Problem:

Liquid water and vapor are in equilibrium at 100 ℃ in a rigid container of 1.5 m 3.
If the mass of the water and its vapor is 15 kg, what is the initial quality of steam in
the container?

Solution:
We are given

T= 100 ℃
Vt= 1.5 m3
M= 15 kg

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑣 = ?

Quality: It is Mass fraction of vapor.

What does it mean when quality is 1 or quality is zero?

From saturated steam table

𝑉 𝑡 1.5 𝑚3
𝑣= = = 0.1
𝑚 15 𝑘𝑔

In the given steam table, units of specific volume are g/cm 3, therefore
𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 = 0.1 = 100
𝑘𝑔 𝑔

Now, to calculate Quality (mass fraction of vapor)

𝑉 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑉 𝑙 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑉 𝑣

𝑉𝑡 − 𝑉𝑙
𝑣
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑣
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑙
From saturated steam table, volume of the liquid and volume of the vapor
corresponding to 100 ℃ is
𝑙
𝑐𝑚3 𝑣
𝑐𝑚3
𝑉 = 1.044 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 1672
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
After substituting these values in above quality relation

100 − 1.044 98.956

⇒ 𝑋𝑣 = = = 0.059
1672 − 1.044 1670.956
Mean that around 6% of the mass comprised of vapor.

Problem: 6.22

A two-phase system of liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 8000 kPa
consists of equal volumes of liquid and vapor. If the total volume Vt = 0.15 m3,
what is the total enthalpy Ht and what is the total entropy S t?

Solution:

This is a two phase (liquid/vapor) system and the total value of any extensive
property of the two-phase system is the sum of the total properties of the phases

Mathematically, for total enthalpy 𝐻 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝐻𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑚𝑣 𝐻 𝑣 (1)

Similarly for total entropy 𝑆 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑚𝑣 𝑆 𝑣 (2)

To solve the above two equations for total enthalpy and total entropy, mass,
enthalpy and entropy for both liquid and vapor at 8000 kPa is required.

Total volume = Vt = 0.15 m3= 150000 cm3

Volume of vapor= volume of liquid = 150000/2 = 75000 cm3
From saturated steam table, specific volume of liquid and vapor at 8000kPa are not
tabulated.

Therefore, interpolation will be used for the required volumes at 8000 kPa

Specific volume of liquid at 7889.7 kPa = 1.381 cm 3 /g

Specific volume of liquid at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific volume of liquid at 8118.9 kPa = 1.388 cm 3 /g

By using interpolation

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7

𝑀=( ) 1.381 + ( ) 1.388
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7
118.9 110.3
𝑀=( ) 1.381 + ( ) 1.388
229.2 229.2

𝑀 = (0.519)1.381 + (0.481)1.388

𝑀 = 0.717 + 0.668 = 1.385

Thus, specific volume of liquid at 8000 kPa = 1.385 cm3 /g

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

75000
𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 = = 54151.6 g = 54.152 kg
1.385

Now, for mass of vapor

Specific volume of vapor at 7889.7 kPa = 23.90 cm 3 /g

Specific volume of vapor at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific volume of vapor at 8118.9 kPa = 23.13 cm 3 /g
 𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2

8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7

𝑀=( ) 23.90 + ( ) 23.13
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7
118.9 110.3
𝑀=( ) 23.90 + ( ) 23.13
229.2 229.2

𝑀 = (0.519)23.90 + (0.481)23.13

𝑀 = 12.404 + 11.126 = 23.53

Thus, specific volume of vapor at 8000 kPa = 23.53 cm3 /g

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚𝑣 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

75000
𝑚𝑣 = = 3187.4 g = 3.187 kg
23.53

Specific enthalpy of liquid at 7889.7 kPa = 1311.8 kJ /kg

Specific enthalpy of liquid at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific enthalpy of liquid at 8118.9 kPa = 1322.8 kJ /kg

8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7

𝐻 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = ( ) 1311.8 + ( ) 1322.8
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7

𝐻 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = (0.519)1311.8 + (0.481)1322.8

𝑘𝐽
𝐻 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 680.8 + 636.3 = 1317.1
𝑘𝑔

Specific enthalpy of vapor at 7889.7 kPa = 2761.5 kJ /kg

Specific enthalpy of vapor at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific enthalpy of vapor at 8118.9 kPa = 2758.2 kJ /kg
 8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7
𝐻 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = ( ) 2761.5 + ( ) 2758.2
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7

𝐻 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = (0.519)2761.5 + (0.481)2758.2

𝑘𝐽
𝐻 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1433.3 + 1326.7 = 2760
𝑘𝑔
𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣 𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣
After substituting the values 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)

𝐻 𝑡 = 54.152 𝑋 1311.1 + 3.187 𝑋 2760

𝐻 𝑡 = 70999 + 8796 = 79795 𝑘𝐽

Specific entropy of liquid at 7889.7 kPa = 3.1985 kJ /kg K

Specific entropy of liquid at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific entropy of liquid at 8118.9 kPa = 3.2173 kJ /kg K

8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7

𝑆 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = ( ) 3.1985 + ( ) 3.2173
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7

𝑆 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = (0.519)3.1985 + (0.481)3.2173

𝑘𝐽
𝑆 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1.660 + 1.548 = 3.208
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Specific entropy of vapor at 7889.7 kPa = 5.7545 kJ /kg K

Specific entropy of vapor at 8000 kPa = ?
Specific entropy of vapor at 8118.9 kPa = 5.7392 kJ /kg K

8118.9 − 8000 8000 − 7889.7

𝑆 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = ( ) 5.7545 + ( ) 5.7392
8118.9 − 7889.7 8118.9 − 7889.7

𝑆 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = (0.519)5.7545 + (0.481)5.7392

𝑘𝐽
𝑆 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 8000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2.987 + 1326.7 = 5.748
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣 𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣
After substituting the values 𝑚 , 𝑚 , 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)

𝑆 𝑡 = 54.152 𝑋 3.208 + 3.187 𝑋 5.748

𝑆 𝑡 = 173.7 + 18.3 = 192 𝑘𝐽/𝐾
Problem 6.23

A vessel contains 1 kg of water as liquid and vapor in equilibrium at 1000 kPa. If

the vapor occupies 70% of the volume of the vessel, determine H and S for the 1
kg of water.

Solution:

In the problem, it is given that the vapor occupies 70% of the volume of vessel,
means 30% of the volume of vessel is occupied by liquid water.

If “x” is the mass fraction of vapor (quality)

𝑥.𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 70
Then = (1)
(1−𝑥)𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞 30

From saturated steam table, specific volume of liquid and vapor at 1000 kPa are
not tabulated.

Therefore, interpolation will be used for the required volumes at 1000 kPa

Specific volume of liquid at 957.36 kPa = 1.125 cm3 /g

Specific volume of liquid at 1000 kPa = ?
Specific volume of liquid at 1002.7 kPa = 1.28 cm 3 /g

By using interpolation

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values
 1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36
𝑀=( ) 1.125 + ( ) 1.128
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 1.125 + ( ) 1.128
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)1.125 + (0.940)1.128

𝑀 = 0.068 + 1.060 = 1.128

Thus, specific volume of liquid at 1000 kPa = 1.128 cm3 /g

Similarly, for the specific volume of vapor at 1000 kPa

Specific volume of vapor at 957.36 kPa = 202.5 cm3 /g

Specific volume of vapor at 1000 kPa = ?
Specific volume of vapor at 1002.7 kPa = 193.8 cm 3 /g

Formula for interpolation is

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36

𝑀=( ) 202.5 + ( ) 193.8
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 202.5 + ( ) 193.8
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)202.5 + (0.940)193.8

𝑀 = 12.15 + 182.17 = 194.32

Thus, specific volume of vapor at 1000 kPa = 194.32 cm3 /g

Now after substituting the values of specific volume of liquid and vapor, in
equation 1
 𝑥. 194.32 70
=
(1 − 𝑥 )1.128 30
5829.6 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥 ) 78.96 = 78.96 − 78.96 𝑥
⇒ 5908.56 𝑥 = 78.96
𝑥 = 0.013

A generic equation to find out the value of thermodynamic properties when quality
is given is

𝑍 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑍𝑙 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑍𝑣

Analogues to this equation, equation for enthalpy and entropy becomes as

𝐻 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝐻 𝑙 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝐻 𝑣 (2)
𝑆 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑆 𝑙 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑆 𝑣 (3)

Again, for the values of enthalpy of liquid and vapor at 1000 kPa, interpolation
will be used

Enthalpy of liquid at 957.36 kPa = 754.3 kJ /kg

Enthalpy of liquid at 1000 kPa = ?
Enthalpy of liquid at 1002.7 kPa = 763.1 kJ /kg

Interpolation equation is

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36

𝑀=( ) 754.3 + ( ) 763.1
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 754.3 + ( ) 763.1
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)754.3 + (0.940)763.1

𝑀 = 45.258 + 717.314 = 762.572

Thus, enthalpy of liquid at 1000 kPa = 762.6 kJ/kg

Enthalpy of vapor at 957.36 kPa = 2774.5 kJ /kg

Enthalpy of vapor at 1000 kPa = ?
Enthalpy of vapor at 1002.7 kPa = 2776.3 kJ /kg

Interpolation equation is

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36

𝑀=( ) 2774.5 + ( ) 2776.3
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 2774.5 + ( ) 2776.3
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)2774.5 + (0.940)2776.3

𝑀 = 166.5 + 2609.7 = 2776.2

Thus, enthalpy of vapor at 1000 kPa = 2776.2 kJ/kg

Now after substituting the values of quality, enthalpy of liquid and vapor, in
equation 2

𝐻 = (1 − 0.013) 762.6 + (0.013)2776.2

𝐻 = (0.987) 762.6 + (0.013)2776.2
𝐻 = 752.7 + 36.1 = 788.8

Total enthalpy of 1 kg of water at equilibrium at1000 kPa is 788.8 kJ/kg

Again, for the values of entropy of liquid and vapor at 1000 kPa, interpolation will
be used

Entropy of liquid at 957.36 kPa = 2.1199 kJ /kg-K

Entropy of liquid at 1000 kPa = ?
Entropy of liquid at 1002.7 kPa = 2.1393 kJ /kg-K
Interpolation equation is

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36

𝑀=( ) 2.1199 + ( ) 2.1393
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 2.1199 + ( ) 2.1393
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)2.1199 + (0.940)2.1393

𝑀 = 0.1272 + 2.0109 = 2.1381

Thus, entropy of liquid at 1000 kPa = 2.1381 kJ/kg-K

Entropy of vapor at 957.36 kPa = 6.5979 kJ /kg-K

Entropy of vapor at 1000 kPa = ?
Entropy of vapor at 1002.7 kPa = 6.5819 kJ /kg-K

Interpolation equation is

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

1002.7 − 1000 1000 − 957.36

𝑀=( ) 6.5979 + ( ) 6.5819
1002.7 − 957.36 1002.7 − 957.36
2.7 42.64
𝑀=( ) 6.5979 + ( ) 6.5819
45.34 45.34

𝑀 = (0.060)6.5979 + (0.940)6.5819

𝑀 = 0.3959 + 6.1870 = 6.5829

Thus, entropy of vapor at 1000 kPa = 6.5829 kJ/kg-K

Now after substituting the values of quality, enthalpy of liquid and vapor, in
equation 3

𝐻 = (1 − 0.013) 2.1381 + (0.013)6.5829

𝐻 = (0.987) 2.1381 + (0.013)6.5829
𝐻 = 2.1103 + 0.0856 = 2.1959

Total entropy of 1 kg of water at equilibrium at1000 kPa is 2.1959 kJ/kg

Problem: 6.24

A pressure vessel contains liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 450.15 K
(177°C). The total mass of liquid and vapor is 1.36 kg. If the volume of vapor is 50
times the volume of liquid, what is the total enthalpy of the contents of the vessel?

Solution.

It is given that 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 1.36 𝑘𝑔 (1)

And 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 50 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞

𝑚 𝑣
⇒ 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 50 𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑙𝑖𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝

(1) Becomes
𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞
𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 50 = 1.36 𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝
0r 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 + 50 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 1.36 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝
 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝
⇒ 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 1.36 (2)
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 + 50 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞

In the above equation 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞 are specific volume of water vapor and liquid
water at 450.15 K. the values can be noted from saturated steam table.

In the steam table, the values are given for 449.15 and 451.15 K. therefore
interpolation will be used to find the 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑙𝑖𝑞 at 450.15 K.

Specific volume of liquid at 449.15 K = 1.122 cm 3 /g

Specific volume of liquid at 450.15 K = ?
Specific volume of liquid at 451.15 K = 1.125 cm 3 /g

By using interpolation

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

451.15 − 450.15 450.15 − 449.15

𝑀=( ) 1.122 + ( ) 1.125
451.15 − 449.15 451.15 − 449.15
1 1
𝑀 = ( ) 1.122 + ( ) 1.125
2 2

𝑀 = (0.5)1.122 + (0.5)1.125

𝑀 = 0.561 + 0.562 = 1.123

Thus, specific volume of liquid at 450.15 K = 1.123 cm3 /g

Similarly, for the specific volume of vapor at 450.15 K

Specific volume of vapor at 449.15 K = 211.7 cm3 /g

Specific volume of vapor at 450.15 K = ?
Specific volume of vapor at 451.15 K = 202.5 cm3 /g

Formula for interpolation is

 𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( )𝑀 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values
451.15 − 450.15 450.15 − 449.15
𝑀=( ) 211.7 + ( ) 202.5
451.15 − 449.15 451.15 − 449.15
1 1
𝑀 = ( ) 211.7 + ( ) 202.5
2 2

𝑀 = (0.5)211.7 + (0.5)202.5

𝑀 = 105.85 + 101.25 = 207.1

Thus, specific volume of vapor at 450.15 K = 207.1 cm3 /g

Now after substituting the values of specific volume of liquid and vapor, in
equation (2)

207.1 281656
𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 1.36( 1000) = = 1069.92 𝑔 = 1.07 𝑘𝑔
207.1 + 50 (1.123) 263.25

From equation (1)

1.07 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 1.36 𝑘𝑔

⇒ 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 0.29 𝑘𝑔

Total enthalpy of the contents of the system is equal to the sum of enthalpy
of liquid and vapor. Also, the enthalpy of liquid is equal to the mass of liquid
times specific enthalpy of liquid. Similarly, the enthalpy of vapor is equal to
the mass of vapor times specific enthalpy of vapor. Mathematically

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝐻𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 (3)

For calculating the total enthalpy using above equation, specific enthalpy of
liquid and vapor will be taken from saturated steam table
 In the steam table, values of the thermodynamic properties corresponding
450.15 K are missing, therefore interpolation will be used.

Specific enthalpy of liquid at 449.15 K = 745.5 kJ /kg

Specific enthalpy of liquid at 450.15 K = ?
Specific enthalpy of liquid at 451.15 K = 754.3 kJ/kg

By using interpolation equation

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

451.15 − 450.15 450.15 − 449.15

𝑀=( ) 745.5 + ( ) 754.3
451.15 − 449.15 451.15 − 449.15
1 1
𝑀 = ( ) 745.5 + ( ) 754.3
2 2

𝑀 = (0.5)745.5 + (0.5)754.3

𝑀 = 372.75 + 377.15 = 749.9

Thus, specific enthalpy of liquid at 450.15 K = 749.9 kJ /kg

Specific enthalpy of vapor at 449.15 K = 2772.7 kJ /kg

Specific enthalpy of vapor at 450.15 K = ?
Specific enthalpy of vapor at 451.15 K = 2774.5 kJ/kg

By using interpolation equation

𝑋2 − 𝑋 𝑋 − 𝑋1
𝑀=( ) 𝑀1 + ( )𝑀
𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 2
After substituting values

451.15 − 450.15 450.15 − 449.15

𝑀=( ) 2772.7 + ( ) 2774.5
451.15 − 449.15 451.15 − 449.15
 1 1
𝑀 = ( ) 2772.7 + ( ) 2774.5
2 2

𝑀 = (0.5)2772.7 + (0.5)2774.5

𝑀 = 1386.35 + 1387.25 = 2773.6

Thus, specific enthalpy of vapor at 450.15 K = 2773.6 kJ /kg

After substituting the values of mass of liquid, mass of vapor, specific

enthalpy of liquid and vapor in equation (3)

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (1.07)749.9 + (0.29)2773.6 = 802.4 + 804.3 = 1606.6 𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔

Problem 6.25.

Wet steam at 503.15 K (230°C) has a density of 0.025 g/cm3. Determine x, H, and
S.
Solution

In this problem, we are given that density of wet steam is of 0.025 g/cm3.
Therefore

1 1 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = = 40
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 0.025 𝑔
Now, we can note the volume of liquid and vapor at 503.15 K (230°C).

From saturated steam table, volume of liquid and vapor corresponding to 503.15 K
(230°C) are as

𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 1.209 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 71.45
𝑔 𝑔

Now, to calculate Quality (mass fraction of vapor), we know for two phase
vapor/liquid system
 𝑉 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑝

𝑉 − 𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞
⇒ 𝑥𝑣 = (1)
𝑉𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞
𝑣
Where 𝑥 is the mass fraction of vapor (quality)

After substituting values in equation (1),

40 − 1.209 38.791
𝑥𝑣 = = = 0.552
71.45 − 1.209 70.241
Means at 230°C, 55% of the contents of the system are in vapor form.

A generic equation to find out the value of thermodynamic properties when quality
is given is

𝑍 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑍𝑣𝑎𝑝

Analogues to this equation, equation for enthalpy and entropy becomes as

𝐻 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝐻𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 (2)

𝑆 = (1 − 𝑥 𝑣 ) 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞 + 𝑥 𝑣 𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑝 (3)
The values of 𝐻𝑙𝑖𝑞 ,𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 , 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞 ,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑝 corre sponding to 503.15 K (230°C) are as

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 990.3 , 𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 2802 , 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞 = 2.6102 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 6.2107
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

After substituting values in equation (2) and (3)

𝑘𝐽
𝐻 = 443.7 + 1546.7 = 1990.4
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑆 = 1.1694 + 3.4283 = 4.5977
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾