1,Compare and contrast old product based curriculum and new patient oriented

curriculum.
Pharmacists are one of the most accessible health care professionals in the community who
offer ongoing education on medicine management, monitoring and advice to the population.
New patient oriented (Clinical pharmacy service): activities and area of practice
Pharmaceutical care process
The pharmaceutical care process includes assessment, care plan and evaluation.
1. Assessment
 Meet the patient to establish the therapeutic relationship.
 Obtain relevant information from the patient/care giver/medical record related to
reason for the encounter, the patient's demographics, medication experience, and other
clinical information.
 Interpret patient data and evaluate medication therapy:
 Assessing the appropriateness of current medications based on health conditions,
indication, and the therapeutic goals of each medication
 Evaluating the effectiveness, safety, and affordability of each medication.
 Assessing medication-taking behaviors and adherence to each medication.
 Determine whether the patient's drug-related needs are being met (indication,
effectiveness, safety, compliance), identify drug therapy problems.
 Prioritize patient drug therapy problems.
 Record the pharmacy assessment on the inpatient medication profile form.

2. Care plan
 Set goal of therapy.
 Formulate intervention for resolution, prevention of drug therapy problem/s and
achievement of goal of therapy.
 Consider therapeutic alternatives; select patient-specific pharmacotherapy and non-drug
interventions.
 Communicate the care plan with other healthcare providers.
 Educate patient/caregivers to ensure understanding of the care plan, to optimize
adherence, and to improve therapeutic outcomes.
 Establish measurable parameters and time frame for monitoring and follow-up
 Document the care plan on the inpatient medication profile form.
3. Follow-up and evaluation
 Ensure medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety and patient adherence through
clinical finding, laboratory investigation and patient feedback and compare to the goals of
therapy.
 Assess patient for any new drug therapy problems.
 Conduct ongoing assessments and refine the plan of care to optimize medication therapy.
 Record patient’s current status and key interventions implemented from time to time to achieve the
goals of therapy stated for each patient on the pharmaceutical care progress note recording sheet.
 Schedule the next follow-up evaluation to provide continuous care.
N.B: These important activities shall be performed any time throughout the day including in OPD,
emergency, MDT ward rounds, pharmacy only rounds, and chart reviews.
2 Clinical Pharmacy Service Areas
Clinical pharmacy service can be provided in a health facility like hospitals, health centers, clinics,
community pharmacies, and home care. However, the impact of CPS has been well documented in
in-patient settings, and to a lesser extent in ambulatory and community settings.
In a hospital setting, CPS shall be provided in the following areas:
Inpatient departments:
 Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, and Surgery. Depending on their specialty, CPS
can be provided in: psychiatry, dermatology, ophthalmology, ENT, TB, burn wards, etc
  Inpatient ward pharmacies in Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Gynecology & Obstetrics, and Surgery.
Depending on convenience, patient load, level and complexity of the hospital the number of inpatient
pharmacies can be determined.
Outpatient departments:
 OPD pharmacy as prescription evaluator & counselor, chronic care pharmacy(s), and outpatient clinics
(such as ART clinic, TB clinic, diabetic clinic, cardiac clinic, etc).
Emergency department:
 Emergency ward
 Emergency pharmacy
Intensive care unit:
 ICUs (Medical ICU, surgical ICU, Pediatrics ICU, Neonatal ICU)
 ICU pharmacy
Oncology department:
 Oncology pharmacy,
oncology clinic and oncology wards.
 Drug information center and poison information center
2, CURRENT CURRICULUM OF AMERICAN DOCTOR OF PHARMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES PHARMACY DEPARTMENT AND CURRENT CURRICULUM OF
ETHIOPIAN PHARMACY IN ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY PHARMACY DEPARTMENT.
A, Current curriculum of Ethiopian pharmacy in Addis Ababa university pharmacy department.
General Objectives: the general objective of the B.Pharm Program is to train highly qualified
pharmacists who fulfill the essential, minimum common expectations of health care systems worldwide
while fulfilling local needs.
Graduates would be expected to have the required knowledge, skill, attitude and behavior to support the
health care system and respond to patient needs, work in hospital and community pharmacies, drug
manufacturing, import and wholesale companies, public health services, academic institutions,
pharmaceutical research, drug regulatory body and quality control organizations.

Specific Objectives
To train manpower that is more patient-oriented while still having a broad pharmaceutical knowledge
that can easily adapt to working in any of the pharmaceutical services of the country;
To provide practice-based training so that future pharmacists acquire problem-solving skills;
To facilitate and assist in the transfer and adaptation of pharmaceutical knowledge.
Admission requirements
Regular Program
Students who complete Ethiopian high school education and fulfill the entrance qualification
assessments.
Applicants with foreign high school education of equivalent level to the Ethiopian high school
education, as determined by the Ministry of Education, and who satisfy entrance requirements.
Special Admission
Special admissions into some programs may be granted to attract potentially resourceful candidates
such as those that can perform extraordinarily;
A student who has successfully finished a set of particular modules which entitle him/her to a degree
may also peruse other related modules and earn another degree continuously. Detailed guidelines
shall be worked out by the concerned body;
Private applicants who fulfill admission requirements for regular students and produce evidence of
financial support to cover tuition fees and other expenses may apply for admission into the regular
program. The Registrar’s office shall set guidelines for such admissions which would be reviewed
periodically and approved by the Senate.
A student who has completed a minimum of one academic year of study in good academic standing in
an Ethiopian institution of higher education or in a foreign institution recognized by the Ministry of
Education or has a diploma in the same or related field if applying for admission into a degree program
from an institution of higher learning may also be admitted by the university.
Graduation requirement – a student enrolled in the B.Pharm degree program is eligible for graduation if
and only if he/she:
  Has taken all the required modules for the program which is a total of 310 ECTS;
 Obtained a minimum CGPA and MGPA of 2.00;
 Passes the written and oral comprehensive exams of the program;
 Passes the comprehensive exam to sit for external examination administered by external
examiners;
 Has No ‘F‘ grade in any course, and does not score less than ‘ C‘ grade in any course of core
and supportive modules;
 Pass successfully and complete clerkship/professional practice program;
 Has carried out a student research project on a selected and agreed topic of research
problem and scored a minimum of ‘ C’ grade.

CURRENT CURRICULUM OF AMERICAN DOCTOR OF PHARMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES PHARMACY DEPARTMENT.

Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)

The Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) is a professional degree leading to pharmacist careers in inpatient
and outpatient health care settings, managed care, community pharmacies, academia, research, or
government.
The UCI Pharm.D. is a four-year program that will prepare graduates to be practice-ready pharmacists
who are problem solvers, independent lifelong learners, team players, and leaders who will drive
transformative changes in the healthcare system. The curriculum will be taught by faculty from
the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice and delivered
using innovative instructional methods and applying evidenced based practices.The Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences offers undergraduate and graduate students unparalleled training for future
careers in pharmacy, medicine, and biomedical research. Our innovative, rigorous curriculum integrates
concepts from biology, chemistry, chemical engineering, pharmacology and physiology. Alumni pursue
exciting professional opportunities that improve our societies health and well-being.

Pharmaceutical Scientists are rapidly changing the field of drug discovery and development. Graduates of
our program are well qualified to seek employment in the public and private sectors, or pursue graduate
degrees such as Ph.D., M.D., or Pharm.D.

What are the Pharmaceutical Sciences?

Drug Discovery & Design

Drug Discovery and Design deals with the design and synthesis of new drug molecules. This Category
Includes specialized fields of study such as medicinal chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, structural
biology, identification of biological targets, and assay development to test drug candidates.
Drug Delivery
Drug Delivery is concerned with the design of dosage forms — such as tablets, injections or patches —
that will deliver the drug to the site of action in a patient. The purpose is to ensure that the drug arrives in
the right concentration and at the right time. Specialty fields within Drug Delivery include pharmaceutics,
biomaterials, and pharmacokinetics.
Drug Action
Drug Action examines how the drug itself actually works in a living system, which is the definition of
pharmacology. The action of the drug can be studied at the molecular level, in a cell, an organ, and in
animals. Specialty fields within Drug Action include molecular biology, pharmacology,
pharmacodynamics, toxicology, and biochemistry. Pharmaceutics, biomaterials, and pharmacokinetics.
Clinical Sciences
Clinical Sciences are concerned with the use of drugs in the treatment of diseases. Particular properties
of new drugs — such as efficacy, adverse effects, drug-to-drug interaction, bioavailability — are
determined in clinical trials in humans.
Cost Effectiveness of Medicine
Cost Effectiveness of Medicines (Pharmacoeconomics) examines the economic impact of using one drug
rather than others, with regard to costs for the drug itself, patient management (e.g., physician visits,
hospitalization), adherence and quality of life.
Drug Analysis
Drug Analysis involves separating, identifying, and quantifying the components of a sample. Analytical
chemistry is an important component of all areas of the pharmaceutical sciences.
Regulatory Affairs
Regulatory Affairs promotes communication, understanding, and cooperation between scientists from
industry and academia and the regulatory authorities worldwide who govern approval and distribution, by
means of developing regulatory guidelines.
Career Opportunities
Over the years, pharmaceutical scientists have been instrumental in discovering and developing
innovative drugs that save thousands of people’s lives and improve the quality of life for many others.
Pharmaceutical scientists can pursue a variety of jobs. They are employed by pharmaceutical companies,
they work as pharmacists, doctors, and as researchers and professors at universities, as regulatory
scientists for agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and as researchers at national
laboratories such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice

 The Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice offers unparalleled training for future careers in
pharmacy. Our innovative curriculum focuses on integrative health and putting the patient first.
Our goal is to train students in the classroom and in the field to improve our society’s health and
well-being.

 The Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice is an essential component of the School of

Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences as it is the home of our clinical pharmacy practice faculty,
who are developing and delivering didactic and experiential curricula for the Doctor of Pharmacy
program.