SOUTHERN BAPTIST COLLEGE

MLANG, NORTH COTABATO

COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS

NSCI 3051
Environmental Science with Family Planning
1st Semester S.Y. 2022-2023

VISION STATEMENT:

An institution committed to quality Christian Education responsive to the needs of the

nation and the world.

MISSION STATEMENT:
The mission of SBC is the total development of the person through relevant programs
Instruction, Research, and Community Extension based on the tenets of TRUTH, FAITH
and SERVICE.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This is a 3-unit course which deals with the general concepts and principles pertaining to
complex pattern of interaction between the physical environment and biological
communities on earth. Emphasis is also given on the current environment issues and
concerns as well as disaster risk management techniques.

Message to the students.

You may be like many students who find environmental science an empowering field. I
hope that you will find this subject interesting. It provides the knowledge needed to use
your efforts more effectively. Environmental science applies to our everyday lives and the
places where we live, and we can apply ideas learned in this discipline to any place or
occupation in which we find ourselves. And environmental science can connect to any set
of interests or skills you might bring to it: Progress in the field involves biology,
chemistry, geography, and geology. Communicating and translating ideas to the public,
who are impacted by changes in environmental quality, requires writing, arts, media, and
other communication skills. Devising policies to protect resources and enhance
cooperation involves policy, anthropology, culture, and history. What this means is that
while there is much to learn, this field can also connect with whatever passions you bring
to the course. May all your learning become helpful to you as you embark your best in
your future career.

Southern Baptist College:

NSCI LEARNING MODULE 2
3051

ENVIRONMENTAL
Torrentira, Moises Jr. C. Course Module GE Elective: Environmental Science 0 | page

SCIENCE W/ FP
Lesson 5 :
Instructor: Clint Erven H. Mosqueda,
LPT

Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

• Recall wildlife resources conservation and protection act;

• Evaluate the importance of wildlife resources, its conservation and protection; 
Identify the categories of wildlife resources and how they can be protected;
• Assess the penalties that will be charged in case of R.A. 9147 violations.

INTRODUCTION

The earth is composed of different kinds of living and non-living things. Wildlife resources
are among those living things that exist. “Wildlife” is an Anglo-American term which is
difficult to translate into other languages. Wildlife, as defined in R.A. 9147, refers to wild
forms and varieties/strains of flora and fauna, in all developmental stages, such as but not
limited to eggs, pupae, seedlings including those which are in captivity or are being bred or
propagated; flora and fauna or those no covered by any legally accepted document stating
that same is a product of registered captive-breeding/propagation shall be presumed to be
in wild form.

The Philippines is considered one of the 18 mega-biodiverse countries in the world

providing shelter to 52,177 species of flora and fauna. This represents 5% of the world’s
flora, ranking 5th in the world in terms of number of plant species. The country houses an
estimated 7,620 species of plants of which are endemic (Ambag, 2018). It contains
twothirds of the earth’s biodiversity and between 70% to 80% of the world’s plant and
animal species. In terms of the number of plant species, the Philippines ranks fifth while it
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 1 | page
ranks fourth in bird endemism. It is also said that it maintains 5% of the world’s flora. There
is also high incidence of species endemism which can be supported with 25 genera of
plants and 49% of terrestrial wildlife. (ERDB-DENR, 2015).

While, the Philippines has a very diverse wildlife, it is also considered to be one of
the hotspots in the world because of its 700 threatened species, thus resulting to be one of
the top global conservation areas (CBD, 2016). It is said that an area is considered hotspot
when it has the least number of species existing, has the least number of species found in
an exclusive ecosystem, also if these species face an alarming degree of threat. The
reason why the Philippines was considered one of the top hotspots because 97% of its
original vegetation has already been lost and has more critically endangered wildlife than
any other country (ERDB-DENR, 2015). It is said that the major reasons of high rate of
biodiversity destruction was due to industrialization and commercialization. Furthermore,
because of the growing population that needs to be fed, lands were converted from
forested lands into agricultural lands.

Based on the convention of biological diversity, a national list of threatened faunal

species was generated in 2004. It includes 42 species of land mammals, 127 species of
birds and includes 24 species of reptiles and 14 species of amphibians. In terms of fishes,
the Philippines counts at least 3,214 species, of which 121 are endemic and 76
threatened. On the other hand, DENR established in 2007 a national list of threatened
plant species which classified that 99 species were critically endangered, 187 were
endangered, 176 vulnerable as well as 64 other threatened species. (CBD, 2016).

According to the recently-released Red List of the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) based in Switzerland, the country’s flora and fauna face a
precarious future. Of the 11,406 endangered and extinct plant and animal species
documented in 112 countries, 9% or 932 are in the Philippines. As recorded, the country
has 387 threatened species, the world’s fourth highest, after the three other Asian
countries. (ERDB-DENR, 2015)

Importance of Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection

Protection of Biodiversity. There is a need to maintain ecological balance thus,

wildlife resources conservation and protection will help protect the biodiversity of our
ecosystem. Every specie is important and plays a role in the ecosystem. Endangering
wildlife has a domino effect to the whole ecosystem and may have negative impact to the
environment and ecological balance.

Sustainability of Agriculture. Wildlife conservation can significantly help us in food

security. In agriculture, crop diversity protects food supplies from vulnerability to diseases.
Saving wild plants can be the source for developing biodegradable chemicals like
pesticides, etc which helps maintains ecological balance and protect our environment from
harmful chemicals brought about by synthetic pesticides and the like. We need to have a
paradigm shift from the use of synthetic chemicals to non-synthetic inputs which are
environment friendly. This will lead to a more sustainable agriculture.
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 2 | page
 Motivation for Research. Maintaining biodiversity and ecosystems will cater the
need of the humans like medicines. Conducting research on wildlife may develop an
additional natural source and could be more efficient initiative than artificial sources.

Enhance Eco-tourism. Wildlife conservation and protection will increase

awareness of the people on the importance of conserving wildlife and maintaining its
habitat. This will also help enhance tourist’s attraction and destination. Wildlife has been an
integral part of ecotourism, which has gained considerable growth over the past few
decades. Ecotourism has already been a very influential stimulus for the country’s
economies.
REPUBLIC ACT 9147

To address the alarming and deteriorating population of wildlife in the Philippines,

the government has come up with the Republic Act No. 9147, otherwise known as the
wildlife resources and conservation Act. This act was conceptualized and implemented in
2001. It will be the policy of the State to conserve the country’s wildlife resources and their
habitats for sustainability.

This law is enforceable to all kinds of wildlife species found in the Philippines which
include the protected areas which is under Republic Act No. 7586, otherwise known as the
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act, and critical habitats. This will
also apply to exotic species which are subject to trade, are cultured, maintained and/or
bred in captivity or propagated in the country.

CATEGORIES OF WILD LIFE RESOURCES

THREATENED SPECIES is a general term to denote species or subspecies

considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories
of wildlife whose population is at risk of extinction. They are classified as:

1) Critically Endangered Species refer to species or subspecies that is facing

extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. Among country’s
critically endangered animals which are in the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List are as follows:

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MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 10 | page
 How the Government Protects and Conserves Wildlife Resources

National Wildlife Management Committee (NWMC) was created to provide technical and
scientific advice for the secretary or council or authorized representatives in the issuance of
permits or clearances related to conservation and protection of wildlife resources. A Regional
Wildlife Management Committee (RWMC) is also created for the provincial level function.
NMWC Function

 Will be responsible to submit recommendations to the PAWB or BFAR Director or

PCSDS Executive Director regarding the following applications:
O Use of Wildlife for Trade
O Bioprospecting
O Conservation Breeding or propagation of thre
O atened species
O Scientific researches
O Special uses for other purpose as may be allowed in this Order

ISSUANCE OF PERMITS

These permits below are issued by the Secretary upon completion of the required
documents prior to issuance. These permits may be renewed subject to the guidelines issued by
the appropriate agency and upon consultation with concerned groups.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 11 | page

 PERMITS Duration of Permits
(1) Wildlife farm or culture permit; 3 to 5 years

(2) Wildlife collector’s permit 1 to 3 years;

(3) Gratuitous permit 1 year;

(4) Local transport permit 1 to 3 months

(5) Export/Import/Re-export permit 1 to 6 months

VIOLATIONS OF R.A. 9147

R.A 9147 has determine what are considered violations for any person who will
undertake the following:

1. Killing and destroying wildlife species.

2. Inflicting injury which cripples and/or impairs the reproductive system of wildlife
species;
3. Effecting the following acts in critical habitats

o Dumping of waste products detrimental to wildlife.

o Squatting or otherwise occupying any portion of the critical habitat
o Mineral exploration and/or extraction.
o Burning
o Logging
o Quarrying

4. Introduction, reintroduction or restocking of wildlife resources;

5. Trading of wildlife;
6. Collecting, hunting or possessing wildlife, their by-products and derivatives.
7. Gathering or destroying of active nests, nest trees, host plants and the like;
8. Maltreating and/or inflicting other injuries not covered by the preceding violation;
9. Transporting of wildlife.

A. FINES AND PENALTIES

Fines and Penalties will be imposed on any violations of R.A. 9147 as follows:

VIOLATIONS BASED ON FINES AND PENALTIES

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 12 | page

 WILDLIFE RESOURCE
CATEGORY
1. Critically Endangered Species Six (6) years and One (1) day min to Twelve (12)
years imprisonment
Php 100,000.00 to Php 1,000,000.00
2. Endangered Species Four (4) years and One (1) day min to Six (6)
years imprisonment
Php 50,000.00 to Php 500,000.00
3. Vulnerable Species Two (2) years and One (1) day min to Four (4)
years imprisonment
Php 30,000.00 to Php 300,000.00
4. Threatened Species One (1) year and One (1) day min to Two (2)
years imprisonment
Php 20,000.00 to Php 200,000.00
5. For other Wildlife Species Six (6) months and One (1) day min to One (1)
year imprisonment
Php 10,000.00 to Php 100,000.00

CONCLUSION

The alarming and pressing concern on how Philippine wildlife and their
habitats will be conserved and protected has been the focus of the local and
international government. With the alarming ecological imbalance and destruction of
wildlife habitats due to manmade interventions may have negative impact to our
future generations. The Philippine government is very serious in enforcing the
Republic Act 9147 or the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. There
are a lots of cases filed against violators of RA 9147 which only shows the need to
put priority in giving full protection of our wildlife for our future generation. This is
because wildlife conservation and protection is very crucial in maintaining ecological
balance in our ecosystem. We owe this to the future generations.
With the initiatives of the Philippine government in intensifying the wildlife
resources and conservation protection program, we are hoping that this can address
the declining population of the flora and fauna in the Philippines. This needs a
concerted effort of everybody, this is not only the concern of the government but it is
everybody’s concern. If we will not help protect our wildlife, it will pose negative
impact to our food security, we will end up experiencing unsustainable agriculture
which affects our food supply, source of raw materials to make medicines, we will
experience constant calamities due to climate change, no clean water to drink.
With this, we need to come to think of it and make a move and action towards how
we can contribute to the initiatives of the government on wildlife resources conservation
and protection. In our little ways we can make a difference. Let’s move and go for the
protection and conservation of wildlife resources.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 13 | page

References:

Ambag, Rafael. August 13, 2018. Wildlife in the Philippines: Our Glaring Responsibility.
Flipscience.ph. Retrieved from: http//www.flipscience.ph
BusinessWorld. March 15, 2018. DENR to charge wildlife traffickers under RA 9147.
Retrieved from: http//www.bworldonline.com.
Cababaros, Anna Mae. July 1, 2013. “Biodiversity laws R.A. 9147. Wildlife
Resources Conservation and Protection Act”. Slideshare.net. Retrieved from:
http//www.slideshare.net.
Convention on Biological Biodiversity. Philippines – Main Details. Biodiversity Facts.
Status and trends of biodiversity including benefits from biodiversity and
ecosystem services. Retrieved from: http//www.cbd.com
Dela Torre, Joanna. N.D. Endemic and Endangered Plants and Animals in the Philippines.
Retrieved from: http://www.academia.edu.
DENR. Press Releases. GOVPH. Cimatu Lauds Swift Justice for Illegal Pangolin
Traders. June 2019. Retrieved from:
http://www.r5.denr.gov.ph/index.php/newsevents/pressrelease. Ecosystems
Research and Development Bureau, DENR. 2015. Heeding Nature’s Cry: R.A.
9147. Retrieved from http://erdb.denr.gov.ph./wp content/uploads/2015/05/c27nl.pdf
Joint DENR-DA-PCSD Administrative Order No. 01 May 18, 2004. Joint Implementing
Rules And Regulations (IRR) Pursuant To Republic Act No. 9147: “An Act
Providing For The Conservation And Protection Of Wildlife Resources And
Their Habitats, Appropriating Funds Therefore And For Other Purposes”
Retrieved from: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi157501.pdf
Panay News. P300T worth of threatened plant seized. September 1, 2018. Retrieved
from: http/www.panaynews.net.
Perez, D. 2019. Eco Warrior Princess. Species at Risk: The Most Critically
Endangered Animals in the Philippines. July 3, 2019. Retrieved from:
http://www.ecowarriorprincess.net.
Philstar. Letter to the Editor. N.O. DENR Files Cases Against Violators of Wildlife Act.
Retrieved from: http//www.philstar.com
Republic Act No. 9147. An Act Providing for the Conservation and Protection of Wildlife
Resources and their habitats. July 30, 2001 Retrieved from:
(http://www.gov.ph/2001/07/30/republic-act-no-9417/)
Seewee Wildlife Association. October 2017. The Reason Why Wildlife Conservation
is Important. Retrieved from: https://www.seweeassociation.org/reason-
wildlifeconservation-important/
The LAWPHIL Project. Arellano Law Foundation. Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence
Databank. March 23, 2011. G.R. No. 172678: Sea Lion Fishing Corporation vs
People of the Philippines. Retrieved from: http//www.lawphil.net

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 14 | page

 Learning Activity

Instructions:

1. List as many as possible any wildlife found in Davao Region (both plants and
animals)

2. Look for any news clip or news article about a person or persons caught for
violating the wildlife resources protection act. You can read or download news in
the internet.

a. What is the violation of the person in the news clip?

b. What are the common reasons for violating the law on wild life resources
protection?

c. Is the government doing enough to protect the wildlife resources?

d. What can you do to help protecting the wildlife resources?

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 15 | page

 Lesson 6: Week 8-9

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

• Elaborate environmental impact assessment;

• Distinguish environmentally critical project from environmentally critical area;
• Explain the coverage of the PEISS; and
• Compare categories of projects that impact the environment.

LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

Patterned after the US National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) of

1969, the Philippine EIS System was intended to provide an action-forcing mechanism to
ensure that the expressed goals of Presidential Decree 1151 which include the "creation
of conditions under which man and nature can thrive in harmony," the fulfilment of
socioeconomic requirements of present and future generations and the attainment of
environmental quality that is conducive to life of dignity and well-being, are infused into
government plans and programs.

The goals are captured in the policy statement of Presidential Decree 1586 which
states that “it is the policy of the state to attain and maintain a rational and orderly
balance between socio-economic growth and environmental protection.” These goals are
widely observed as fundamentally the same as those required to achieve sustainable
development.

The Environmental Impact Statement was introduced in 1977 with the issuance of
the Philippine Environmental Policy law through Presidential Decree 1151. The law
provides the rationale for the EIS System and led to the issuance of PD 1586 in 1978.

The Legal Basis in developing the Philippine Environment Impact Statement has
based on the Philippine Constitution stipulated that "The State shall protect and advance
the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature. In the year the 1960s, the Philippines previously experiencing the
burdens of uncontrolled population growth, urbanization, industrial expansion, rapid
natural resource utilization, and increasing technological advances which are still being
strongly felt and experience as of date. As the ecological crisis mounted from air and
water pollution. The Government answered on it by issuing a Presidential Decree (PD)
984, the National Control Decree of 1976 and Presidential Decree (PD) 1586
Establishing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System in 1978.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 16 | page

 In establishing the Philippine EIS System striking the beginning of the realization
of the importance of considering environmental concerns as early as the project is in the
planning stage. In particular, in Section 2 of PD 1586 states that “There is hereby
established
EIS System based on the EIS required under Sec 4 of PD 1151 of all Agencies and
Instrumentalist of the National Government including Government Owned & Controlled
Corporations, as well as Private Corporations, Firms, and Entities, for every proposed
project and undertaking which significantly affect the quality of the environment.
PEISS is a planning tool for incorporating environmental management measures
in the project design as an instrument of certifying compliance with other environment
laws such as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Solid Waste Management Act and
Toxic Substances and Hazardous Waste Management Act.

The Philippine (EIS) system provides the legal and procedural framework for
conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for projects likely to have a
significant environmental impact. The EIS system was designed to safeguard the
Philippine environment and natural resources in the challenge of increasing
industrialization and urbanization.

In Section 4 of PD 1586, no person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or

operate any such declared environmentally critical project or area without first securing
an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).

Coverage Screening and Standardized Requirements under the Philippine EIS System

The Coverage Screening Guidelines is envisioned to provide clearer and updated

technical definitions of ECAs and description of activities or undertakings that are
projected to have significant impacts on the environment and therefore covered under
the PEISS. It also provides procedures for determining categories of projects with
multiple components and operationalization guide for ECA. Furthermore, the project
listing and thresholds were updated and organized.

For the Guidelines, are the following definitions to be applied for a better
understanding:

Certificate of Non-Coverage - a certificate issued by the EMB certifying that, based on

the submitted project description, the project is not covered by the EIS System and is not
required to secure an ECC.

Co-located projects/undertakings- projects or series of similar projects or a project

subdivided to several phases and/or stages by the same proponent. Located in
contiguous areas.

Environment – Surrounding air, water (both ground and surface), land, flora, fauna,
humans, and interrelations.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 17 | page

 Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) – document issued by the DENR/EMB
after a positive review of an ECC application, certifying that based on the representations
of the proponent, the proposed project or undertaking has complied with all the
requirements of the EIS System and has committed to implement its approved
Environmental Management Plan to declare the environmental impacts.

Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) - are delineated through Presidential Proclamation

2146 (1981) as environmentally sensitive such that significant environmental impacts are
expected if certain types of proposed projects or programs are located, developed or
implemented in it.

Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) - project or program that has a high potential for
significant negative environmental impact as defined under Presidential Proclamation
2146 (1981).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)- process that involves evaluating and

predicting the likely impacts of a project (including cumulative impacts) on the
environment during construction, commissioning, operation, and abandonment. It also
includes designing appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures
addressing these consequences to protect the environment and the project proponent
and/or EIA Consultant, EMB, a Review Committee, affected communities, and other
stakeholders.

Environment Management Plan /Program (EMP) – section in the EIS that details the
prevention, mitigation, compensation, contingency and monitoring measures to enhance
positive impacts and minimize negative impacts and risks of a proposed project or
undertaking

Significant Impacts – impacts which damage the environment to the point that the
environmental resource loses its capacity to sustain life or to continue functioning within
baseline levels and efficiency, impacts which need action through prevention, (e.g.
change in project siting or design) or mitigation (reduce, repair, rehabilitate) or other
interventions to protect the environment from being harmed at levels that reduce its
functionality for its users.

Coverage and Procedures of the System

The EIS system requires completion of an Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) and preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) report for any
environmentally critical project (ECP) or any project located in an environmentally critical
area (ECA). DENR determines whether a proposal is an ECP or will be implemented in
an ECA; if either or both of these conditions apply, then the proposal is required to
secure an environmental compliance certificate (ECC). For ECPs, the EIS System
requires preparation of an EIS because these projects will most likely have a high risk or
negative environmental impact. ECPs include major resource extractive projects, major
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 18 | page
infrastructure projects, fishpond development, golf course resort development, and major
industrial development projects.

ECAs are areas that are ecologically, socially, or geologically sensitive; many
coastal habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, and municipal waters are classified as
ECAs. For projects in ECAs, the EIS system requires an initial environmental
examination (IEE) that includes a project description and may require an EIS. After a
thorough review of the project plans and EIA documents submitted by the project
proponent, the project will be issued an ECC by DENR.

The Philippine EIS System has a significant adverse impact to environmental

quality. Presidential Proclamation No. 2146, series of 1981- defines undertakings that
are either Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) or located in Environmentally Critical
Areas (ECAs) as within the scope of the Philippine EIS System. ECPs are Category A
While Category B projects are not classified as Category A but are likewise deemed to
significantly affect the quality of the environment. An Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC) has to be secured for projects categorized as Category A and Category
B before implementation. Projects or undertakings which are existing environmental
problems are classified under Category C while those that do not pose significant
environmental impacts are classified as Category D.

Category A - Environmentally critical projects

Category A - projects or undertakings which are classified as environmentally

critical projects (ECPs) under Presidential Proclamation No. 2146 (1981), Proclamation
No. 803 (1996), and any other projects that may later be declared as such by the
President of the Philippines. Proponents of these projects implemented from 1982
onwards are required to secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).For
detailed understanding, below are the technical definitions of Environmentally Critical
Projects or what are the projects under ECPs and ECAs.

Heavy Industries: including non-ferrous metal industries, iron and steel mills,
smelting plants, and petroleum and petrochemical industries, including oil and gas;

Non-ferrous metal industries refer to the organized and coordinated

arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to prepare, smelt, process or recycle
non-ferrous metals into marketable products.

Iron and steel mill projects refer to the organized and coordinated arrangement
of manufacturing processes designed to prepare or smelt or process iron ores, steel
scraps or primary iron and steel mill products into marketable products except when the
process involves reheating or resizing only.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 19 | page

 Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries refer to the organized and coordinated
arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to physically and/or chemically
transform petroleum and its derivatives into marketable products.

Smelting plant projects shall refer to the organized and coordinated

arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to smelt metals or alloys and cast the
same into some special form.

Resource Extractive Industries include major mining and quarrying projects,

forestry projects (logging, major wood processing, the introduction of exotic animals in
public or private forests, forest occupancy, extraction of mangrove products, grazing),
and fishery projects (dikes for/and fishpond development projects);

Mining and quarrying projects refer to projects involving the extraction and
processing of metals, metalliferous ores, fuel, precious stones, clays, fertilizers and other
earth-based materials on a commercial scale.

Forestry projects refer to projects involving the extraction, harvesting and/or

processing of timber and other forest products on a commercial scale.

Dikes for /and Fishpond Development Projects refer to natural or artificial

water impoundment involving the construction of dikes, the establishment of fish cages
and similar undertakings for aquaculture purposes or salt production.

Infrastructure Projects include major dams, major roads and bridges, major
power plants (fossil-fueled, nuclear, coal-fired, hydroelectric, geothermal), and major
reclamation projects;

Dams refer to impoundment structures and appurtenances.

Power Plants refers to power generating plants, transmission and distribution

systems (substations) utilizing, or run by, fossil fuels, geothermal resources, natural river
discharge, pump storage.

Reclamation Projects refer to projects which involve the filling or draining of areas
(foreshore, marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers, etc.) and restoration / backfilling projects.

Roads and Bridges refer to the construction, significant extension, expansion,

widening or improvement of national roads, railroads/railways, expressways, tunnels,
and bridges.

Golf Course Projects: golf courses and golf resorts are now subject to EIS
requirements A golf course comprises a series of holes, each consisting of a teeing

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 20 | page

ground, a fairway, the rough and other hazards, and a green with a flagstick (‘pin”) and
hole (“cup”), all designed for the game of golf.

Other: Many other types of coastal projects not explicitly listed above may, at the
discretion of DENR, require an EIS if they are considered ECPs. Some likely examples include
major resorts or hotels, airports, ports, shoreline fortifications, fish processing plants, and major
military development.

Category B - Environmentally critical areas.

Category B – projects or undertakings which are not classified as ECP under

Category A, but which are likewise deemed to significantly affect the quality of the
environment by being located in Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) has declared under
Proclamation 2146 and according to the parameters outlined in the succeeding sections.
Proponents of these projects implemented from 1982 onwards are required to secure an
ECC.
There are twelve (12) main categories of ECAs following Presidential Proclamation No.
2146, series of 1981.

a) National parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries declared

by law; Areas set aside as potential tourist spots;

b) Habitats of endangered or threatened species indigenous to the Philippines; Areas

of unique historic, archaeological, or scientific interest;

c) Areas traditionally occupied by indigenous people and cultural communities;

d) Areas frequently hit by natural calamities (geologic hazards, floods, typhoons,

volcanic activity, etc.);

d) Areas with critical (steep) slopes; This shall refer to all lands with the slope of 50% or
more as determined from the latest official topographic map from NAMRIA

e) Areas classified as prime agricultural lands;

f) Aquifer recharge areas;

g) Water bodies used for domestic supply or support of fish and wildlife;

h) Mangrove areas supporting critical ecological functions or on which people depend

for livelihood; and

i) Coral reefs with critical ecological functions

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 21 | page

 j) Areas declared by law as National Parks, Watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and
sanctuaries

k) Areas declared as such under Republic Act No. 75 the National Integrated Protected
Areas System (NIPAS) Act,

l) Areas declared as such through other issuances from pertinent national and local
government agencies such as presidential proclamations and executives’ orders, local
ordinances and international commitments and declarations.

m)Areas set aside as aesthetic, potential tourist spots. Aesthetic potential tourist spots
declared and reserved by the LGU, DOT or other appropriate authorities for tourism
development

n) Class 1 and 2 caves as cited in EMB MC 2014-004 and defined under DENR MC 2012-03
and significant caves as may be determined by BMB and EMB

o) Areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered or threatened species of
Indigenous Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna)

p) Areas identified as key biodiversity areas (KBAs) by BMB,

q) Areas declared as Local conservation areas (LCA) through issuances from pertinent
national and local government agencies such as presidential proclamations and
executives’ orders, local ordinances and international commitments and declarations

r) Areas of unique historic, archaeological, geological, or scientific interests

s) All areas declared as a historic site under RA 10066 by the NHCP. The whole
barangay or municipality, as may be applicable, where archaeological, paleontological and
anthropological sites/ reservations are located as proclaimed by the National Museum

The whole barangay or municipality, as may apply, of cultural and scientific

significance to the nation as recognized through national or local laws or ordinances
(e.g. declared geological monuments and scientific research areas and areas with
cultural heritage significance as declared by the LGUs or NCCA )

t). Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes. Areas
issued Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) or Certificate of Ancestral Land Title
(CALT) by National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP).Areas issued Certificate
of Ancestral Land Claim (CALC) by the DENR. Areas that are historically/ traditionally
occupied as ancestral lands or ancestral domains by indigenous communities
documented in reputable publications or certified by NCIP

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 22 | page

 u) Areas frequently visited and or hard hit by natural calamities. The
area shall be so
characterized if any of the following conditions exist

v) Geologic hazard areas: Areas classified by the MGB as susceptible

to landslide; Areas identified as prone to land subsidence and ground settling;
areas with sinkholes and sags as determined by the MGB or as certified by other
competent authorities, flood prone areas

w) Areas with identified or classified by MGB or PAGASA as susceptible

or prone to
flood

x). Areas frequently visited or hard –hit by typhoons: For purposes of coverage,
depressions, storms, and typhoons will be covered in the category. This shall refer
to all provinces affected by a tropical cyclone in the past

y) Areas classified as prime agricultural lands. Prime Agricultural Lands shall refer to
lands that can be used for various or specific agricultural activities and can provide optimum
sustainable yield with a minimum of inputs and development costs as determined by DA,
NIA or concerned LGU through their zoning ordinance.

z) Recharge areas of aquifers. Recharge areas of aquifers refer to sources of water

replenishment where rainwater or seepage enters the aquifers.

=aa). Areas under this classification shall be limited to all local or non-national
watersheds and geothermal reservations

=ab) Water Bodies. All natural water bodies that have been classified or not.
Mangrove Areas. Mangrove areas as mapped or identified by DENR. Coral Reefs. Coral
reefs as mapped or identified by DENR and/or DA-BFAR

Category C

The proponent of projects which are intended to directly enhance the quality of the
environment or directly address existing environmental problems shall submit a Project
Description (PD) to the EMB Regional Office having jurisdiction over the area where the
proposed project will be located following the Guidelines to confirm that is falls within.
Category C - projects or undertakings not falling under Category A or B which are
intended to directly enhance the quality of the environment or directly address existing
environmental problems.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 23 | page

Category D

Category D projects shall not be required to submit any document to the EMB.
Proponents of these projects may, however, still opt to secure a Certificate of Non-
Coverage (CNC) from the EMB. Project Design is also requiring to accomplish and
submit for the CNC application.
Category D - projects or undertakings that are deemed unlikely to cause a
significant adverse impact on the quality of the environment according to the parameters
outlined in the Screening Guidelines. These projects are not covered by the Philippine
EIS system and are not required to secure an ECC. However, such non-coverage shall
not be construed as an exemption from compliance with other environmental laws and
government permitting requirements.

Challenges and Issues

In the of implementation of the PEISS, there are following some issues and concerns
were observed:

Overlapping and conflicting implementation strategies among interrelated agencies

Limited participation of the LGUs Lack of human resources
Lack of facilities
The EIS system is recognized as a bureaucratic requirement needed to get project
approvals
Political intervention controls the outcome of some environmental reviews
Questionable practices by public servants serve to discredit the system
The treatment of projects in environmentally critical areas is less than satisfactory

Conclusion

In over past years and up to date - the environment is the globally concerned
because of the uncontrolled population growth, urbanization, industrial expansion and
increasing technological advances with rapid natural resource utilization that is why
environmental assessment has been globally considered as a crucial tool in achieving
sustainable development.

The Philippine EIS System provides the framework and mechanism to pursue the
country’s environmental policies and goals and part of the EIS System is the
Environmental Impact Assessment or called EIA is become an important process or
procedure to determine the possible impacts of projects on the environment and to the
communities involved but during the implementation, there were also challenges and
concerns have been observed like overlapping and conflicting implementation strategies
among interrelated agencies, limited participation of the LGUs and lack of human
resources to implement EIS - that is why DENR issued Administrative Order 2003-30
providing with Implementing Rules and Regulations for the policy directions, guidance

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 24 | page

and reference to all government agencies and private sectors before to proceed the
projects.

References

Al, E. S. (n.d.). Initiatives to streamlining the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

System: A Brief Guide for LGUs. Retrieved 5 February, 2020, from
http://eia.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/For-Local-Government-
Units.pdf
Ani, P. (2006). The Philippine Environmental Assessment Policies. Retrieved 5 February,
2020, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=625&print=1
Decena, F. (n.d.). The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System: Balancing Socio-
Economic Growth and Environmental Protection. Retrieved 5 February,
2020, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=772
Enhancing the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System Improvement
Initiatives. (2011). Retrieved 5 February, 2020, from Asian Development Bank:
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/61638/44140-01-reg-
dpta09.pdf
Presidential Decree 1586. Establishing the Environmental Impact Statement System
including other Environmental Management and Related Measures. (n.d.).
Retrieved 4 February, 2020, from
https://emb.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/PD-1586.pdf
RDC XI. (2019). Priority Policy Agenda CY 2020-2022. EDC XI Strategic Planning Conference.
Revised Guidelines for Coverage Screening and Standardized Requirements Under the
Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System. (July, 2014). Retrieved 4
February, 2020, from https://r7.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Revised-
Guidelines-for-Coverage-Screening-and-Standardized-Reqts.pdf
The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System and What it entails. (2002).
Retrieved 5
February, 2020, from One Ocean:
http://oneocean.org/overseas/200203/the_philippine_environment_impact_statemen
t_system_and _what_it_entails.html

Ross,W.A.(1994). Environmental Impact Assessment in the Philippines:

Progress,Problems,and directions for the future. Retrieved 5 February ,
2020,
fromhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0195925594900
2 05

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 25 | page

 Lesson 7: Week 10 -12

Learning Activity

Requirement: Case Analysis

Mining Company ABC is required to secure ECC because it is a Category A Project.

Why do think this company is considered Category A? Support your answer with
scenarios and impacts of the project to the environment and to the surrounding
communities of the mining area.

Management of Solid Wastes

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

• Define ecological solid waste management;

• Characterize different types of solid waste;
• Connect the principles of solid waste management with actual daily practices; and
• Validate the provisions of solid waste management with the compliance of local
government units.

Introduction

The common practice for household refuse disposal in rural areas is to dump solid
wastes openly in backyard gardens or in an open space. Such indiscriminate disposal is
an environmental hazard and can threaten human health and safety. Solid waste that is
improperly disposed of can result in a number of problems. It can create a breeding
ground for pathogenic microorganisms and vectors of disease, and cause a public
nuisance due to unsightliness and bad smell. It can cause contamination of surrounding
soil, groundwater and surface water, and it can also create fire hazards, physical hazards
and have poisoning effects (from pesticides and insecticides). However, these problems
can be avoided by using appropriate management techniques. For all waste

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 26 | page

management issues, your role should be to engage community members and families in
awareness of the solid waste problems in their area and try to change their behavior. In
doing so, it should be possible to have a clean, attractive and sustainable environment.

Impacts of Solid Waste

Improper disposal of solid waste may result to various social, economic, environmental and
health issues.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 27 | page

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 28 | page
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 29 | page
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 30 | page
How do we deal with solid waste?

In order to deal with proper solid waste management, we need to be familiar first
with the terms used in this concept.

Agricultural waste refers to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops,

trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields.

Bulky wastes refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in

separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical
attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and
industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar
items.

Buy-back center refers to a recycling center that purchases or otherwise accepts

recyclable materials from the public for the purpose of recycling such materials.

Collection refers to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal
storage point.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 31 | page

 Composting refers to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms,
mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.

Consumer electronics refer to special wastes that include worn-out, broken, and
other discarded items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets.

Controlled dump refers to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in

accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation.

Disposal refers to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of

any solid waste into or in any land.

Disposal site refers to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited.

Ecological solid waste management refers to the systematic administration

of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation,
storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other
waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

Generation refers to the act or process of producing solid waste.

Generator refers to a person, natural or juridical, who last uses a material and makes
it available for disposal or recycling.

Leachate refers to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition,

and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is a
contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials.

Materials recovery facility includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting station,
drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility.

Municipal waste refers to wastes produced from activities within local

government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional
and industrial wastes and street litters;

Open dump refers to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are
indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for
environmental and health standards.

Opportunity to recycle refers to the act of providing a place for collecting

sourceseparated recyclable material, located either at a disposal site or at another
location more convenient to the population being served, and collection at least once
a month of source-separated recyclable material from collection service customers
and to providing a public education and promotion program that gives notice to each
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 32 | page
person of the opportunity to recycle and encourage source separation of recyclable
material.

Person(s) refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and obligations, or
of being the subject of legal relations.

Post-consumer material refers only to those materials or products generated

by a business or consumer which have served their intended end use, and which
have been separated or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected,
processed and used as a raw material in the manufacturing of recycled product,
excluding materials and by-products generated from, and commonly used within an
original manufacturing process, such as mill scrap.

Receptacles refer to individual containers used for the source separation and the
collection of recyclable materials.

Recovered material refers to material and by-products that have been

recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed
and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled product.

Recyclable material refers to any waste material retrieved from the waste
stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial
use or for other purposes, including, but not limited to, newspaper, ferrous scrap
metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass,
office paper, tin cans and other materials.

Recycled material refers to post-consumer material that has been recycled and
returned to the economy.

Recycling refers to the treating of used or waste materials through a process

of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any
process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new products in such a
manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be used as
raw materials for the production of other goods or services: Provided, That the
collection, segregation and re-use of previously used packaging material shall be
deemed recycling.

Resource conservation refers to the reduction of the amount of solid waste

that are generated or the reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of
recovered resources.

Resource recovery refers to the collection, extraction or recovery of

recyclable materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling, generating
energy or producing a product suitable for beneficial use.

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 Re-use refers to the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different
purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics.

Sanitary landfill refers to a waste disposal site designed, constructed,

operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant
potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the
facility.

Segregation refers to a solid waste management practice of separating

different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of
resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal.

Segregation at source refer to a solid waste management practice of

separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste in order to
promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for
collection and disposal.

Solid waste refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-

hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris,
agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.

Solid waste management refers to the discipline associated with the control
of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of
solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental
considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.

Solid waste management facility refers to any resource recovery system or

component thereof; any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; any
facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer,
processing, treatment, or disposal of solid waste.

Source reduction refers to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the
solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials substitution,
materials reuse and packaging restrictions.

Source separation refers to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its component
parts at the point of generation.

Special wastes refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners,

household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These include
wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes,
consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately,
batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are usually handled separately from other
residential and commercial wastes.

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 Storage refers to the interim containment of solid waste after generation and
prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal.
Waste diversion refers to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid
wastes from waste disposal facilities.

White goods refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and

industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwaters, and clothes washers
and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually dismantled for the recovery
of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.); and

Yard waste refers to wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass

clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a plant or
vegetable and other materials identified by the Commission.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 35 | page

 The conceptual framework of solid waste management in the Philippines begins with the
generation of solid wastes. Solid wastes can be generated by the individual person,
households, industrial and commercial establishments, factories, government and private
institutions, agricultural farms, schools, and many others. It is imperative that each
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 36 | page
generator, individual or institutional entity, segregate the wastes at their level. This is the
concept of segregation-at-source. Meaning, the source of the solid waste must be able
to separate the solid wastes according to its kind: biodegradable, recyclable, special
wastes, and residual waste.
The framework describes that the biodegradable wastes go to the barangay which
should have a composting facility. The barangay is also in-charge in keeping the
recyclable wastes of the generators through its established materials recovery facility
(MRF). The MRF is a special structure in the barangay that is safe and designed to keep
the recyclable materials until they are transferred or sold to a junk shop. The residual
wastes are the ones being collected by the garbage collectors of the local government
unit to be transported to the sanitary landfill facility (SLF). The special wastes on the
other hand need to be collected by an accredited transporter and treated in an
accredited treater. These wastes need to be treated first before they are transported to
the SLF for final disposal.
It is very clear that the role of the barangay is on the disposal of biodegradable and
recyclable wastes while the local government unit (city of municipality) takes care of the
wastes that can never be reused such as the special and residual wastes.

Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes. -- The LGUs shall evaluate

alternative roles for the public and private sectors in providing collection services,
type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best meet their needs:
Provided, That segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to
include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources:
Provided, further, That wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in
Section 22 of this Act.

For premises containing six (6) or more residential units, the local government unit shall
promulgate regulations requiring the owner or person in charge of such premises to:

(a) provide for the residents a designated area and containers in which to accumulate
source separated recyclable materials to be collected by the municipality or private
center; and

(b) notify the occupants of such buildings of the requirements and the regulations
promulgated pursuant thereto.

Requirements for the Segregation and Storage of Solid Waste. The following shall
be the minimum standards and requirements for segregation and storage of solid waste
pending collection:

(a) There shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all sources:
Provided, that in the case of bulky waste, it will suffice that the same be collected
and placed in a separate and designated area; and

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(b) The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly marked or
identified for on-site collection as "compostable", "non-recyclable", "recyclable" or
"special
waste", or any other classification.

Requirements for Collection of Solid Waste. The following shall be the minimum
standards and requirements for the collection of solid waste:

(a) All collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste shall be
equipped with personal protective equipment to protect them from the hazards of
handling solid wastes;

(b) Necessary training shall be given to the collectors and personnel to ensure that the
solid wastes are handled properly;

(c) Collection of solid waste shall be done in a manner which prevents damage to the
container, and spillage or scattering of solid waste within the collection vicinity.

Requirements for the Transport of Solid Waste. The use of separate

collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific
types of wastes. Otherwise, vehicles used for the collection and transport of solid
wastes shall have the appropriate compartments to facilitate efficient storing of sorted
wastes while in transit.

Vehicles shall be designed to consider road size, condition and capacity to ensure
the safe and efficient collection and transport of solid wastes.

The waste compartment shall have a cover to ensure the containment of solid wastes
while in transit.

For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear the body number, the
name, and telephone number of the contractor/agency collecting solid
waste.Prohibition on the Use of Non-Environmentally Acceptable Packaging.
No person owning, operating or conducting a commercial establishment in the
country shall sell or convey at retail or possess with the intent to sell or convey at
retail any products that are placed, wrapped or packaged in on packaging which is
not environmentally acceptable packaging: Provided, That the Commission shall
determine a phaseout period after proper consultation and hearing with the
stakeholders or with the sectors concerned. The presence in the commercial
establishment of non-environmentally acceptable packing shall constitute a rebuttable
presumption of intent to sell or convey the same at retail to customers.

Any person who is a manufacturer, broker or warehouse operator engaging in

the distribution or transportation of commercial products within the country shall file a

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 38 | page

report with the concerned local government unit and annually thereafter, a listing of
any products in packaging which is not environmentally acceptable.

A violation of this Section shall be sufficient grounds for the revocation,

suspension, denial or non-renewal of any license for the establishment in which the
violation occurs.

Recycling Market Development. The Commission together with the National

Ecology Center, the DTI and the Department of Finance shall establish procedures,
standards and strategies to market recyclable materials and develop the local marker
for recycled goods, including but not limited to:

(a) measures providing economic incentives and assistance including loans and
grants for the establishment of privately-owned facilities to manufacture
finished products from post-consumer materials;

(b) guarantees by the national and local governments to purchase a percentage of

the output of the facility; and

(c) maintaining a list of prospective buyers, establishing contact with prospective

buyers and reviewing and making any necessary changes in collecting or
processing the materials to improve their marketability.

In order to encourage establishment of new facilities to produce goods from

postconsumer and recovered materials generated within local government units, and
to conserve energy by reducing materials transportation, whenever appropriate, each
local government unit may arrange for long-term contracts to purchase a substantial
share of the product output of a proposed facility which will be based in the
jurisdiction of the local government unit if such facility will manufacture such finished
products from postconsumer and recovered materials.

Establishment of LGU Materials Recovery Facility. - There shall be

established a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of
barangays. The facility shall be established in a barangay-owned or leased land or
any suitable open space to be determined by the barangay through its Sanggunian.
For this purpose, the barangay or cluster of barangays shall allocate a certain parcel
of land for the MRF. The determination of site and actual establishment of the facility
shall likewise be subject to the guidelines and criteria set pursuant to this Act. The
MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation, composting, and
recycling. The resulting residual wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or
disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

Guidelines for Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility. Materials

recovery facilities shall be designed to receive, sort, process, and store compostable
and recyclable material efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner. The
facility shall address the following considerations:
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 39 | page
 (a) The building and/or land layout and equipment must be designed to accommodate
efficient and safe materials processing, movement, and storage; and

(b) The building must be designed to allow efficient and safe external access and to
accommodate internal flow.

Composting. The composting of agricultural wastes, and other compostable

materials, including but not limited to garden wastes, shall be encouraged. Compost
products intended to be distributed commercially shall conform with the standards for
organic fertilizers

Criteria for Siting a Sanitary Landfill. The following shall prescribe with the minimum criteria
for the siting of sanitary landfills:

The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled
and compacted;

The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

The size must be located in an area where the landfill’s operation will not
detrimentally affect environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater
reservoir or watershed area;

The site should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for
a period of five (5) years during which people must internalize the value of
environmentally sound and sustainable solid waste disposal;

The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary
constraints, including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-
closure care and possible remediation costs;

Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource
recovery projects; and

Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

Criteria for Establishment of Sanitary Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria
for the establishment of sanitary landfills:

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 Liners – a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain
leachate and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

Leachate collection and treatment system – Installation of pipes at the low areas
of the liner to collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;

Gas control recovery system – a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches

containing permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect
gas for treatment or productive use as an energy source;

Ground water monitoring well system – wells placed at an appropriate location and
depth for taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect
the waste from long-term contact with the environment:

1. a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each day’s operations, and;

2. a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control
infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

Closure procedure – with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover

systems and final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste.
Installation of the final cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least
receipt of wastes; and

Post-closure care procedure – During this period, the landfill owner shall be
responsible for providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the
landfill’s environmental protection features, operating monitoring equipment,
remediating groundwater should it become contaminated and controlling landfill gas
migration or emission.

Operating Criteria for Sanitary Landfills. In the operation of a sanitary landfill, each site
operator shall maintain the following minimum operating requirements:

Disposal site records of, but not limited to:

• Records of weights or volumes accepted in a form and manner approved by

the Department. Such records shall be submitted to the Department upon
request, accurate to within ten percent (10 %) and adequate for overall
planning purposes and forecasting the rate of site filling;

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 41 | page

 • Records of excavations which may affect the safe and proper operation of the
site or cause damage to adjoining properties;

• Daily log book or file of the following information: fires, landslides, earthquake
damage, unusual and sudden settlement, injury and property damage,
accidents, explosions, receipt or rejection of unpermitted wastes, flooding, and
other unusual occurrences;Record of personnel training; and

• copy of written notification to the Department, local health agency, and fire
authority of names, addresses and telephone numbers of the operator or
responsible party of the site:

Water quality monitoring of surface and ground waters and effluent, and gas emissions;

Documentation of approvals, determinations and other requirements by the

Department;

Signs –

(1) Each point of access from a public road shall be posted

with an easily visible sign indicating the facility name and other
pertinent information as required by the Department;

(2) If the site is open to the public, there shall be an easily

visible sign at the primary entrance of the site indicating the name of
the site operator, the operator’s telephone number, and hours of
operation; an easily visible sign at an appropriate point shall indicate
the schedule of charges and the general types of materials which
will be accepted or not;

(3) If the site is open to the public, there shall be an easily

visible road sign and/or traffic control measures which direct traffic to
the active face and other areas where wastes or recyclable
materials will be deposited; and

(4) Additional signs and/or measures may be required at a

disposal site by the Department to protect personnel and public
health and safety;
Monitoring of quality of surface, ground and effluent waters, and gas emissions;

The site shall be designed to discourage unauthorized access by persons and

vehicles by using a perimeter barrier or topographic constraints. Areas within the site
where open storage or ponding of hazardous materials occurs shall be separately
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 42 | page
fenced or otherwise secured as determined by the Department. The Department may
also require that other areas of the site be fenced to create an appropriate level of
security;

Roads within the permitted facility boundary shall be designed to minimize the
generation of dust and the tracking of materials onto adjacent public roads. Such
roads shall be kept in safe condition and maintained such that vehicle access and
unloading can be conducted during inclement weather;

Sanitary facilities consisting of adequate number of toilets and handwashing facilities,

shall be available to personnel at or in the immediate vicinity of the site;

Safe and adequate drinking water supply for the site personnel shall be available;

The site shall have communication facilities available to site personnel to allow quick
response to emergencies;

Where operations are conducted during hours of darkness, the site and/or
equipment shall be equipped with adequate lighting as approved by the Department
to ensure safety and to monitor the effectiveness of operations;

Operating and maintenance personnel shall wear and use appropriate safety equipment
as required by the Department;

Personnel assigned to operate the site shall be adequately trained in subject

pertinent to the site operation and maintenance, hazardous materials recognition and
screening and heavy equipment operations, with emphasis on safety, health,
environmental controls and emergency procedures. A record of such training shall be
placed in the operating record;

The site operator shall provide adequate supervision of a sufficient number of

qualified personnel to ensure proper operation of the site in compliance with all
applicable laws, regulations, permit conditions and other requirements. The operator
shall notify the Department and local health agency in writing of the names,
addresses, and telephone number of the operator or responsible party. A copy of the
written notification shall be placed in the operating record;

Any disposal site open to the public shall have an attendant present during
public operating hours or the site shall be inspected by the operator on a regularly
scheduled basis, as determined by the Department;

Unloading of solid wastes shall be confined to a small area as possible to

accommodate the number of vehicles using the area without resulting in traffic,
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 43 | page
personnel, or public safety hazards. Waste materials shall normally be deposited at
the toe of the fill, or as otherwise approved by the Department;

Solid waste shall be spread and compacted in layers with repeated passages
of the landfill equipment to minimize voids within the cell and maximize compaction.
The loose layer shall not exceed a depth approximately two feet before compaction.
Spreading and compacting shall be accomplished as rapidly as practicable, unless
otherwise approved by the Department;

Covered surfaces of the disposal area shall be graded to promote lateral runoff
of precipitation and to prevent ponding. Grades shall be established of sufficient
slopes to account for future settlement of the fill surface. Other effective maintenance
methods may be allowed by the Department; and

Cover material or native material unsuitable for cover, stockpiled on the site for
use or removal, shall be placed so as not to cause problems or interfere with
unloading, spreading, compacting, access, safety, drainage, or other operations.

MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 44 | page

Learning Activity

Analyze the following infographic:

Requirements:

1. What is being meant by the inverted pyramid?

2. Which part is the responsibility of the household and commercial generators? Explain.
3. Why is avoidance situated in the base part of the inverted pyramid?

Final Requirement:
Promotional/Educational Video: Pls see the further direction of the instructor in your FB
group and google classroom.
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 45 | page
MOSQUEDA, Clint Erven H. Course: NSCI 3051 (Environmental Science w/ FP 46 | page