fEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS ive input signal. Itis also known as inverse feedback, Negayy af a an angler gh npn ing a advantages occur from such feedback. Hence the use of negative facade ee fgpecmats GENERAL THEORY OF FEEDBACK noe Feedback plays a very important role in all ae deliberately introduced into amplifier circuits to ; achieve gain stability, reduce non-linear distortion, etc. A feedback amplifier has two parts viz. an amplifier and feedback circuit. The feedback circuit usually consists of resistors and returns a fraction, of output energy back to the input. The amy Beate ack cuits are connected series perl ‘The inputs-of amplifier and feedback circuits are im series but the output ar i this circuit is widely used. Let us view the amplifier as a black box (without any knowledge of the internal circuit). Fig. 2.1 shows an amplifier with feedback. The symbol A in the Fig. 2.1 represents the ratio of the output voltage Vo to input voltage Viie A = Vo/Vi, and a fraction B of the output signal voltage is feedback into input circuit. So the amount of voltage feedback by the feedback network will be Ay = B Vo, where B will be less than one (unity) when the feedback network is just made up of passive elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors. If then network contains an active device then f can be greater than one ; Let & wacom A controlled feedback is Fig. 21. Block diagram of R i network, with fedack Vs = input signal voltage Vo = output signal voltage Let a portion (8) of output voltage V, i.e B V, be feedback to the amplifier input. Vy = BV, So feedback signal voltage, if ps Hence the new input (or resultant input) of the amplifier will be V, = V,+V, When V+ v (2.1) the feedback is positive and | when Vi = ae mS), the feedback is negative. The amplifier gain without feedback is denoted by A and is defined as the ratio of the output signal voltage to the resultant input voltage. Vo So amplifier gain without feedback A = y . (2.3) or Vo = AVi Using equation (2.2), we get Vo = A(V,-Vp) = A(V,- BVo) [+ V;= Bol or Vo = AVs- ABVo or (1+ AB)Vof= AVs Vv. A Bp be V, — 1+1ABBut Vo/Vs is the gain of the amplifier with feedback, called overall gain of the fier. this be designated as Ay. m ane ee Using eq. (2.4), we get the gain A of a transistor amplifier (without feedback) is altered by a factor Thus, the application of the feedback. A is sometimes called the open loop gain and Ayas closed - and (— AB) is called loop gain or feedback factor. On an examination of equation (2.5), one may arrive at the following conclusions : () When |1+AB| <1, then | Ay| > [Al is means that the gain with feedback is greater than that of the gain without fe r this condition the type of feedback is called positive or regenerative feedback. (ii) When |1 + AB| =0, then |A;| = © (provided |A| is finite.) _This means that the output can be obtained from the amplifier even when no inp lied. This is the condition for an amplifier becoming a sinusoidal oscillator. (ii) When |1 + A | >1, then | Ap] < | Al 4 oe This means that the gain with feedback is Jess than that of its normal gain. Under t more Of feedback is called negative or degenerative feedback. The transistor feedback which will be discussed here belong to the negative feedback type. ____ The application of the negative feedback may give rise to a number of desirable in an amplifier like increase in stability of the amplifier, reduction in the distortion a the amplifier, increase in bandwidth of the amplifier and the decrease in output imy increase in input impedance of the amplifier. (iv) When Af > > 1, in case of negative feedback, equation 2.5 reduces to Ay = In this case, gain depends only on feedback network, and is independent of the: A of the amplifier. Measurement of feedback q The amount of feedback is measured by the ratio of the gain (expressed in di feedback to gain without feedback. : Ay t i 1+ AB| Z i A | For negative feedback, the above expression will be a negative number. Example 2.1. The voltage gain of an amplifier without feedback is 1000. Caleulate the amplifier if negative voltage. feedback is introduced in the circuit. Given that. feedback, Solution. Given’ A = 1000 i.e. Feedback in decibels (db) = 20 log 20 log. ng B = 0.02 Since for negative feedback r a A 1000 1000 overall voltage gain, ¥~ T+AB ~ 1+1000K002 21 48 Ans.