine the solution set for the following system of equations. ere 22,4 2 t3m=12 y+ 2ey + Bey = 10 Gr, — 3x, — 914 = 24 SOLUTION As with the last example, the successive transformations are listed with the corresponding row operations indicated to the right of each row. -2 JR 10 R a R 6 4 (Step ITA) 10 m -6 16 (Step IIB) “ -6 16 60 Rs—6Rs, (Step IB) At this stage, row 3 in the transformed system has the form Or, + Oxy + 0x = 60108 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS [No ordered triple of real numbers will satisfy this equation. Ths fale statement, or con diction, signals that there is no solution set for the original system of equations PRACTICE EXERCISE In this example, we did not transform the system as far as we could have. We stopped because of the false statement observed in row 3. Continue the trans: formation process as far as you can and verify that the system cannot be diag. onalized completely (Infinitely Many Solutions) Determine the solution sot for the system of equations nt at y= 0 2-3, + 29-5 Gr, — 4, + 42,= 30 SOLUTION Notice with this example that we are combining some of e row operations in the transfor. ‘ation process in order to conserve on space. We figure that you are starting to get the knack of it by now. Ry (Step ITA unnecessary) R, Ry R, Ry = Ry—2R, (Step 1B) Ry,= Ry 6) (Step IB) =- Ra, (Step 1A) Ras (Step 1B) = Ry, + 10Ry, (Step 1B) At this stage, it becomes impossible to continue the diagonalization process. We cannot create a 1 in column 8 without changing the frst two columns. The transformed row 3 (Rs) represents the equation109 33. VARIABLE SYSTEMS, 1 which is satisfied by all ordered triples (x,, x2, x3)- The only restrictions placed on the solution are those represented within the frst two rows (R,,and Ry). The fact that the third row has been transformed into the identity 0= 0 signals that there are infinitely many tions to the original system, SPECIFYING SOLUTIONS WITH INCOMPLETE DIAGONALIZATION Gaussian elimination methods should be applied from left to right to put as. many columns as possible in proper form. When complete diagonalization ‘cannot be achieved (and there is no signal indicating no solution), the solu- tion set can be specified as follows: 1 Por any columns not in proper form, the corresponding variables may ‘assume any (arbitrary) values. 2. For those columns in proper form, the values of the corresponding vari ‘ables can be expressed in terms of the variables in step 1. Inthis example, column 3 cannot be transformed into proper form. Therefore, x, can be assigned any arbitrary value and the values of x, and x, stated in terms of that value. The system of equations corresponding to the final gaussian transformation is +i I we solve these two equations for xo On k, Since the values of x, and x, depend on the value of x, generalized way of specifying the solution to the original system of equations 1, arbitrary sollte f nm O- ts For example, one solution is (~5, 5, 20) By letting =, = 1—4(20) u-16110 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Fewer than Three Equations In the section on graphical analysis we concluded that a (2 3) system has either no solution or infinitely many solutions, The following examples illustrate solution identification using the gaussian elimination method. (No Solution) Determine the solution set fort 4x, +6, +2%= 8 he system of equations 2x, —3y— ye d SOLUTION Row 2 in the transformed system is a false statement, No ordered triple will sat equation i | ‘This signals that there iano solution tothe original system of equations | PRET (lnfinitely Many Solutions) Determine th solution set for the system SOLUTION 4-2)6 8, 2 alo Rk D-2 -1[3 R=, =I slo oR, 1-2-1138 Ry © o 2|2 R-R With column 1 in appropriate disgonal form, it is impossible to transform column 2 te proper form without disturbing column 1. Therefore, we move to column 3 and attempt to transform to proper diagonal form.3.3 mVARIABLE SYSTEMS, n= 3 shift Re Dls FR Ole k 116 Re This is as far as we can goin diagonalizing. With incomplete diagonalization (and no signal of no solution for the aystem), we conclude that there are infinitely many solutions. Since we were unable to transform column 2 to the proper diagonal form, the solution set ean be generalized from Ry, and Ras as jolutions) Determine the solution set for the system 10r, + 25x, — 15x)= 35 2x, — Bay Oxy SOLUTION 0 Ra ‘This is as far as we can go. Without a signal of no solution, we conclude that there are infinitely many solutions. Because columns 2 and 3 cannot be put into proper form, x, and 3 tan be assigned arbitrary values and the value of z, expressed in terms of these two. The solution set can be generalized as Q n-Variable Systems, n > 3 With more than three variables (n > 3), the graphical frame of reference disap: pears, However, the gaussian elimination procedure is a valid solution method for112 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Section 3.3 Follow-up Exercises ne the solution set for each of the following systems of equations. For any system eralized form of the solution. Detern having infinitely many solutions, specify a ge 10 uu 16 x, +10, — 5x, = 50 17 8r,— 4x, + 16x, = 50 18, Qe, + my 4x, 19 3x,- %+ 2-3 20 4x, ~82,—42,= 10 5 X 8) aystem of equations, (6) a (48) 1x, + 5x,— 10x, 21 What solution set possibilities exist fo system, (c) a (25 X 25) system, (d) a ( ) system, and (e) a (4,000 X 1,000) sys-3.4 SELECTED APPLICATIONS 113 What solution set possibilities exist for (a) a equations, (6) a 2,500 X 1,000) system, (c) a (600 X 30) ayatem, (d) a (450 X 1,200) system, and (e) « 3.4 SELECTED APPLICATIONS DRURY (Emersency Airlift; Motivating Scenario) ‘The motivating scenario at the beginning of this chapter discussed the emergency airlift of supplies to « South American city which had experienced an earthquake, Table 3.1 indicates the four items being considered for the first airplane to be sent to the city as well as the volume, weight, and cost per container of each iten Volume per Weight per Cost per Item Container, ft Container, b____Container, $ Blood 50 1,000 Medical supply kits 0 ‘300 Food 60 400 Water 70 20 US te tire td fo en Recall from Example 22 (Chap. 2) that the volume capacity of the plane is 6,000 cubi feet. The weight capacity is 40,000 pounds. In addition, the amount of money available for the purchase of supplies totals $150,000. Initial reports indicate that the most needed item ie water. To respond to this need, Red Cross officials have specified that the number of containers of water shipped should be twice the combined number shipped of blood and medical supply kits. Red Cross officials want to determine if there is some combin four items which w plane toits weight and volume caper $150,000, and satisfy the requirement regarding the shipment of water SOLUTION It number of containers of blood x, number of containers of medical supply kits 1%, number of containers of food 4 number of containers the system of equations which represents the requirements in this problem 20r,+ 30+ 8% + 6x,=6,000 (volume) 150z, + 1002, + 60x, + 70x,= 40,000 (weight) 1,000x, + 300r, + 400%, + 2002, = 150,000 (funds)114 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OP LINEAR EQUATIONS ‘Before solving this (4 X 4) system of equations, we are going to make the following changes: 1_The water requirement equation is rewritten with x, and x, brought to the left side of the equation 2 The rearranged water equation will be positioned as the frst of the four equations. ‘The resulting system of equations, written in array form, is 2-2 0 1 ° 2 30 8 6/ 6000 150 100 60 70} 40,000 1,000 300 400. 200 | 150,000 ‘To reduce the magnitude of some ofthe numbers, the third and fourth equations are divided by 10 and 100, respectively, to yield iting sip saci g 0 2% 30 8 6,000 1% 0 6 4,000 10 3 4 500 1 1 0 ~05 ° 0 10 8 1€} 6000 0-5 6 145] 4,000 0-7 4 7 1500 Be HP" O05: ° 0 1 08 16] 600 0-5 6 145] 4,000 0-7 4 7] 1,500 1 0 -08 -21| —600 0 1 08 18] 600 0 0 10 225] 7,000 0 0 96 182} 5,7 1 0 -08 =2.1 | -600 0 1 08 16| 600 0 0 1 295! 700 © 0 96 182] 5,700 1 0 0 -03| ~40 0 1 0-02} 40 © 0 1 235] 700 0 0 0 ~34}~1,020 1 0 0 ~03) ~40 o 1 0-02] 40 0 0 1 235] 700 0 Vesaos=1| a0 Ra R,—20R,, R-15R,, =R,-10R,, Re Ry +08R,, = Ry 08Ry, Ru 96Rs,3.4 SELECTED APPLICATIONS Ry Rut 03Ry R= Ry + 02Ry ‘The solution to the system of equations is x, an 5 300. The ‘mathematical recommendation is that Red Cross officials place 50 containers of blood, 100 containers of medical supply kits, 25 containers of food, and 300 containers of water on the first plane a Product Mix Problem A variety of applications are concerned with determining the quantities of different products which satisfy specific requirements. In the following example we are interested in determining the quantities of three products which will fully utilize available production capacity ‘A c6fmpany produces three products, each of which must be processed through three differ. tent departments. Table 3.2 summarizes the hours required per unit of each product in each department. In addition, the weekly capacities are stated for each department in terms of ‘work-hours available, What is desired isto determine whether there are any combinations of the three products which would exhaust the weekly capacities of the three departments. Hours Available Department 3. _perWeek A 200 B 1,150 c 3 1400 SOLUTION If we let x, = number of units produced per week of product, the conditions tobe satisfied are expressed by the following system of equatidns. 2x, +3.5%,+3x= 1,200 (department A) 3m +25%,+2x,— 1,150 (department B) 4x, + 3x, +2x,=1400 (department C) PRACTICE EXERCISE Verify that by solving these equations simultaneously, the solution set con sists of one solution, which is x; = 200, x= 100, and x = 150, or (200, 100, 150). Interpret the solution set for the production supervisor of this116 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Blending Model Some applications involve the mixing of ingredients or components to form a final blend having specific characteristics. Examples include the blending of gasoline and other petroleum produets, the blending of coffee beans, and the blending of whiskeys. Very often the blending requirements and relationships are defined by linear equations or linear inequalities. The following example illustrates a simple application. A coffee manufacturer is interested in blending three different types of coffee beans into a final coffee blend, The three component beans cost the manufacturer $1.20, $1.60, and $1.40 per pound, respectively. The manufacturer wants to blend a batch of 40,000 pounds of coffee ‘and has a coffee-purchasing budget of $57,600. In blending the coffee, one restriction is that the amount used of component 2 should be twice that of component 1 (the brewmaster believes this to be critical in avoiding a bitter favor) "The objective isto determine whether there is a combination of the three components which will lead to a final blend (1) consisting of 40,000 pounds, (2) costing $57,600, and (3) satisfying the blending restriction on components 1 and 2 If equals the number of pounds of component j used in the final blend, Bq, (3.16) specifies that the total blend should weigh 40,000 pounds: x, +x + m= 40,000 (3.18) Equation (3.17) specifies that the total cost of the three components should equal $57,600: 1.20, + 1.60%, + 1.40% = 67,600 17 ‘The recipe restriction is stated as 2x or alternatively (3.18) Qa PRACTICE EXERCISE Verify that when Eqs. (3.16)~(3.18) are solved simultaneously, the solution is x; = 8,000, x% = 16,000, and x5 = 16,000. Interpret this solution for the brewmaster Portfolio Model, A portfolio of stocks is the set of stocks owned by an investor. In selectin, portfolio for a particular investor, consideration is often given to such factors asthe amount of money to be invested, the attitude the investor has about risk (is he or she a risk taker?), and whether the investor is interested in long-term growth or short-run return. This type of problem is similar to the product mix example. The products are the stocks or securities available for investment.34. SELECTED APPLICATIONS 117 When people invest money, there are professionals, such as stockbrokers, who may be consulted for advice about the portfolio which best meets an investor's needs. Suppose that an investor has consulted with a local investment expert. After talking with the client, the investment expert determines that the client is interested in a portfolio which will have the following attributes: (1) total value of the portfolio at the time of purchase is $60,000, (2) expected annual growth in market value equals 12 percent, and (3) average risk factor is 10 percent. Three investment alternatives have been identified with relative growth and risk rates as shown in Table 3.3. EZ Expected Annwal Growth Expected Investment in Market Value Risk 1 16% 12% 2 8 9 3 2 8 ‘To determine the portfolio, let's define x,as the number of dollar invested in investment J. The first attribute can be stated in equation form as tnt m= 50,000 (3.19) Attribute (2) is a little more difficult to formulate. Let’s precede the formulation by looking, ata simple example. Suppose that you put $100 in a bank and it earns interest of 6 percent per year. Also suppose you put $200 ina certificate of deposit which earns interest at arate of 8 percent per year. To determine the average percent return on your $300 investment, we rust compute total interest and divide by the original investment, or dollars of interest earned Average percent return = Sclats of terest carne For this example, the average annual peqcent return is computed as 0.08(100) + 0.08(200) Sf hid 100+ 200, 3007.78 ute the average percent growth in our example, we must determine the annual interest (in dollars) f ment, sum these, and divide by the total dollars invested, Average percent Since Eq. (3.19) specifies that x, + x, + x= 50,000 and since the investor desires an aver- age percent growth of 12 percent, we can rewrite the equation as 0.16; + 0.0825 + 0.12: 50,000118 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS or, multiplying both sides of the equation by 50,000, we get = 0.16, + 0.08x, + 0.12, = 6,000 (3.20) ‘This equation states thatthe total annual increase in market value forthe three in must equal $6,000 (or 12 percent of $50,000). ‘The weighted risk condition is determined in exactly the same manner. To calculate average risk per dollar invested, each dollar must be multiplied by the rsk factor associated with the investment ofthat dollar. These must be summed for all different inves divided by the total investment. This relationship is generalized by the equation, ments and sum of weighted risks forall investments Average risk = 7 tal dollars invested This equation can be stated in our example as Ex 0.12%, + 0.09% + 0.085 _ 5 16 50,000 or 0.12, + 0.00%, + 0.0835 = 5,000 (3.21) PRACTICE EXERCISE Verify that when Eqs. (3.19) 20,000, and x 21) are solved simultaneously, x, = 20,000, 10,000. Interpret this solution for the investor. Section 3.4 Follow-Up Exercises PERCE ctetinectProtcrt rrema Promas 4 3 2 5 B 4 1 3 C 2 4 1 2 A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through three different departments, Table 3.5 summarizes the hours required per unit of each product in each department. Monthly Iabor-hour capacities for the three departments are 1,600, 800, and 1,800 hours, respectively. Determine whether there is a combination of the three products which could be produced monthly to consume all of the labor-hours in each department.4 SELECTED APPLICATIONS Department Product! Product 2 Product 3 A 4 5 B 3 c 1 4 3. A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through one de partment. Table 3.6 summarizes the labor-hour and raw material requirements per unit of each product. Each month there are 1,500 labor-hours and 3,800 pounds of the raw material availabe. If combined monthly production for the three products should equal 500 units, determine whether there are any combinations of the three products which ‘would exhaust the monthly availabilities of labor and raw material and meet the produc tion goal of 500 units, bor-hours/anit Pounds of raw material/uni 4A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through one de partment. Table 3,7 summarizes the labor-hour and raw material requirements per unit ‘ofeach product. Each month there are 1,300 labor-hours and 4,700 pounds of raw material available. If combined monthly production forthe three products should equal 400 units, determine whether there are any combinations of the three products which would exhaust the monthly availabilities of labor and raw material and meet the production goal of 400, Labor-hours/anit Pounds of raw material/unit 5 Ablending processis to combine three components in such a way as to create a final blend ‘of 60,000 gallons, The three components cost $2.00, §1.50, and $1.25 per gallon, respec tively. Total cost of the components should equal $90,000. Another requirement in the blending is that the nuaber of gal dof component 1 should be twice the amount used of component 3, Determine whether there is a combination of the three components which will lead to a final blend of 60,000 gallons costing $90,000 and satisfying the blending restrictions. An investor has $500,000 to spend. Three investments are being considered, each having an expected annual interest rate, The interest rates are 15, 10, and 18 percent, respec tively. The investor's goal is an average return of 15 percent in the three investments. Because of the high return on investment alternative 3, the investor wants the amount in this alternative to equal 40 percent ofthe total investment. Determine whether there isa meaningful investment strategy which will satisfy these requirements120 CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 7 Diet Mix Problems A dietitian is planning the menu for the evening meal ata univer- sity dining hall. Three main items, each having different nutritional content, will be served. The goa is that the nutritional content of the meal meet the minimum daily levels for three different vitamins. Table 3.8 summarizes the vitamin content per ounce ofeach food. In addition, the minimum daily requirements (MDRs) of the three vitamins are indicated. Determine the number of ounces of each food to be included in the meal such that minimum daily requirements levels are met for the three vitamins. ‘mg/oz Vitamin MDR —_Food1 Food? ‘Food 1 29 5 3 2 2 20 t 1 3 3 L 5 2 8 Bacteria Culture A bacteria culture contains three types of bacteria, Each type re quires certain amounts of carbon, phosphate, and nitrogen to survive. The daly require ‘ments are shown in Table 3.9. Each day the culture is supplied with 100,000 units of a carbon source, 135,000 units ofa phosphate source, and 230,000 units ofa nitrogen eo Determine how many units of each type of bacteria can be supported he culture. Bacteria Type Carbon, Units Day Phosphate, Units /Day _ Nitrogen, Units/Day A 2 4 3 B 3 1 5 ¢ 6 2 8 3.5 FINAL NOTES [As we conclude our discussion of systems of linear equations, a few observations should be offered: Systems of equations are very specific in their requirements. Indeed, there are many applications in which the relationships of interest are strict equalities, However, we will see in later chapters that many applications involve relationships which are less restrictive, being represented mathe ‘matically by inequalities. For example, we presented examples and exer cises in this chapter which stated conditions requiring that all labor hours in a set of departments or all raw material resources be consumed in producing a set of products. Similarly, we looked at applications which stated that the total budget in a program be expended. In many applica: tions, these relationships would be stated as inequalities. For resources in production process, the requirement might be stated as Quantity of resource used = quantity of resouADDITIONAL EXERCISES Similarly, a budget requirement might be stated as the inequality Amount spent = amount available In an actual application, there may be no solution capable of implementa- ‘The requirements of a system of equations may be too specific to be satisfied. This will be indicated by either (1) a no-solution signal by the solution method or (2) a solution which contains values which are not feasible in the application (e.g., x; = —500, where x, equals the number of units produced of a product) Fractional or decimal values for variables may be a problem in an applica tion. Although the solutions for many of the examples and exercises in this chapter conveniently involved integer values for the variables in a system of equations, a more likely outcome is the occurrence of fractional or decimal values, This could be a problem for the implementation of the mathematical result. If the decision variable represents something which is easily divisible, decimal results may not be a problem. For example, if a mathematical result of x, = 10.23 represents the number of gallons or pounds of some component to use in a blending process, the mathemati cal result may be easily implemented. On the other hand, if x, represe the recommended number of Boeing 747s that an airline should purchase, the mathematical result cannot be implemented. The mathematical re sult must be examined in light of the realities of the situation and a rec: ommendation made which is capable of implementation. KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS basic row operations 97 infinitely many solutions 88 dimensions 86 no solution 88 elimination procedure 89 solution set 86 equivalent equations 97 system of equations 86 gaussian elimination method 97 unique solution 87 inconsistent equations 88 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES Section 3.1 In Exercises 1-10, determine the nature of the solution set (unique, infinite, or no solution) by comparing the slopes and y intercepts of the corresponding lines, y= 0 22+ ay= -4 =-40 bx 15y=-20 18 4 2e+ y= —24 10 bx—4y= 36CHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS x-2y=0 6 16e—4y= 24 Bet 4y=0 ~4r+ y=10 8 3r—4y 6x + By 9 -12e+2y = —48 10 &—-3y= 60 @r- y= 20x + 8y=—100 Solve the following systems of equations. For any systems having infinitely many solution specify the generalized form of the solution. 11 4x = 2y=—40 Bet 4y= 25 13 rtay= 6 2x+ Ay = 14 15 2e~ gy=—1 10x + 15y= 5: Worty= 1 ar—ty= 18 -x+4y=-13 br y= 2B -x-4y= 8 19 ax+ y= 10 x7 yen? atsy= 16 x+2) xty= 4 4e—4y Section 3.2 Solve the following systems using the gaussian elimination method. 21 ~3x+2y— 22 Br+4y= 0 23° 5r- Sy=—2 25x + 15y = 10 25 ar-4y= 8 =22+2y=-6 27 15x—3y= 24 Set y=-8 29 6¢— y= 26 30 4x + 5y=—5 Det Sy— 2 6x—3y= 45 Bi—z+ Y=-4 32-2x+ y=—3 5x—10y= 20 12e—6y= 14 33 %k—4y= 1 34 8r—-3y= 49 at 2y=-8 2e+3y= 1 Section 3.3 Solve the following systems using gaussian elimination. 2x,- ty a2 36 yt nt+y= 1 x tdg—gs 5 ax, 2x =—1 1 dntae 6 xt8y—x= 1[ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 87 3y- mt24= 6 38-1 +2n+ = 10 yt mt ne 10 dt 4= 6 = 95, +84 — 6x, =—18 8x, — 6x — 85> 25 9924— 4+ 4= —5 402x + m— 3 2 xt2n— tint y= 1 ryt 4n+25— 41 x— 2+ Ba—4 42 34-25 2x, +6%4— 4 12 tm 38, +64 3x,= 10 6x, + 4x, ax, + 2x, x 44 4— at yt ont 2x, + 2x, + x 4a xt mt 2+ at 4x, 22, +32 #49 Suppose that a (3%) system of equations is represented by three planes which intersect along a common line. How many variables would be specified as arbitrary in the generalized solution? #50 Suppose in Exercise 49 the three planes are identical. How many variables would be specified as arbitrary? #51 Suppose that a (2X 4) system of equations can be thought of as being represented by idertioal hyperplanes in 4-space, How many variables would be specified as arbitrary in the generalized solution? #52 Suppose that a (m X n) system of equations can be thought of as being represented by im Miontical hyperplanes in n-space. How many variables would be specified as arbi trary in the generalized solution? Section 3.4 153 A coffee manufacturer is interested in blending three types of coffee beans into 10,000 ounds ofa final coffee blend, The three component beans cost $2.40, $2.60, and $2.00 Per pound, respectively. The manufacturer wants to blend the 10,000 pounds eta total erat of $21,000. In blending the coffee, one restriction is that the amounts used of SSeiponent beans 1 and 2be the same. Determine whether there isa combination ofthe {hree types of beens which will lead to a final blend of 10,000 pounds costing $21,000 land setisfying the blending restriction. Diet Mix A dietitian is planning a meal which will consist of three food types. In planning the mee, the dietitian wants to satisfy the minimum daily requirements TMDRs) for three vitamins, Table 3.10 summarizes the vitamin content per ounce of (ab food type, stated in milligrams (mg). Determine whether there are any combina Shane of the three foods which will satisfy the MDR for the three vitamins exactly. 655 A distiller wants to blend three component bourbons into a premium whiskey. Assum ingthat there is no losin the blending process, itis desired to blend 60,000 liters oftheCHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Vitamin Content/Ounce, mg Food Type Vitamin 1 Vitamin 2 Vitamin 3 1 4 2 1 6 8 6 3 3 2 MDR 34 56 whiskey. The only blending requirement is that the amount used of bourbon 1 should be twice that used of bourbon 3. In addition, $130,000 has been allocated to purchase the component bourbons. The three bourbons cost $2.60, $2.00, and $3.00 per lite, spectively. Determine whether there is a combination of the three bourbons which will produce the desired 50,000 liters, If so, what quantities should be used? Blending: Lawn Care A manufacturer of lawn fertilizers is going to blend three stock fertilizers into a custom blend. Each of the stock fertilizers is characterized by its plant food content and weed killer content. The percentages are (by weight) ‘Stock fertilizer 1: 50 percent plant food and 20 percent weed killer Stock fertilizer 2: 60 percent plant food and 10 percent weed ki Stock fer 1 3:40 percent plant food and 30 percent weed hi A batch of 10,000 pounds of the custom blend i to be produced which has a plant food content of 48 percent and a weed killer content of 22 percent. Determine the quantities of the stock fertilizers which should be blended to satisfy these requirements. Trust Fund Management A trust fund has $200,000 to invest. Three alternative investments have been identified, earning 10 percent, 7 percent, and 8 percent, respec: tively. A goal has been set to earn an annual income of $16,000 on the total invest. ment. One condition set by the tust is that the combined investment in alternatives 2 ‘and 3 should be triple the amount invested in alternative 1. Determine the amount of money which should be invested in each option to satisfy the requirements of the trust fund. Q CHAPTER TEST 1 Solve the following system of equations graphically -4 2 Solve the following system of equations. 5x 2yCOMPUTER-BASED EXERCISES 125 (a) What are the solution set possibilities for a (20 X 15) system of equations? (b) For a (15 X 20) system? Solve the following system of equations using the gaussian elimination method. x 2xt 2, 3x, — 2x, + 4x, ~3x, +62, — 3x5 ‘The following are results of the gaussian elimination method. Interpret their meaning, 10 (1000 5 0100 o| 16 001 00 5 A company produces three products, each of which must be processed through three different departments. Table 3.11 summarizes the hours required per unit of each product in each department as well as the weekly capacities in each department. Formulate the system of equations and solve for any combinations of the three products that would consume the weekly labor availability in all departments. Interpret your results, Department AB C__per Weeks 1 Rael pug 0m 2 ‘ © 3 actyeape rate, ) Computer-Based Exercises Solve the following systems of equations using an appropriate software package. Lot ut nt int 81 +2x- m+5e + ot mt xt + 8x, + 4x, +126 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS CF LINEAR EQUATIONS Qt x- Hythe t8x— my -2 3x, ~ 4x, +22, =-18 x22 t 34,4 Sey 24 4 xt nt nt nt nt ae 2x - a tSx, 2 = 8 x + 8+ dey —B x4 22+ tbr +62,= 46 4, 2+ m- tan 6 no nt y- nt ao mo 0 Bont yt2xt mb2et xt 2a, t ty xtout ont at mt gt at a 3x, Qnt nay + Sr- Int x | 2x xt mt x 5x) 9x, 46x, 2x,4+ Hy —5%y— x, + 2x yo ogt yo ont ao at ne 0 6 a,-2n+ XH +5r— + x4 —32,+ x= 100 xtont nt yt yt gt ot ne 50 2x, + 3x, = 2x + 9x nt mt x xt iot in 5x — 8x, 4224+ mgt 5x, + 6x 4x, — 3x, + 5x +28, ‘The XYZ Manufacturing Company manufactures five different products, Each of the products must be processed through five different departments, through E. Table 3.12 indicates the number of hours required to produce a unit of each product in each department. Also indicated is the number of production hours available each week in each of the departments. The company wants to determine whether there are any {quantities of the five products which can be produced each week that will result in total utilization of the houré available in all departments, (a) Formulate the appropriate system of linear equations () Determine the combinations ofthe five products which wil utilize the five depart ‘ments to capacity. How will each department's weekly capacity be allocated among the five products? Department 3 4 5 __perWeek A TES ae ee) B 3 2 330 c 2 4 3 40 D 2 2 3 300 E 1 1130gh E, Table 313 indicates the nu duct in each department. Also ach month in each of the depart products which can able in ach characterized by different nutritional le smmarizes the vita igrams (mg). In addition, the minimum gain stated in milligrams. The vald be included in the mealCHAPTER 3. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 10 A coffee manufacturer is interested in blending five types of coffee beans into a final blend of 120,000 pounds of coffee. The five component beans cost §2, $3, $4, $2, and $2 per pound, respectively. The budget for purchasing the five components is $300,000. Is blending the coffe, three restrictions have been stated: (1) the combination of compo nents 1 and 2 should constitute exactly half of the final blend; (2) components 1 and ‘ogether should constitute exactly 25 percent of the final blend; and (3) the amount of component 4 used in the blend should be exactly three times the amount used of (@) Formulate the syst problem, () How many pounds of each component should be used in the final blend? of equations which states all requirements in this blending APPENDIX: ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (3 X 3) SYSTEMS The elimination procedure for (3 X 3) systems is similar to that for (2 X 2) systems. ‘The aim is to start with the (3 X 3) system and to reduce this to an equivalen system having two variables and two equations. With one of the three variables eliminated, the same procedure as used for (2 X 2) systems is employed to eliminate a second variable, resulting in a (1 X 1) system. After you solve for the remaining variable, its value is substituted sequentially back through the (2 X 2) system and finally the (3X 3) system to determine the values of the other two variables. Figure 3.13 illustrates the process schematically. In Fig. 3.13, x, is eliminated first, fol lowed by x3. This order is not required; it is simply illustrative oS Srremsinng A ‘eee fn) Figure 3.13 Elimination procedure for (3 X 3) systems.APPENDIX: ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (8 X 3) SYSTEMS The elimination procedure for a (3 X 3) system is as follows. ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR 3X3 SYSTEMS — 1 Add multiples of any two of the three equations in order to eliminate one of the three variables. The result should be an equation involving the other two variables. Repeat step I with another pair of the original equations, eliminating the same variable as in step I. This second pair of equations witl in clude one of the two equations used in step I and the equation not used in step I The results of steps I and Il should be a (2 2) system. Use the proce- dure for (2X 2) systems (page 90) to determine the values for the re- maining two variables. Substitute the values of these two variables into one of the original equations. Solve for the value of the third variable. If during any phase of the elimination procedure an identity results [see step ILLB of the (2 X 2) procedure], then the solution set contains an infinite number of elements. An exception to this is the case in which step I results in an identity and step II a false statement, or contradiction. What is the graphical implication of these two results? Jf at any stage a false statement results [step IIIC of the (2 X 2) procedure), then t solution to the original system of equations, Unique Solution Determine the solution set for the following system of equations. (3.22) (3.23) (3.24) SOLUTION Although it makes no difference which variable is eliminated frst, let's eliminate x. If Eqs. 3) are added, the resultant Eq, (3.25) is stated in terms of x, and z,130 CHAPTER 3. S¥STE (S OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Multiplying Eq, (3.23) by +5 and adding it to Eq, (8.24) yields the new Ba, (3.26) 6 Eq, (8.28)) + 10x, ~ 5x, + 152, = 20 Ax, + 5x, — 102, = 13 Mz, + 52,=38 Since x, has been eliminated, the system has been reduced to the (2 X 2) system 32, +42,=10 (8.25) (8.26) lin, +53, =93 By proceeding as we did in Sec. 3.2, x, can be eliminated if we multiply Eq, (3.25) by +5 and Eq, (3.26) by ~4. When the two equations are added, x, is eliminated and Eq, (3.27) is formed: | (5-Bq. (825) 15x, +20x,= 50 i 4 + Bq, (8.26))—+ 3.27) Solving Ea, (3.27) for x, we got x; = 2. If this value is aubstituted into Eq. (9.25), the value of x, is determined in the following manner: 3(2) + 4x5 = 10 ann 4 mo 1 Substituting the values of x, = 2 and x, = 1 into Ba (3.22) yields 2+t196 Verify thatthe solution set consists of x into Eqs, (3.23) and (3.24), I by substituting these valuesAPPENDIX: ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (3 X 3) SYSTEMS: ERITRETE (No Solution) Determine the solution set forthe following system of equations: 2x, + x +9x=12 (3.28) x +.2x, +54, = 10 (3.29) 6x, — 3x, — 9x, = 24 (3.30) SOLUTION Variable x, can be eliminated by multiplying Ea. (8.29) by +2 and adding it to Ba, (3.28), a8 follows: 22,4 mt [2° Fq. (3.29) _2y + 4x, + 1025 = 5x, + 182, = 92 (3.31) Similarly, x, can be eliminated by multiplying Eq. (8.29) by~6 and adding the resulting ‘equation to Bq. (3.80 [-6- Eq, (829) —6x, — 12x, — 80s, 6x,— 3z,— 9x, Eliminating x, leaves the (2 X 2) system 18y— 82 = 152, — 993, =-36 To eliminate x, Bg (31) is multiplied by +3 and added to Ea (3.2 (8°Fa.G3D)> xy +99, = 96 1s, — 29%, > = 38 o= 6 (3.33) Note that Eq, (3.38) is a contradiction, meaning that there is no solution to the original system of equations.CHAPTER 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (Infinitely Many Solutions) Determine the solution set for the system of equations at (3.34) 2x (8.35) 6x, (3.36) SOLUTION Verify that x, can be eliminated and Eq. (3.37) can he found by multiplying Bq. (3.34) by ~1 and adding this new equation to Eq, (3.35) 4a, (37) Also verify that Eq, (3.38) is formed by multiplying Eq, (3.94) by 4 and adding this to Eq, 2x — 84, =—50 (3.38) ‘To eliminate x, from Eqs. (3.37) and (3.38), Eq, (3.37) may be multiplied b Eq, (3.38). When these operations are performed, Ba, (3.39) is an identity ° (3.39) ‘This is the signal that there are infinitely many solutions to the original system, To determine particular members ofthe solution set, return to one ofthe last meaning ful equations generated dusing the elimination procedure [Bqs. (3.37) and (3.38)]. Then, solve for one ofthe variables in terms of the other. To ilustrate, let's solve Ba, (3.37) for x, aa 4ay— 25 (3.40) Now, we substitute the right side ofthis equation into one ofthe original equations wherever + appears. If we substitute into Ea, (3.34), we get (xy — 25) +3544 Solving for x givesAPPENDIX: ELIMINATION PROCEDURE FOR (33) SYSTEMS ‘Equations (3.40) and (3.41) state 2, and x, in terms of z,. Thus, one way in which we can specify the solution set is, x, arbitrary Q