Jazan University

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

C
Course ME‐
ME 523 
523

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Psychrometry Of Air 
P h t Of Ai
Conditioning Systems 
g y
Objectives

 Define refrigeration and air conditioning
 Describe  the Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle 
Describe the Ideal Basic Refrigeration Cycle

 Presents the Applications of refrigeration
 Presents the Applications of air conditioning
Presents the Applications of air conditioning
 Presents the components of Refrigeration system
Chapter 5 Introduction
Atmospheric air makes up the environment in almost every type of air conditioning system. 
Atmospheric air makes up the environment in almost every type of air conditioning system
Hence a thorough understanding of the properties of atmospheric air and the ability to 
analyze various processes involving air is fundamental to air conditioning design.

Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapour.

Composition of standard air
p

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Chapter 5 Introduction
Psychrometric chart
Psychrometric chart
A Psychrometric chart graphically represents the thermodynamic properties of moist air. 

Relative humidity

= Humidity Ratio

Dry > Wide

Relative Volume

Dry Bulp Tempreture

Figure 1. Thermometers, dry bulb and wet bulb
g , y

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Chapter 5 Introduction

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Chapter 5 Introduction

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
1) Sensible cooling:

Fi 1 S ibl
Fig. 1: Sensible cooling process O‐A on psychrometric chart
li OA h i h

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
1) Sensible cooling:

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
2) 
) Sensible heating (Process O
Sensible heating (Process O‐B):

Fig. 2: Sensible heating process on psychrometric chart
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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
2) Sensible heating (Process O‐B):

HR = 50% 

mair Cp (T‐19) = 500 kW

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
3) 
) Cooling and dehumidification (Process O
Cooling and dehumidification (Process O‐C):

Fig. 3: Cooling and dehumidification process (O‐C)
By applying mass balance for the water: By applying energy balance:

from the above two equations, the load on the cooling coil, Qt is given by:

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
3) Cooling and dehumidification (Process O
) Cooling and dehumidification (Process O‐C):

the 2nd term on the RHS of the above equation is normally small compared to the other
terms, so it can be neglected. Hence,

a useful parameter called Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) is defined. SHF is defined as the ratio
of sensible to total heat transfer rate:

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
3) Cooling and dehumidification (Process O‐C):

The process line meets the 
The process line meets the
saturation curve at – 1°C, giving the 
ADP (which means that condensate 
will collect on the fins as frost).
Taking the ‘off’ condition at 5°C dry 
bulb and measuring the
proportion along the process line 
gives a coil contact factor of 75%
gives a coil contact factor of 75%.

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
4) Heating and Humidification (Process O
) Heating and Humidification (Process O‐D):

Fig 4: Heating and humidification process
Fig.  : Heating and humidification process

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
4) Heating and Humidification (Process O
) Heating and Humidification (Process O‐D):

Mass balance of water vapor for the control volume

where ma is the mass flow rate of dry air.

From energy balance:

where Q
Qh is the heat supplied through the heating coil and h
pp g g w is the enthalpy of steam.
py

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
5)) Cooling & humidification (Process O
g ( ‐E):
)

Fig.5: Cooling and humdification process

The temperature of water should be lower than the dry‐bulb temperature of air but 
higher than its dew‐point temperature to avoid condensation.

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
6)) Heating and de
g ‐humidification (Process O
( ‐F):
)

Fig 6. Chemical de
Fig. Chemical de‐humidification process
humidification process

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
7) Mixing of air streams:

Kg/Kg dia
(a) without condensation
a) without condensation (b) with condensation
b) ith d ti
Fig.7. Mixing of two air 
streams
From the mass balance of dry air and water vapor:

From energy balance:

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes
7) Mixing of air streams:

T T

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Chapter 5 Important psychrometric processes

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Chapter 5 Problem 
A winter air conditioning system maintains a building at 21oC and 40% RH (state i). The outdoor
conditions
diti are 0oC (DBT) andd 100% RH (state
( t t o).
) The
Th sensible
ibl load
l d on the
th building
b ildi isi 100 kW,
kW while
hil the
th
latent heating load is 25 kW. In the air conditioning system, 50% of the outdoor air (by mass) is mixed
with 50% of the room air (state m). The mixed air is heated in a pre‐heater to 25 oC (state r) and then
required
q amount of dryy saturated steam at 1 atm p pressure is added to the ppre‐heated air in a
humidifier up to 45% RH . The humidified air is then heated to supply temperature of 45 oC and is
then supplied to the room, hfg = 2501 (kJ/kg)
a) From psychrometric chart determine the following properties: Wo, ho , Wi, hi , Tm, hm , Wm . In th middle
b) Find the required mass flow rate of supply air,
air
c) Find the humidity ratio of supply air
d) Find required amount of steam to be added,
e) Find required
q heat input
p in ppre‐heater and re‐heater.

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Chapter 5 Problem 

h S
i
o m r

25 45
23 10.5 21
Chapter 5 Problem 
a) From psychrometric chart the following properties are obtained:
) py gp p
Outdoor conditions: 0 oC (DBT) and 100% RH

Indoor conditions: 21 oC (DBT) and 40% RH

Since equal amounts of outdoor and indoor air are mixed:

b) Required mass flow rate of supply air:

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 Chapter 5 Problem 
C) From latent energy balance for process s‐i, the humidity ratio of supply air:

Mass of steam water

Take it from chart or equiation

d) Required amount of steam to be added 
from mass balance across the humidifier (process r‐h):

e) Heat input to the pre‐heater (process m‐r) is 
obtained as:

Ms(hr-hm)
heat input
p in re‐heater (p
(process h‐s)) is :

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Chapter 5 Problem
A room is air conditioned by a system that maintains 24oC dry bulb and 50 % RH inside, when
th outside
the t id conditions
diti are 34 oC dry
d bulbb lb and
d 40% RH. RH The
Th room sensible ibl andd latent
l t t heat
h t
gains are 60 kW and 12 kW respectively. As shown in the figure below, The outside fresh air
first flows over a first cooler coil and is reduced to state 1 of 10oC dry bulb and a relative
humidityy of 85%. It is then mixed with recirculated air,, the mixture ((state 2)) being
g handled byy a
fan, passed over a second cooler coil and sensibly cooled to 12 C dry bulb (state 3). The air
o

is then delivered to the room. If the outside fresh air is used for dealing with the whole of the
room latent heat gain and if the effects of fan power and duct heat gains are ignored, find:
a) mass flowflo rates of outside
o tside fresh air and supply
s ppl air;
air
b) DBT and enthalpy of the air handled by the fan (state 2);
c) required cooling capacity of first cooler coil and second sensible cooler coil.

Return

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Chapter 5 Problem

a) Since the air is supplied to the room at 12oC, the mass flow rate of supply air m3 is
obtained from sensible energy balance across the room, i.e.,

The moisture content of supply air is obtained from latent energy balance across the
room as:

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Chapter 5 Problem
Since the fresh air takes care of the entire latent load
load, the heat transfer across
coil 2 is only sensible heat transfer. This implies that:

Applying mass balance across the mixing of re-circulated and fresh air (1-2), we
obtain:

From the above equation, we get m1 as:

Hence the mass flow rate of re-circulated air is:

Mi
b) From energy balance across the mixing process 1-2, assuming the variation in
cpm to be negligible, the temperature of mixed air at 2 is given by:

m1t1+mrcti+m2t2

From total enthalpy balance for the mixing process, the enthalpy of mixed air at 2
is:

m1h1+mrc hi = m2 h2
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Chapter 5 Problem
c) From energy balance
balance, cooling capacity of 1st cooler coil is given by:

From energy balance across the 2nd cooler coil, the cooling capacity of the second
coil is given by:

m2(h2-h3)

35.74 because cooling fresh air from outside

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