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Origin and definitions of architecture as need based, cultural, environmental, social, psychological response of human
society. Architecture as phenomenological mediation of nature. Components of architecture: use, means, site, shelter,
relation to nature, structure, skin, materials, services, circulation, typology, aesthetics, expression, character, symbolism,
experience, etc., History and types of design in architecture- unself-conscious/ self-conscious design, design through
craft / design through drawing, pragmatic/ iconic/ canonic/ analogic design.
Prof.Ar.G.Tamilvanan
 TIMELINE

Timeline is the alignment of time, a chronological statement, to define a certain chain of events or activities that
happened at a particular place.

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 HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time.

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 Around 3,000 B.C.,
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UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE villages became
complex civilizations.
 CIVILIZATION

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 FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE

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 FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE

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 FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE

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 FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURE

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 THE ORIGINS OF ARCHITECTURE, although lost in the mists of antiquity, must have been connected
intimately with THE ENDEAVORS OF MAN TO PROVIDE FOR HIS PHYSICAL WANTS.

It has been truly said that protection from the INCLEMENCY OF THE SEASONS WAS THE MOTHER OF
ARCHITECTURE.

According to Vitruvius, man in his primitive savage state began to imitate the nests of birds and the lairs of
beasts, commencing with arbours of twigs covered with mud, then huts formed of branches of trees and
covered with turf.

THREE TYPES OF PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS – THE CAVES, OR ROCKS OR THOSE OCCUPIED IN HUNTING OR
FISHING, THE HUT FOR THE AGRICULTURIST AND THE TENT FOR THOSE SUCH AS SHEPHERDS LEADING A
NOMADIC LIFE.

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 PRE – HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

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 THE HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF
ARCHITECTURE

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 WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE ?

Originated from the Greek word Architekton.

Archi – Great; Tekton – Builder;

Architekton – Great Builder.

Architecture is the art and science of building.

It is the conscious creation of utilitarian spaces with

the deliberate use of material.

Architecture should be technically efficient and

aesthetically Pleasing.
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 GENERAL DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE is both the PROCESS and PRODUCT of planning, designing and construction.

It is the ART and SCIENCE of DESIGN and erecting buildings and other physical structures.

It is a STYLE and METHOD of DESIGN and construction of buildings and other physical
structures.

It is a design activity, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-
level (construction details and furniture).

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 DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE
The earliest surviving written on the subject of Architecture is De architectura
(On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on
architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus
Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a
guide for building projects.

VITRUVIUS
Vitruvius was a Roman Architect and Engineer during the 1st century BC. He
originated the idea that all buildings should have three attributes: FIRMITAS,
UTILITAS and VENUSTAS. These principles were later widely adopted in Roman
Architecture. A good building should satisfy the three principles.

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 DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

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 UTIILITY: It should be useful and
function well for the people using it. DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

BEAUTY: It should delight

people and raise their spirits. DURABILITY: It should stand up robustly and
remain in good condition.

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 DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

Vitruvius said that architecture was a building that incorporated:

Utilitas ... Firmitas … Venustas
Commodity ... Firmness ... Delight
Utility ... Structure ... Attractive
Use ... Construction … Appearance
Function ... Technology ... Aesthetic

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 DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

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 WHAT STILL HOLDS TRUE

Vitruvius states that man is imitative and teachable and supreme to all other
animals.
As is presented in the origins of the dwelling house, Fire gave comfort and man
started to gather this . Gathering led to the building of shelters that were a joy of
conversation and greater detail was added through time.
Greater knowledge came as man learned from each other and from nature.
The architecture that Vitruvius prescripts is highly dependent on nature from its
site to proper proportions of the 4 elements in materials to the relation of
human proportions in aesthetics and use.

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 OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE is the MASTERLY, CORRECT AND THE MAGNIFICENT PLAY OF MASSES

BROUGHT TOGETHER IN LIGHT. – Le Corbusier

ARCHITECTURE is a DISCIPLINE, A PROFESSION AND A STATE OF MIND.

ARCHITECTURE is a cultural index that takes DIFFERENT FORMS IN DIFFERENT

CIVILIZATIONS AND POLITICAL SETTINGS. – Anthony Antoniades (Poetics of Architecture)

ARCHITECTURE – a manifest order APPROPRIATELY CONCEIVED, LOGICALLY

DEVELOPED, CONDITIONED AND DISCIPLINED COHERENT THROUGH CONSISTENCY.

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 MAN AS THE CENTRAL MEASURE IN ARCHITECTURE

Through history, human civilization has evolved and kept its

continuation through integration with the surrounding
environment and is dependent on the preservation of
nature. Over time and the multifaceted interaction of
evolution and human adaptability to the ambient
environment, every place and region developed unique
characteristics that distinguished it from other places, that
is, the core of “identity.”

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO NEED

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO NEED

Architecture as need
based, cultural,
environmental, social,
psychological response
of human society.

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO HUMAN, CULTURAL, SOCIAL NEEDS

In his book “Architecture without Architects,” Bernard Rudofsky,

the writer, architect, collector, educator, designer, and social
historian commented, “There is much to learn from architecture
before it became an expert’s art” .

Architecture is the built environment created based on the society needs. It is built in accordance with the natural
environment fulfilling people’s physical, economic, social, and cultural norms. Architecture is the “mirror” of nations that
reflects place, time, and culture.

ARCHITECTURE IS BUILT BY PEOPLE TO PEOPLE; it has developed through time and modified itself through trial and
error to fulfill society’s needs in harmony with the ambient environment.

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO HUMAN, CULTURAL, SOCIAL NEEDS

Several natural and human factors contribute in defining “identity” such as PLACE (region, geography, topography, and
climate), PEOPLE (society, community), and CULTURE (traditions, customs, language, religion, and artifacts). It is
essential to discuss these factors and how they are related to each other and how this was reflected in ARCHITECTURE.

Architecture, is a product of PEOPLE, PLACE, AND CULTURE; it is one facets of identity.

Until the collapse of cultural frontiers in the twentieth century, there are distinctive local shapes and details in
architecture as a natural product of materials, technology, environment, and people’s culture

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

“Buildings have a direct effect on our emotions. They can be depressing or uplifting, soothing or surprising, welcoming or
forgiving.” -Eberhard
Most of our lives are spent inside buildings. Our thoughts are shaped by their walls, and the
way we perceive things is influenced by our surroundings.

Architecture and the interior design may affect a person’s health, behavior, mood,
decisions, and interactions with others.

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS
While buildings fulfill the most basic human needs like shelter and security, architecture impacts the emotional state of
any person who interacts with it. Whether it’s intended or not, a building can provoke a range of emotions such as
belonging, awe, fear, or hope.
However, it’s not just emotions that architecture can affect. Humans – like most other mammals – are highly sensitive to
their environmental conditions. Human-centered architecture, which puts humans at the center of the design process,
seeks to optimize positive interactions as such between humans and buildings.

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 ARCHITECTURE AS RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

Physical structure has a significant

effect on human behavior.
As humans find themselves spending more
time enclosed within the walls of structure.
It becomes valuable to design structures
integrating features of the
natural environment and structural
landscape features into the
human-made environment. (Joye, 2007)

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 ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCIPLINE

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 TO BE CONTINUED…

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