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TECHI{ICAL
DIVII\G

II{TERI{ATIOI{AL'

Decompression
Procedures
InstructorGuide
TE CHNICAL DIVING INTERI{ATIONAL

TDISEA
J

TDI DecompressionProcedures
InstructorGuide

To Accompany

A Diver'sGuideto Decompression
Procedures
Theory,Equipmentand Procedures

- 2000
F i r s tE d i t i o n
-
Revision1c 2001Metric

( l n s ertth i sIn stru ctoGu

r i d ei n yourTDIStandar ds
and Pr ocedur es
Manual)

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

lnstructor Overview

This coursein Decompression Proceduresis one of the mostflexible

and interestingcoursesthat are availableto the TechnicalDiving
lnstructor.lt can fit anywherein the seriesof TDI coursesor may be
taughtas a stand-alonecoursefor normalopen waterdivers.

Decompressiondives are not required,however let the students

knowthat the simulateddecompressions will be at multiplelevelsand
longerthan thosethat are normal"safetystops".
significantly

The Decompression Procedurescourseis traditionally taughtas one

of the steppingstonecourses on the way to a complete technicaldive
sequence,i.e. Nitrox,AdvancedNitrox,Decompression Procedures,
E x t e n d e dR a n g ea n d f i n a l l yT r i m i x . A l o n gt h e w a y , t h e s t u d e n tm a y
add otheradjunctivecoursessuch as Rebreather,Cave or Advanced
Wreck Diving. Becauseof it's flexibility,the Deco Course may be
m o v e da r o u n di n t h e s e q u e n c ej,u s t s o l o n g i t i s c o m p l e t e dp r i o rt o
the ExtendedRange course. Many instructorscombinethe Deco
Procedurescoursewith,for example,the AdvancedNitroxCourse.

Welcome the students and start off by letting them know that
every dive they do is a "decompression dive" - just that some
a r e a s p e c i a l c a s e c a l l e d " n o s t o p d e c o m p r e s s i o nd i v e s " .

The DecompressionProcedurescourse introducesthe diver to the

theoryand techniquesof performingdecompression dives. There is
not a LOT of boringinformation about decompression, sincethe TDI
p h i l o s o p h yh a s b e e nt o g i v e t h e m e n o u g hi n f o r m a t i otno u n d e r s t a n d
WHY they are doinga particularskillunderwater.

T h e s t u d e n tw i l l u t i l i z et h e T D I P O 2 c h a r t s ,w h i l e a l s o b e i n gg i v e n
practicein the actualcalculationsthat make up these charts. Dive
computerscontinueto be discussedand supported;howeverthe
diver is also expectedto understandDiveTabies. Severalexamples
o f t a b l e sa r e i n c l u d e dU , S N a v y ,D C I E Ma n d B u h l m a n n .

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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Your TDI Instructor packagecontainsall the currentstandardsand

proceduresand showsthe courserequirements.This manualis
insertedin the Standardsand Procedures manualso that it will be
r e a d i l ya v a i l a b l e .

The TDI Decompression Procedures coursehas requireddives in

additionto the writtencoursework. The chapterreviewsand final
examanswersare includedin this lnstructor
Guide.

Completeall the necessaryforms priorto beginningthe class,to

i n c l u d et h e L i a b i l i t ya n d M e d i c a rl e l e a s ef o r m s . o n t h e L i a b i l i t y
Releaseform be sureto specifythe coursenameat the top. ln the
event that the course is being co-taughtwith anothersuch as
AdvancedNitroxDiver,remember thattwoLiability Releaseformswill
be required, eachwiththe nameof a singlecourseat the top.

lf taughtwithnitroxmixturesover 40%the studentwill be requiredto

h a v e a t l e a s t o n e ( 1 ) o x y g e nc l e a n e dr e g u l a t ofro r t h i s c o u r s e .
D e p e n d i nogn h o wi t i s t a u g h m
t o r em a yb e n e c e s s a r yI .n a n ye v e n t ,
there will be at least one stage botileand regulatorrequiredto
participatein the decompression phase of the dives, whether
s i m u l a t eodr a c t u a l .

The Decompression Procedures Instructor shouldhave an oxygen

analyzersystemavailablethroughout the lectureportionas well as
the practical courseexercises. A definitedemonstrative attitude
t o w a r d so x y g e na n a l y s i s h o u l db e d i s p l a y eadt a l lt i m e st,o i n s t i ltlh e
necessary diverattention to this important detail.

lf not taughtin conjunction withanothercourse,the studentsshould

be given anotheroverviewto the structureof the TDI course
offerings,such as how the Decompression procedures fits into the
overallscheme. Describethe ExtendedRangeor othercoursesas
f o l l o w - o n isn c o n t i n u i n e
g d u c a t i o n .o n c e a g a i n ,k e e p c o n t i n u i n g
-
education continuino.

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Notes:

lnstructor Materials

Adequateclassroomfacilities,both seatingand lighting

PowerPointslideshow if desired

Nitroxcylinderand stagecylinderfor analysispractice

for properflow
Oxygen analyzerand gas analysisregulator/restrictor

Time Requirements

The DecompressionProcedurescourse requirementsare shown in

the Standards and Proceduresmanual, for both the classroom
portionas well as the necessarydive requirements.

PerformanceRequi rements

Successfulcompletionof the classroommaterialand the standard

DecompressionProcedureswrittenexam

Successfulanalysisof all cylindersused throughoutthe course

Successfulcompletionof the requireddives and objectivesto the

of the Instructor
satisfaction

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 TDI DecompressionproceduresInstructorGuide

when or wherecan the Decoprocedurescoursebe taken,or fit into

the overallschemeof a diver'scontinuing education?Just about
anywherethe diverwants! lf the diverintendsto continueto the TDI
ExtendedRangeor lntroductory Trimixcourse(s),the Decompression
Procedurescourse has to be completedprioi to entry inio those
courses.

SDIor EquivalentOpenWaterDiver

+- Deco Procedures

TDI NitroxDiver -or-

(- Deco Procedures

TDI Advanced Nitrox Diver - or -

<- Deco Procedures

TDI ExtendedRangeDiver

TDIlntroductoryTrimixDiver

TDITrimixDiver

TDI SpecialtyGourses

TDI AdvancedWreck Diver

TDI Semiclosed Circuit Rebreather

Diver

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TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

Chapter lntroduction

Welcomeand Overview

All requiredformscomPleted

Reviewof whatthe courseis designedto achieve

Reviewequipmentrequirements

Discussthe useof higherlevelsof oxygenfor decompression

in the classroomas well as the

Describethe role of the Instructor
openwaterdives

Notes:

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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

What is Decom ion Divinq?

Describethatthereare timelimitsassociated
withany divingdue to
the nitrogen.All divesaredecompression
dives!

What is a Decompression
Stop?

Discussbrieflysomeof the itemsaboutdecompression,

whatdoesit
meanand someof the potential hazards:

Whereto stop?
Can you stopdeeper?
Can you swimduringdeco?
Gas requirements?
R o u g hs e a s ?
Rippingcurrents?
A n do n a n do n . . . .

Notes:

W h y d e c o m p r e s s i o nd i v e ?

Describethat there are many legitimatereasonsto performa

d e c o m p r e s s i o dn i v ea s w e l l a s s o m e t h a t ' J u s th a p p e n " !

Again,the fact remains,all divesare decompression

dives

Factorsgoverningthe decompression
aspectsof a dive include,but
are not limitedto:

Descentrate
Depth
Ascent rate

O J . Od o ma n d In te rn a ti o nTarainino
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TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

"mix"
The breathing
Bottomtime

divesimplymeansthata divedoesnotrequire
A no-decompression
stoppriorto surfacing.
a mandatory

Notes:

Excessivepressureof nitrogencausesmore to be dissolvedinto the

b o d yt h a n i s t o l e r a b l eu p o ns u r f a c i n gs, o t h i s r e q u i r e sa
decompression stop.

Explainthe conceptof the "virtualoverhead",comparingit to a

p h y s i c aol v e r h e a de n v i r o n m e nst u c h a s c a v e o r w r e c kd i v i n g .T h i s
e x p l a i n st h e n e c e s s i t yt o p l a nd e c o m p r e s s i odni v e st h e s a m ew a y ,
sincethe "virtualoverhead"preventsa diverfrom immediately
surfacingin the eventof difficultyor problemsunderwater.

A S e n s i t i v eS u b j e c t

Take some time at this point,to "throwcold water"into the facesthat

need it. The conceptof buddydivingis importantto many,however,
we shouldstriveto show Decompression Divers,the importanceof
self sufficiency.While not intendedto necessarilyendorsesolo
diving,the diverneedsto be awareof how completelycapablethey
must be in orderto properlyconducta decompression dive.

Do not allowdiversto ACCEPTthat someonecan run out of gas!

Encouragethem to continuouslyreviewtheir behaviorand the

r f t h e i rd i v e b u d d i e s .
b e h a v i oo

R U N N I N GO U T O F G A S I S N O T T O B E T O L E R A T E D !

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ThinkPositiveand refineskillseverytimetheydive.

Throwout the questionto the group... can anyonetie a bowline

knot?

somewherein this course,the studentsneedto be informedthat

decompression divingis doneon theirown. Theyneedto knowthat
excessiveand irresponsibledivingpracticesmay putthe long-term
healthof a diverat risk.

Notes:

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TDt DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

Ghapter 1 Review

1. List 2 reasonsa divermay be forcedinto a decompression

dive.

Entanglement,time to get back to an anchor/ascent

line, disoriented,misread depth, etc'

dives.
2. True/FalseAll divesare decompression

TRUE
status.
3. List at least4 factorsthat determinedecompression

Descent rate
DePth
Ascent rate
T h e b r e a t h i n gm i x
Bottom time

4 . L i s t4 t y p e so f " o v e r h e a dd i v i n g " '

lce diving
Wreck Penetrationdiving
Cavern or cave diving
..Decompressiondiving''(Thevirtua|overhead)

5. True/FalseA decompressiondivershouldbe preparedto

o p e r a t ea l o n e .

TRUE

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y Chapter 2 Diving Principle Review

Air

Air is madeup of approximately

7B%Nitrogenand21%oxygen,with
1% othergases.

Majorityof diversstilluse air with a fair percentagenow usingNitrox

mixes. Forthosewho are notfamiliarwithnitrox,explainit briefly.

Humansbreathein orderto extractoxygenfromthe air in orderto

makeuse of "fuel"in the body- respiration.

Notes:

Pressure

Explainthatpressureincreases as the diverdescends, whilethis

s h o u l db e a s i m p l er e v i e wm
, a n ys t i l ld o n ' tq u i t eg r a s pi t f u l l y .
Explainthatthe humanbodyis adaptedto the surfaceof the earth,a
rathernarrowrangeof pressures
andtemperatures.

B r i e f l yd i s c u s sp r e s s u ruen i t s :

Barometric pressure (inchesor millimeters

of mercury)
P o u n d sp e rs q u a r ei n c h
Bar
Torr

lntroduce
the conceptof the BAR(ATMOSPHERE)
for diving
pressurepurposes

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TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

betweendepthand pressureevery10
Showthe relationship t
MSW(33 FSW)

Notes:

Nitrogen

A briefdiscussionof nitrogen,it's relationship to "inertgases"which

are now termedNobleGasesin chemistry.Nitrogenis biochemically
i n e r tO N L YA T T H E S U R F A C E !
D i s c u s sn i t r o g e na s a " b a dg a s " . N i t r o g e nn a r c o s i sa n d
D e c o m p r e s s i osni c k n e s sp r o b l e m s '

The idea of decompression sicknessis relatedto the oftenused t

e x a m p l eo f a b u b b l i n gs o d a d r i n k '

Notes:

Oxvgen
cycle
A briefdiscussionof oxygenand how it worksin the respiration
in the body.

Anoxiaand Hyperoxia,too littleand too much oxygen'

Introducethe conceptof "MaximumOperatingDepth"

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Brieflydiscussoxygentoxicity,2 types,Pulmonaryand cNS (Acute)

Pulmonaryoxygentoxicityis of littleconcernto divers

CNSoxygentoxicityis a seriousconsequence!

while VENTIDis commonlyusedto showsymptomsof cNS oxygen

toxicity,emphasize thatthe studentshouldnot memorizeor believe
that it represents
anythingmorethana basicreferenceto someof the
symptoms.

Introduce
the NOAAoxygenpressurechartandtimelimits

Notes:
\t(\cX..q * \,,.1..-,,,i,t .1t7.

\ \ fre{-U-L t*\ \rQ,.f l-r'\,.r-c' (.(

t . \ q , \ i1 - " t O r u ' . r

Describebothnitrogen andoxygenas DRUGS,therefore

can apply
the ideaof a "dose"to the pressure

ln chart 2atheycan seethe relationship

betweendepthandthe
drug"andthe "oxygendrug"
pressureof the "nitrogen

s p e a ka b o u t h i n k i n o
g f d i v i n gi n P R E S S U R tEe r m s n
, o tj u s tD E p r H

Notes:

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Ghapter2 Review t

between"absolute
1. Whatis thedifference and"gauge
pressure"
pressure"?

Absotutepressureincludesthe pressureof the

atmosphereaddedto a gaugepressure.

2. What is the normalpressureat the surfaceof the earthat sea

level?

1 AtmosPhereAbsoluteor 1 BAR

3. Whatis the totalpressureat 30 MSW?

4 AtmosPheresAbsoluteor 4 BAR

4. Whatgas makesup the largestpartof normalair?

Nitrogen

withnitrogen.
5. List2 problemsassociated

N i t r o g e nn a r c o s i s
D e c o m P r e s s i oSni c k n e s s

6. Doesthe humanbodyrequireoxygen"percentage"
or oxygen
to maintainlife?
"pressure"

oxygen PRESSURE(in fact manyroutinetrimix dives

a r e d o n e u s i n g o n l y a b o u t1 0 p e r c e n o
t xygen)

7. Whatarethe two typesof oxygentoxicity?Whichone is of

majorconcernto a diver?

Pulmonaryoxygentoxicityand CNSoxygentoxicity

cNS oxygentoxicityis the MAJORconcernof a diver

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 TDIDecompression
Procedures
InstructorGuide

1> 8. Does a diver alwaysget a warning beforean oxygen

convulsion?

NO

9. What is the maximumtime exposureif the diveris at an oxygen

pressureof 1.4 BAR?

T h e s i n g l e d i v e e x p o s u r ef o r 1 . 4 B A R i s 1 5 0 m i n u t e s

1O.Whatis the oxygenpressureof AIR at 40 MSW?

1 . 0 5B A R

1-
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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Ghapter3 Decompression I

Discussthatdecompressionresultsfromhigherpressureof nitrogen
enteringthe bodythannormalat the surface.

Discuss"gradient"
and how it affectsthe rateof nitrogenabsorbtion.

Discussthat nitrogenentersdifferenttissuesat differentrates.

Notes:

DCS identifiedas far back as the 1840's

lntroducethe term "BENDS"and whereit came from t

DiscussbrieflyHaldaneand the conceptof "gradualdecompression"

Introducethe term "HALFTIME"and how it may relateto "fictional

tissues". Introducethe term "compartment".

off gassing
Introducethe idea of symmetricaland non-symmetrical
rates

Discusstime and exposurerates

Notes:
i \, ilr,,*-
\ r \
U ' i \ -
I . " ' rr \\l,nK€(

t
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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Brieflydiscussdivetablesand howtheydeveloped

Describehowdivecomputers utilizedive"table"information
andalso
the conceptof "algorithm"

l n t r o d u cU
e S N a v yD i v eT a b l e sD
, C I E MD i v eT a b l e sa n dB u h l m a n n
D i v eT a b l e s

ReminddiversNOTto mixtables

Notes:

Describethe conceptof "NitrogenGroups"as it appliesto the various

?
iaDles

Teach the tablesas shown in the studentworkbook,to includethe

surfaceintervalcredittableand residualnitroqentable

T a b l e s a r e i n c l u d e di n t h i s G u i d e f o r y o u r c o n v e n i e n c e

Notes:

Discusscommercially availablecomputersoftwarethat generates

customdive tables,such as Abyss, ProPlannerand Voyager

1>
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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

DiveTables
Showthe studentthe StandardDecompression

lntroducethe "U"graphto planandtracka setof diveswhileusing

the divetables.

Notes:

DiverConsiderations

Discussbuoyancycontroland the importanceof maintainingdepth

control

The diver is typicallynot ableto be verticaland hold depthat "mid

chest"

Discussthe variousmethodsof performingthe decompression

C o n t a c tw i t h a n c h o rl i n e
Lift bag
Physicalcontactwith wall or quarry
Weightedshot linefrom boator dock
Prestationed Platform
Decompression lraPeze

D i s c u s sd i v i n ga c t i v i t i edsu r i n gd e c o m p r e s s i o in. ,e .a v o i d i n gw o r k ,b u t
movingto allowcompletebloodcirculation.Discussthe importance
of hydrationand that alcoholis not a good idea duringpost
decompressionperiods.Avoidexertion.

diving.
Brieflydiscussthe hazardsof smokingand decompression

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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

t - '
a

No-DecompressionDive Tables

The followingtablesincludefour(4) different

tables.Includedare:

US NavyStandardNo-DecompressionDiveTables
US NavyModifiedNo-DecompressionTables
DCIEMStandardNo-Decompression DiveTables
tiletricBuhlmannNo-Decompression
DiveTables

The tablespresentedherearefor demonstration purposes.Diversshor"rld

ensurethatthe latestversionsand updatesare usedin actualdiving.

Ascentratefor US Navytablesare nowrecommended

to be 30 feet per minute.

The SurfaceIntervalTimesfor the Navvchartsincludethe chanqesbasedon

N E D UR e p o r1t 3 - 8 3 .

Al l d i v e ssh o u l di n cl u d ea " sa fety

stop"of 3- 5 minutesat 10- 20FSW( 3- 6M SW ).

All divesconducted Tablesrequireat least1 minute"safetv

withthe Buhlmann
stop"at 3-6 meters.

No decompression information is presented in these tables.

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TDI Decompression

U.S.NavYNo @ ! l i m i t A i r T a b l e
Depth N D L N o
c D E F G H I J K L M
FSW (mins) A B
10 60 120 210 300
3 5 70 1 1 0 160 225 350
15
2 5 50 7 5 100 135 1 8 0 240 325
20
20 35 55 75 1 0 0 125 1 6 0 1 9 s 245 3 1 5
25 310
1 5 30 60 7 5 9 5 120 145 1 7 0 2 0 5 250
30 190 220 270 3 1 0
40 50 60 6U 100 1 n 140 1 6 0
35 3 1 0 5 1 5 25 1 5 0 1 7 0 200
40 50 70 80 100 1 1 0 130
40 200 5 15
25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
50 1 0 0 10 15
10 15 20 25 JU 40 50 55 60
60 bU
50
5 10 15 20 30 35 40 45
70 50
6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
80 40
10 12 1 5 20 25 30
90 30
7 10 15 20 22 ZJ
100
5 10 13 1 F 20
110 20
120 t 3 5 10 1 2 .1 6
130 10 8 10
140
7 10

:'10
A
SurfaceInttlrval firnetable (SlT) 12:OO
3 : 21
0 : 10
TcI d e t e r m i n e B 3:2O 12.00
New o u p D e s i g n a t i o n
Gr
/ilsN\
a 0 : 10
1:39
1 : 4 0 4:50
4 : 4 9 12-.00
2 : 3 9 6 :49
D 01 :1009 21 ::3180 5:48 1200
I
0:10 0:55 1 5 . B 3"25 6:35
E 0 : 5 4 1'.57 3 : 2 4 6"34 12:00
Surface IntervalTable includesthe 0 1 0 0:46 1 : 3 0 2:29 3:58 7:06
c h a n g e sb a s e do n N E D U R e P o r t1 3 - 8 3 E 0 : 4 5 1'.29 2 : 2 8 3 : 5 7 7 : 0 5 12.00
w h i c h m o d i f i e sc e l l sB 1 - 2 ,C 2 - 3 ,E 3 - 5 0 '10 0:41 1 : 1 6 2 00 2:59 4:26 7
l a
andJ9-'10 0 : 4 0 1: 1 5 1 : 5 9 2 " 5 8
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0 J/ 1 . 0 7 1'.42 2 : 2 A
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z o N M L K J I H G F E D c B A

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NewGroupDesignation
(usN)
Repetitive
Dive Deoth
z o N M L K J I H G F E D c B A
40 257 241 213 187 1 6 1 1 3 8 1 1 6 101 87 73 6 1 49 37 25 1 7 7
50 1 6 9 1 6 0 142 124 'l'|.1 9 9 87 76 66 5 6 47 38 29 21 1 3 6
60 122 117 107 97 8 8 7 9 70 6 1 52 44 36 30 24 17 11 5
70 1 0 0 9 6 87 8 0 72 64 57 50 43 37 3 1 26 20 15 9 4
80 84 80 73 68 61 54 48 43 38 32 28 23 18 13 8 4
90 73 70 64 58 53 47 43 38 33 29 24 20 16 11 7 3
100 64 62 57 52 48 43 38 34 30 26 22 1 8 14 10 7 3
110 57 55 51 47 42 38 34 31 27 24 20 1 6 13 10 6 3
120 52 50 46 43 39 35 32 28 25 21 1 8 1 5 12 I 6 3
130 46 44 40 38 35 31 28 25 22 19 16 13 11 8 6 3
R e s i d ua l N r o q e nT i m e s( N T ) i n Minutes

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

ModifiedUSNNo Decompression LimitAir Table

(DopplerBased)for Sport Divers
Depth NDL NitrogenGroupDesignation
FSW (mins) A B c D E F G H J K
10 60 120 210 300
15 3 5 70 1 1 0 1 6 0 225 350
20 2 5 50 7 5 100 135 180 240 325
25 245 2 0 3 5 5 5 75 100 125 1 6 0 195 245
30 205 1 5 30 45 60 75 95 120 145 170 205
35 160 5 1 5 25 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 1 6 0
40 130 5 1 5 25 30 40 50 70 80 100 1 1 0 130
50 70 10 15 25 30 40 50 60 70
60 50 10 15 20 25 JU 40 50
70 40 5 10 15 20 JU 35 40
80 10 15 20 25 30
90 25 5 10 12 15 ZU 25
100 20 10 {5 20
110 5 10 I J 15
120 10 5 10
130

0 : ' l0
Surface Interval A 12:00
Timetable(SlT) B 0 10 3:21
J 20 12:00
To Determine 0 : '0
1 1 40 4:50
NewGroupDesignation 1:39 A 49 12:00
n 0:10 1: 1 0 2:39 5:49
Surface IntervalTable 1:09 2:38 12.00
'1:58 3"25 6:35
0:10 0:55
i n c l u d e st h e c h a n g e s
b a s e do n N E D U
E 0.54 1.57 3:24 6:34 12:00
0 : 1 0 O:46 1:30 2:29 3 : 5 8 7: 0 6
R e p o r t1 3 - 8 3w h i c h E 0:45 1 . 2 9 228 3:57 7:05 12:00
m o d i f i e sc e l l sB 1 - 2 , 0 : 10 0:41 2.00 2 : 5 9 4 . 2 6 7 .3 6
C 2 - 3 ,E 3 - 5 a n d J 9 - 1 0 G 0:40 ' 1: 1 5 59
to
2:58 4'.25 7 : 3 5 1 2 : 0 0
t l0:10 0.37 '.07 1 . 4 2 2.24 3 : 2 1 4 50 B: 0 0
n 3.20 4 . 4 9 7 59 1 2 . 0 0
0:36 1:06 2'.23
'l q 1'l
8.22
0 : 10 0 : 3 4 1:00 :30 2 . O 3 2 : 4 5 3 44
I 0:33 0:59 1:29 2:02 J:4J 5 : 1 2 8"21 12:00
0:10 0:32 0 55 1:20 1"48 2'.21 3:05 4:03 5:41 B.41
J 0:31 0:54 t - t J 1:47 2:20 3:04 4.02 5 : 4 0 B : 4 0 12:00
0 : 1 0 0:29 0:50 1 : 1 1 : 3 6 2:04 2"39 3.22 4:20 5:49 B:59
K 0:28 0:49 1 : 1 1 : 3 5 2:03 2:38 3:21 4:19 tr 14 B:58 12:00
K J I H G F E D c B A

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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

NewGroupDesiqnation
(DopplerModifiedUSN)
Repetitive
Dive Depth
J I H G F E D c B A
20 3 9 9 279 208 1 5 9 120 8 8 62 39 1 8
30 1 9 0 1 5 9 132 1 0 9 8 8 70 54 39 25 1 2
40 1 1 6 1 0 1 87 73 6 1 4 9 37 25 17 7
50 66 56 47 38 29 2 1 13 6
60 44 36 30 24 1 7 11 5
70 37 31 26 20 1 5 9 4
80 28 23 18 13 8 4
90 24 20 16 11 7 3
100 18 14 10 7 3
110 13 10 b 3
120 9 6 3
130 3
R e s i d u aN
l t r o q e nT i m e si n M i n u t e s

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

LimitAir Table
DCIEMNo Decompression
Depth N U L NitrogenGroupDesignation
FSW (mins) A B c D E F G H J K L M
20 30 60 90 120 1 5 0 180 240 300 3 6 0 420 480 600 720
30 300 3 0 45 60 90 1 0 0 120 1 5 0 1 8 0 1 9 0 210 240 270 3 0 0
40 1 5 0 22 30 40 60 70 8 0 9 0 't20 1 3 0 1 5 0
50 18 25 30 40 50 60 75
60 50 14 20 25 3 0 40 50
70 35 12 15 20 25 35
80 25 10 13 15 20 25
90 20 9 12 15 20
7 10 '12 15
100 15
110 12 6 10 12
120 '10 6 8 10
130 8 5 8
140 o 4 t)

De-rMnepetit
Repetitive RepetitiveFactors(RF)for SurfaceInterval(SlT)in
Group
(RG) HH:mm
0 : 1 5 0:30 1 : 0 0 1 : 3 0 2 : 0 0 3 : 0 0 4 : 00 6 : 0 0 9:00 1 2 : 0 0 1 5 : 0 0
0:29 0:59 1 ; 2 9 1: 5 9 2 : 5 9 3 : 5 9 5:59 8 : 5 9 1 1 : 5 9 14 : 5 9 1 8 : 0 0
1.4 1.2 1 . 1 1.1 4 4
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
A t . l

B 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
c 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1 . 8 1 . 5 t . T 1 ? 4t .. J) 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 1 1 . 1
4 A 1.0 1.0
E 1 q t.o
4 A
I.n t.J 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
. l A '1.0
F 2.0 1 . 7 1 . 7 t . c 1 3 t.J 1.2 I . l
t - a
4 4
1.1
G 1 . 9 1 . 9 t . o 1 . 5 4t . A+ t.J t.t 1.1 1.1 1.0
H
4 a
2.0 t . l t.o
4 A
t . a t . J 1.1 1.1 1.1
' 1 . 8 4t -- 7I ' 1 . 5 .1 A 1.1 1.1 1.1
I t . T

J 1.9 1.8 l.o 1.2 1.1 1.1

K 2.0 1 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 5 1 . 3 4 -
t - L 1.1 1.1
L l.u 1.7 1.6 l.a 1.2 4 A
1.1 1.1
M 1.8 t.o
1
t.+
A
1.2 1.1 1.1

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No Decompression
Repetitive
DivirILTable
Depth AllowableNo DecompressionLimits for
(FSW)
RF
(DctEM)
1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7 1 . 8 1 . 9 2.0
30 272 250 230 214 200 187 176 166 157 150
40 136 125 115 107 100 93 88 83 78 75
50 60 55 50 45 41 38 36 34 32 31
60 40 35 31 29 27 26 24 23 22 21
70 30 25 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
80 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 12 11 11
90 16 14 12 11 11 10 I 9 8 8
100 13 11 10 9 Y 8 8 7 7 7
110 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6
120 8 T I b o b 5 5 5 5
130 7 o 6 5 5 4 4 4 t
+

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Buhlmann1989Sea Level(0'700M)
No Decompression DiveTables
Depth N trogenGroupDesignation
Meters A B c D E F G H
I 25 37 55 81 105 130
12 19 25 37 57 82 125
15 16 20 29 41 4q 75
18 15 17 25 33 A A
.+1 51
21 12 15 22 28 35
24 11 13 20 25
27 10 12 1B 20
30 o 11 IO
33 8 10 14
36 q 12
7
39 7 10

BuhlmannRepetitiveLetterGroupTable
SurfacelntervalTime ( { : m m )
,,0,, Fly
Hours Hours
) a
A Z

B O:20 2 2
0:'10 0.25 J

D 0:'10 0 : 1 5 U:JU
A
E 0 : 1 0 0 : 1 5 0.25 0:45 T

F 0:20 0 : 3 0 O : 4 5 1: 1 5 1"20 B -A

G 0"25 0:45 1 : 0 0 1.15 1:40 2:10 12 5

H 0:50 1:05 1:35 2:10 3:00 4:00 5:40 24 7
G F E D c B A

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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

BuhlmannResidualNitrffi
(RNr)
Depth G F E D c B A
Meters
9 154 130 105 81 55 37 25
12 137 1 1 1 B2 57 37 25 19
15 59 41 29 20 16
18 44 25 17 14
21 2B 22 1q 12
24 24 20 13 11
27 1B 12 10
30 11 q
33 10 B
36 q
7
39 B

Notes:

OmittedDecompression

Describes
someof the conceptsof misseddecompression.

The USNrecommendations of '/oat 12, 113at g, y, at 6 and 1 lz at 3

havebeenreplacedby basically redoingall stopsat 12 metresor
g r e a t ear n dt h e nm u l t i p l y i nagl l o t h e rs t o p sb y 1 % t i m e st h et i m e .

D_iscuss
the importance
of oxygenforanycasewheredecompression
diveshavebeenperformed, any caseof omitteddecompression
or
any casewheresymptomsare present.

Discussthatin-waterrecompression
(lwR) is generallynot
recommended and represents
significant
additionalhazards.

y
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Chapter3 Review

sickness?
1. Whatis the commontermfor decompression

Bends

2. Whatis the gas responsible sickness?

for decompression

Nitrogen(in the case of Air and Nitroxdiving)

3. Whatis the benefitof a divecomputeroverdivetables?

Ensurespropertime and depthmonitoring

timefor a diveto 60
4. Whatis the maximumno-decompression
FSWusingthe standardUS Navytables?

60 minutesfor the first dive

5. Whatnitrogen groupwoulda diverbe aftera diveto 21 metres

for 33 minutes?

"E" grouP

6. Cana diveruse Buhlmann tablesfor thefirstdivethenUS

Navytablesfor the seconddive?

NO,the nitrogenstatuswould not be knowncorrectly

7. Aftera surfaceintervalof 3:44,whatwouldbe the residual

nitrogencategoryof a "G"diveron USNTables?

"G" grouP

B. Besidesstandardprintedtables,whatothersourcesof tables
to the diver?
areavailable

Commerciallyavailablesoftwarefor computerssuch
as Abyss,ProPlanneror Voyager,amongothers

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O J. Odom and International 28
 TDI DecompressionproceduresInstructorGuide

9. what wouldbe the stopsrequiredfor a diveto 124FSW (37.8

MSW)that had 28 minutesof bottomtime?

use the 130FSW(39.6MSW)

scheduleat 30 minutes=
3 minutesat 6 metres
18 minutesat 3 metres

10. what is the recommended

ascentratefor the US Navvand
mostothersportdivingtables?

9 metresper minuteor 30 feet per minute

11. what is the leadingpreventative

measurefor decompression
sickness?

Besidesproperplanning,hydration(drinkingwater)
is the leadingpreventative
technique
12. lf a diveromitsa mandatory
stopat 3 MSW for 2minutes,
whatis the bestcourseof actionassumingit hasonlybeen2
minutes?

A s s u m i n gt h e d i v e ri s a s y m p t o m a t iac n d t h e
conditionspermit,re-enterthe waterand remainat 3
metresfor 1 % times the 2 minutestop, or 3 minutes.
Most divers may actuallystay a bit longer. consider
the use of oxygenat the sudace also.

13. what are the disadvantages

of in-waterrecompression?

Thereare many disadvantages, includinglargegas

suppliesrequired,cold, rough seas (conditions),
inadequateabitityto controldepth,the chanc" of
worseningof symptoms,etc

U
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 n ro ce dur esInstr uctorGuide
T D I D e co mp re ssi oP

Ghapter4 Sickness
Decompression

Decompression sicknessis the resultof bubblesformingin the blood

or bodytissueswhentherehas beenan inadequate amountof time
excessdissolved
to eliminate nitrogenin the body'

Makecarefulnoteto the studentsthatevenif theyfollowthetablesor

they maystillsufferthe effectsof the Dcs
computers,

to DCS
Factorscontributing

Too fast an ascentrate

lmproPer monitoring of dePth
Workload
lmpropertimingof stoPs
Cold
Dehydration
' . n da z i l l i o no t h e rt h i n g s
D i v i n gi n g e n e r a l . a

TyPeI andTYPell DCS

Introduce

Notes:

Describethe occurrenceof symptomswith respectto time before

symptomsshow from the Navy study;ensurethe students
understandthat thereis no guaranteeof safetyjust becauseB hours
have passed

JU
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n ro ce dur esInstr uctorGuide

TypeI DCS

of painonly"bends"
A morein-depthdiscussion

I n c l u d ea d i s c u s s i oonf s k i n ,i t c h i n ge, t c

Discussthat it may be difficultto differentiate

betweenType I and
simpleother painsthatthe divermay havesuffered

Notes:

T y p el l D C S

A morein-depthdiscussion
of CentralNervoussystemassociated
DCS

Dividedintotwo types: Neurological

and Cardiorespiratory

N e u r os y m p t o m s :

Numbness
Paralysis
Vertigo
Tingling
MentalState
Dizziness
Weakness
P i n sa n d N e e d l e fse e l i n g
R i n g i n gi n t h ee a r s

Cardiorespiratory

"Chokes"
Y
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Notes:

D i s c u s s" D E N I A L "

considerations
Discusstransportation

Notes:

D i v e rI n t e r v i e w

Discussthe itemsnecessaryto completea good interview,making

s u r e d i v e c o m p u t e r sa n d d i v e p l a n sa r e a l s o c o l l e c t e d

D e s c r i b et h e 5 m i n u t en e u r o l o g i c af ile l de x a m

Discussthat the test shouldbe practicedfrom time to time

Notes:

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 TDI DecompressionproceduresInstructorGuide

v G h a pte r 4 R e vi e w

1. List 5 factorsthat contributeto decompressionsickness.

Ascent rate too rapid

lmproper monitoring of depth
Work load
lmproper timing of stops
Gold
Dehydration
Divingin general

2. What are the two categoriesof decompressionsickness?

Type I PainOnly
Type ll Neurological

3. lf a diverfollowsproperdecompression, is it stillpossibleto get

d e c o m p r e s s i osni c k n e s s ?

Of courseit is

4. What are the primarysymptomsof Type I DCS?

Painin thejoints or muscles

5 . T h e m a j o r i t yo f c a s e so f D C S w i l l s h o w u p w i t h i nw h a tt i m e
period?

60% within 3 hours

98% within 24 hours

6. What are the "chokes"?

The Type ll cardiorespiratoryDCS where breathing is

r e s t r i c t e da n d p a i n f u ld u e t o e x c e s s i v es w e l l i n ga n d
bubbles

>
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7. What is the purposeof recompressiontherapy?

To reduce the size and damage caused by excessive

bubbles, to relieve Pain

B. What is "denial"?

Denial is when a diver refuses to accept that the

symptoms they are experiencingare relatedto a DCS
event. Sometimes divers consider confessing
symPtoms to be a blow to ego'

L How oftenshouldthe "5 MinuteNeuroEXam"be performed?

The test should be repeatedevery hour when there is

a delay in transportationto the recompressionfacility
for divers that are presentingDCS symptoms

J+
@ J . O d o m a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a i n i2n0g0 1
t '

;.
:
q
g
TDI Decompressionprocedures
I ut uecompresstonProceduresInstructo
InstructorGuide
s
t
i > Chapter 5 Equipment and Use

Thischapterhasa discussion of manytypesof equipment.some of

the equipments tendto be regionalandthe instructor
needsto make
surethatall appropriate
specialconsiderationsare included.

Discussthe necessity
and requirements
of highqualityequipment

Remindthe studentsthata diverdoesNoT haveto weara complete

dive shop and that equipmentcan nevertake the placeof training
andiorexperience.

T h ee q u i p m e ndti s c u s s esdh o u l di n c l u d e :

Cylinders

Lowpressure, Highpressure
S t e e la n dA l u m i n u m
C y l i n d emr arkings
V a l v e sY, o k ea n dD I N
> Doubles
Decoand Stagecylinders
Ponv

Notes:

Regulators

C l a s sA
Accessories
Pressure gauges
Primaryregulators
Backup
U
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TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

Hoselengths
Decobottleregulators
pressuregauges
Air integrated

Notes:

BuoyancyCompensators

StandardBCs
W i n g sa n dB a c k p l a t e s
R e d un d a n c vc o n s i d e r a t i o n s

Notes:

Liftbagsand Reels
J e r s e yU p l i n e
Spools
Low PressureInflatorand hazards

Jonline

Notes:

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 TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

Redundant
DepthandTime
Computer
Selection

Notes:

Environmental
Protection

W e tS u i t
DrySuit
Notes:
>

Tools

Cuttingdevices

Z-Knife
Knifewithlanyard
EMTscissors/shears

Lights

Clips

v
O J . Od o ma n dl n te rn a ti o nTarainino
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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Notes:

"handson" session
and havea practical
Discussequipment

Notes:

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I

il
E TDI DecompressionproceduresInstructorGuide
i
t
t
i -, Chapter 5 Review

1. Whatare two typesof steelcylinders?

Low pressure
High pressure

2. A decompressiondiver should use how many primary

regulators?

Thereshould be two primaryregulators

3. Whatis a "slingshot"
valve?An "H"valve?

A single cylinder valve with dual ouflets, the

slingshotis in a Y configuration,the H valvetends to
b e a m o d u l a rd u a l o u t l e t

4 . W h a ti s o n ed i s a d v a n t a goef a " h i g hv o l u m es i n g l e ' , ?

lf a burst disc ruptures, there is no chance of

r e d u n d a n c yf o r l o s s o f a i r

5. Whatarethe two typesof valveconnection?

Y o k ea n d D I N

6 . c a n a 2 0 0 B a r D I Nr e g u l a t obr e u s e dw i t ha 3 0 0 B a rc v l i n d e r
valve?

N o ,t h e s t e m i s t o o s h o r t ,b y d e s i g n

7. The decompression
r e g u l a t o rs h o u r d h a v e w h a t i t e m s
attached?

A pressuregauge

B. Whataretwo typesof buoyancycompensators?

S t a n d a r di n t e g r a t e d
a n d b a c k p l a t ew i t h w i n g s
:
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TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

9. What aretwo typesof back-upbuoyancydevices?

Dry suit and in an emergencya lift bag

shoulda liftbagbe to ensurevisibility?

10. what color(s)

Signal Yellow or Signal Orange, reflective tape

e n h a n c e st h e v i s i b i l i t Y

devices:
11. Nametwotypesof divemonitoring

A dive comPuter
IntegratedBottomTimerand DepthGauge
Independentwatchand DePthGauge

a rl a i n i n g2 0 0 1
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 TDI DecompressionProcedures InstructorGuide

DecompressionProcedures

Written Examand Answer Key

This writtenexam is not a multipleguessstyle,it is designedto have

the studentactuallycome up with an answer.

Open book tests have been shown to be the most effectivelearning

tools and promotebetterunderstanding.

A coupleof itemscan be considered:

lf it is open book, then there is no reason the student

shouldfail! This gives increasedconfidenceand less stressleading
up to the exam.

lf it is open book, then the studentlooks up the answer

and has the correct concept reinforcedrather than repeatingan
incorrectresponse.

O J . O d o m a n d l n t e r n a t i o n aTlr a i n i n o2 0 0 1 41
TDI DecompressionProcedureslnstructorGuide

\
Technical Diving lnternational
ProceduresDiver
Decompress/on

Name Date

Thisquizhelpsidentifyweakareasof understanding. lt is openbook,open

tablesand shouldbe used as a tool.
learning free
Feel both
to usea calculator,
for the quizas wellas yourrealdiving!

dive?
1. Whatare somereasonsto performa decompression

2 . W h a ti s th e g a s i n a i rth a tca usesthepr oblems withDCS?

associated

J. Sickness?
Whatare the two primarytypesof Decompression

4 . Whatis the PO2of air at 30 metres?

5. Do the "timecompartments" measurenitrogenin the body?

accurately \

6. Whatis the "virtualoverhead"?

7. W h a t a r e t w o k i n d so f r e d u n d a nvt a l v ef o r a s i n g l ec y l i n d e r ?

6. A d i v e rd e s c e n d st o 2 5 . 5 m e t r e sa n d r e m a i n st h e r ef o r 4 4 m i n u t e sp r i o rt o
ascent. What is the ResidualNitrogenCategory?

whatis the new

9 . A "G"d i ve rh a sa 4 h o u ra n d22 m inutesur faceinter val,
R e si d u aca (U se sU S NTablesforthisone) ?
l te g o ry

10.A "D"diverthatwantsto makea repetitive diveto 23 metreshas how many

Time?
m i n ute so f R e si d u aNl i tro g en

\
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 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

- 11. Cana diversafelyperformthe 3 metredecompression

stopat 4.5 metres
withoutcomplication?

1 2 . A d i v e r s t a r t s w i t1h9 0b a r a t 1 0 : 4 3a n dt h e nh a d1 4 5b a r a t 1 1 0 4w h i l ea t
23 metreswearingdouble10's. Whatis the diver'sSACrate?

13. Whichtypeof oxygentoxicityis of primaryconcernto a diver?

14. Whatare two problemsassociated

withexcessive
nitrogen?

' 1 5 .Wh a ta reth e

tw o ca te g or ies
of Typell DCS?

1 6 . Ho wma n yti memo n i to r should

s a decom pr ession
diveruse?

> 1 7 . Wh a ti s th e a d va n ta goef a "signalsausage"?

1 8 . lf a d i ve rru n so u to f a i r at 6 m etr es,with2 minutesr em aining

at thestop
a nd 1 2 mi n u te sre q u i re d a t 3 m etr es,whatpr ocedurshould
e theyfollow
a ssu mi n thg e ya re a symptomatic andthe divingconditions ar egood?

19. By followingdive tables,is a diver alwayssafe from DCS events?

2 0 . B y u s i n go x y g e n ,c a n t h e d e c o m p r e s s i o b n e a c c e l e r a t e d ?H o w w o u l d a
d i v e rp l a n t o a c c e l e r a t et h e d e c o m p r e s s i o n ?

2 1 . W h a t i s t h e m a x i m u ms i n g l ee x p o s u r ed i v e t i m e f o r a g a s t h a t h a s a P O 2 o t
1 . 5B A R ?

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TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

depththat 100%oxygencan be used

22.Whatis the maximumrecommended
for decompression?

whatis the leadingprevention

23. Otherthanadheringto profiles, of DCS?

Exam"?Whenshouldit be
24. Whatis the "5 minuteFieldNeurological
performed?Howoftenshouldit be repeated?

25. Plana diveto 45 metresfor 30 minutes.Showthe gas requiredas well as

the profile.Assumea diverwitha SACrateof 17 litresper minute.Showthe
amouno t f g a sre q u i re a ( Buhlm ann)
d n dtim epr ofiles.

26. Can vou tie a bowlineknot?

I h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e q u e s t i o n sw i t h m y i n s t r u c t o r a n d u n d e r s t a n dt h o s e I
m a y h a v e m i s s e d . I a m s a t i s f i e dw i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o na n d f e e l c o n f i d e n t t o
operate at the level of Decompression Procedures Diver to the limits I have
been trainedwithout supervision.
n^+^
Signed IJ .7 LY

Name
(Asyouw

Address

Address

Age Sex P h o n eN u m b e r

a lr a i n i n g2 0 0 1
@J . O d o m a n d l n t e r n a t i o nT 44
 T D I De co mp re ssi oP
n ro ce dur esInstr uctorGuide

- Technical Dlui
DecompressionProcedu resDiver

Name Date
T h i s q u i z h e l p si d e n t i f yw e a k a r e a so f u n d e r s t a n d i n gl.t i s o p e n b o o k ,o p e n
tables and shouldbe used as a learningtool. Feel free to use a calculator,both
f o r t h e q u i z a s w e l l a s y o u rr e a ld i v i n g !

1. What are some reasonsto performa decompressiondive?

D e e p w r e c k , r e p e t i t i v ed i v e , o v e r s t a y e dt i m e o r d e p t h l i m i t s

2 . W h a t i s t h e g a s i n a i r t h a t c a u s e st h e p r o b l e m sa s s o c i a t e dw i t h D C S ?

Nitrogen

3 . W h a t a r e t h e t w o p r i m a r yt y p e so f D e c o m p r e s s i oS
nickness?

Typeland Type ll

> 4 . W h a t i s t h e P O Zo f a i r a t 3 0 m e t r e s ?

. 2 1X 4 B A R = . 8 4 B A R

5 . D o t h e " t i m ec o m p a r t m e n t sa"c c u r a t e l ym e a s u r en i t r o g e ni n t h e b o d y ?

N o ,t h e y a r e s i m p l y m o d e l s

6 . W h a t i s t h e " v i r t u aol v e r h e a d " ?

T h e e f f e c t o f a " d e c o m p r e s s i o ns t o p " t h a t c a u s e s a n
o v e r h e a d ,t h e d i v e r c a n n o t d i r e c t l y a s c e n d t o t h e s u r f a c e

7. W h a t a r e t w o k i n d so f r e d u n d a nvt a l v ef o r a s i n g l ec y l i n d e r ?

A t r Y "v a l v e ,a l s o k n o w n a s a s l i n g s h o tv a l v e a n d a n ' , H , ,v a l v e

8. A d i v e rd e s c e n d st o 2 5 . 5 m e t r e sa n d r e m a i n st h e r ef o r 4 4 m i n u t e sp r i o rr o
a s c e n t . W h a t i s t h e R e s i d u aN
l i t r o g e nC a t e g o r y ?

U s i n g t h e U S N a v y S t a n d a r dA i r T a b l e s e l e c tt h e 2 8 m e t r e ( g 0
F S W )d e p t h a n d 5 0 m i n u t e s( r o u n d u p ) = 1 8 m i n u t e sa t 3 m e t r e

O J . O d o ma n d I n t e r n a t i o nTarla i n i n o2 0 0 1 AA
T D I D e co mp re ssi oP Instr uctorGuide
n ro ce d u r es

(1 0F S W)fo r d e compr ession.DCIEMor Buhlmanntableswill

obviouslyhavea differentresult,adjustaccordingly.

whatis the new

9. A "G"diverhas a 4 hour and22 minutesurfaceinterval,
Residualcategory?

"CttDivgr

10. A "D" diver that wants to make a repetitivedive to 23 metreshas how many
l i t r o g e nT i m e ?
m i n u t e so f R e s i d u a N

20 minutes

1 1 . C a n a d i v e rs a f e l yp e r f o r mt h e 3 m e t r ed e c o m p r e s s i osnt o p a t 4 . 5 m e t r e s
w i t h o u tc o m p l i c a t i o n ?

N o , t h e r e w o u l d n o t b e s u f f i c i e n tn i t r o g e n r e d u c t i o n ; t h e t i m e
w o u l d h a v e t o b e e x t e n d e d . T h i s i s o n e o f t h e a d v a n t a g e so f a
c o m P u t e rc o m P a r e dt o t a b l e s

1 2 . A d i v e r s t a r t s w i t1h9 0b a r a t ' 1 0 : 4 a3 n d t h e nh a d ' 1 4 5 b a a r t 1 1 . 0 4w h i l ea t

1 B m e t r e sw e a r i n q d o u b l e1 0 ' s . W h a t i s t h e d i v e r ' sS A C r a t e?

T i m e i s 2 1 m i n u t e st a k e n a t t h e m a x d e p t h o f 1 8 m e t r e s o r 2 . 8
B A R ( s a f e t y ) .O b s e r v e dp r e s s u r ed r o p i s 1 9 0 - 1 4 5 =4 5 b a r '
Volume of gas used is 20 litrex 45 bar = 900 litres@ 2.8 bar

9 0 0 / 2 . 8= 3 2 1 . 5l i t r e s i n 2 1 m i n u t e s o r 3 2 1 . 5 1 2=1 1 5 . 3 1l i t r e s / p e r
m i n u t eS A C .

1 3 . W h i c ht y p e o f o x y g e nt o x i c i t yi s o f p r i m a r yc o n c e r nt o a d i v e r ?

C e n t r a lN e r v o u sS y s t e m o x y g e n t o x i c i t y

d i t h e x c e s s i v en i t r o g e n ?
1 4 . W h a t a r e t w o p r o b l e m sa s s o c i a t e w

DecomPression Sickness
N i t r o g e nN a r c o s i s

1 5 . W h a t a r e t h e t w o g r o u p so f T y p e l l D C S ?

Neurological
C a r di o r e sP i r a t o r Y

1 6 . H o w m a n y t i m e m o n i t o r ss h o u l da d e c o m p r e s s i odni v e ru s e ?

r+o
a rl a i n i n g2 0 0 1
O J . O d o m a n d I n t e r n a t i o nT
 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

A minimum of two

1 7 . W h a t i s t h e a d v a n t a g eo f a " s i g n a ls a u s a g e " ?

I t e x t e n d s m u c h h i g h e r t h a n a l i f t b a g a n d i s m u c h e a s i e rt o
see by the surface crew

1 8 . l f a d i v e rr u n s o u t o f a i r a t 6 m e t r e s w
, i t h 2 m i n u t e sr e m a i n i n ga t t h e s t o p
a n d 1 2 m i n u t e sr e q u i r e da t 3 m e t r e s w, h a t p r o c e d u r es h o u l dt h e y f o l l o w
a s s u m i n gt h e y a r e a s y m p t o m a t iacn d t h e d i v i n gc o n d i t i o n sa r e g o o d ?

R e t u r nt o t h e w a t e r , d e s c e n d t o 6 m e t r e s a n d s t a y f o r a t l e a s t 3
m i n u t e s ,a s c e n d t o 3 m e t r e s a n d s t a y f o r 1 8 m i n u t e s . S u r f a c e
a n d m o n i t o r f o r a n y s i g n o f D G S ,c o n s i d e r u s i n g o x y g e n a t t h e
s u r f a c ef o r 3 0 m i n u t e s
'19.
B y f o l l o w i n gd i v e t a b l e s ,i s a d i v e ra l w a y ss a f e f r o m D C S e v e n t s ?

Not necessarily!

2 0 . B y u s i n go x y g e n ,c a n t h e d e c o m p r e s s i obne a c c e l e r a t e d ?H o w w o u i da
D d i v e rp l a n t o a c c e l e r a t et h e d e c o m o r e s s i o n ?

Y e s , b u t i n o r d e r t o t a k e a d v a n t a g eo f t h e b e n e f i t ,t h e d i v e r
w o u l d h a v e t o u s e s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e dt a b l e s o r o n e o f t h e
c o m m e r c i a l l ya v a i l a b l es o f t w a r e p r o g r a m s t o p l a n t h e d i v e .
S o m e d i v e c o m p u t e r s a l l o w 1 0 0 %o x y g e n t o b e p r o g r a m m e d
i n a s a s e c o n d b r e a t h i n gg a s .

2 1 . W h a t i s t h e m a x i m u ms i n g l ee x p o s u r ed i v e t i m e f o r a g a s t h a t h a s a P O 2 o f
1 . 5B A R ?

1 2 0m i n u t e s

2 2 . \ N h a ti s t h e m a x i m u mr e c o m m e n d e d e p t ht h a t 1 0 0 % o x y g e nc a n b e u s e d
for decompression?

6 metres

2 3 . O t h e rt h a n a d h e r i n gt o p r o f i l e sw
, h a t i s t h e l e a d i n gp r e v e n t i o no f D C S ?

D r i n k p l e n t y o f w a t e r o r o t h e r l i q u i d s a p p r o p r i a t ef o r d i v i n g
( n o t b e e r ! ) ,s t a y h y d r a t e d

@J . O d o ma n d l n t e r n a t i o n a
T lr a i n i n o2 0 0 1 A 1
+t
TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Exam"?Whenshouldit be
24. Whatis the "5 minuteFieldNeurological
performed?Howoftenshouldit be repeated?

It is a test to determineif there havebeensome neurological

problemsassociatedwith DCS. Anytimesome symptomsare
noted that may be relatedto Type ll DCS. Repeateach hour
is delaYed'
w h e n tra n sp o rtation

2 5 . P l a na d i veto 4 5 me tre sfo r 30 m inutes.Showthegasr equir ed as wellas

. ssu mea d i ve rwitha SACr ate
t h e pro fi l e A of 17 litr per
es Showthe
minute.
a m o u no t f q a s re q u i re a
d n dtimepr ofiles.

4 5 m e t r e s f o r 3 0 m i n u t e s = > 3 m i n u t e s @ 1 2 = >6 m i n u t e s @ 9 ,
1 0 m i n u t e s @ 6 a n d 2 7 m i n u t e s@ 3 m e t r e s .

( 4 5 / 1 0+) 1 = 5 . 5 B A R

l T l l m i n X 3 0 m i n u t e sX 5 . 5 b a r = 2 8 0 5l i t r e so f g a s o n b o t t o m

5 m i n u t e sa s c e n tw i t h o u t d e c o X 1 7 X 5 ' 5 B A R ( e r r t o t h e s i d e
o f c a u t i o n ) = 4 6 7 . 5l i t r e s

1 7 l l m i nX 3 m i n u t e s X 2 . 2 B A R = 1 1 2 . 2 l i t r e s

1 7 l / m i nX 6 m i n u t e sX 1 . 9 B A R = 1 9 3 . 8l i t r e s

1 7 l l m i n X 1 0 m i n u t e s X 1 . 6 B A R = 1 6 3 . 2l i t r e s

1 7 l l m i n X 2 7 m i n u t e sX 1 . 3 B A R = 5 9 6 . 7l i t r e s

26. Can you tie a bowlineknot?

By now, it would be a good idea!

I h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e q u e s t i o n s w i t h m y i n s t r u c t o ra n d u n d e r s t a n dt h o s e I
m a y h a v e m i s s e d . I a m s a t i s f i e dw i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o na n d f e e l c o n f i d e n t t o
o p e r a t e a t t h e l e v e l o f D e c o m p r e s s i o nP r o c e d u r e sD i v e rt o t h e l i m i t s I h a v e
been trainedwithout supervision.

a lr a i n i n q2 0 0 1
@J . O d o ma n d I n t e r n a t i o n T 4B
 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

FormulaReview

EquivalentAir Depth

Equivarent
AirDepth EAD= {('-:?')ro * 10i' , ]- 10
[\ .79 )'

1.4
B e s tM i x ( 1 . 4 ) fOz -
f(oepttr) ,,.]

1.4
BestMix (1.4) fOz -
f ( D e p t h ), l
1[=o-)*'l

P r e s s u r e( l m p e r i a l ) :.,{f
P(ATA'
)*.
Pressure(Metric) :,.Tf
P(ArA'
)-,

Depth(lmperial) Depth-(ATA-1F3

O J . O d o ma n d I n t e r n a t i o nT
a rl a i n i n o2 O O 1 49
TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Depth(Metric) Depth = (ATA - 110

PressureoraGas P g " ,= * " { ( T ) .1}

pressure
or a Gas Psas- f n*{(-+)
" * 1}
10l'\. ) )

Depth
operatins
Maximum MoD : -'t}.t
{(H)

Maximum Depth
operatins MoD = - ,}, o
{(H)

D a l t o n ' sL a w P t - P g a s l* P g a s z* P g a s e . . . P g a s ( n )

( P O2 - 0 . 5
O x y g e nT o l e r a n c eU n i t OTU - tl
\ 0.5 ) "

Boyle's Law PV:k

B o y f e ' sL a w E x t e n s i o n PrVr - PzYz

Vr Yz
Charles'Law
Tr Tz

T lr a i n i n q2 0 0 1
O J . O d o ma n d l n t e r n a t i o n a 50
 TDI DecompressionProceduresInstructorGuide

Pr Pz
Tr Tz

PrVr PzYz
ldeal Gas Law
Tr Tz

Universal Gas Law PV - nRT

@ J . O d o ma n d l n t e r n a t i o n a
Tlr a i n i n q2 0 0 1 3 l
 Technical Diving International
DecompressionProcedu res Diver

Name Date
This quiz helpsidentifyweakareasof understanding.lt is open book,open
tablesand shouldbe usedas a learningtool. Feelfreeto use a calculaior,
bothfor the quizas wellas yourrealdiving!

1. What are somereasonsto performa decompression

dive?

2. what is the gas in air that causesthe problemsassociatedwith DCS?

3. What are the two primarytypesof Decompression

Sickness?

4 , W h a ti s th e P O2o f a i r a t 3 0 m etr es?

5. Do the "timecompartments"
accuratelymeasurenitrogenin the body?

6 . W h a ti s th e " vi rtu aol ve rh e ad"?

7. W ha ta re tw o ki n d so f re d undant
valvefor a sinqlecvlinder ?

B. A diverdescendsto 25.5metresand remainstherefor44 minutesprior

to ascent. What is the ResidualNitrogenCategory?

9 . A "G"d i ve rh a sa 4 h o u ra n d22 m inutesur faceinter val.

what is the new
R e si d u aca
l te g o ry(U se sU SNTablesfor thisone) ?

Decompression
Procedures
2001 Version1.1
10. A "D" diverthat wantsto makea repetitivediveto 23 metreshas how
manyminutesof ResidualNitrogenTime?

stopat 4.5 metres

11. Can a diversafelyperformthe 3 metredecompression
withoutcomplication?

12. A diverstartswith 190 bar at 10:43and then had 145 bar at 11:A4while
at23 metreswearingdouble10's. Whatis the diver'sSAC rate?

13. Whichtype of oxygentoxicityis of primaryconcernto a diver?

withexcessivenitrogen?
14. What are two problemsassociated

a
of Type ll DCS?
15. What are the two categories

1 6 . H o w ma n yti memo n i tor should

s diveruse?
a decompr ession

of a "signalsausage"?
1 7 . Wh a ti s th e a d va n ta g e

1 8 . l f a d i ve rru n so u t o f a i r at 6 metr es,with2 m inutesr emainingat the stop

and 12 minutesrequiredat 3 metres,what procedure shouldthey follow
a ssu mi n g th e ya re a symptom atic andthe divingconditions ar e good?

19. By followingdivetables,is a diveralwayssafefrom DCSevents?

2001
Procedures
Decompression Version 1.1
 20. By usingoxygen,can the decompression
be accelerated?Howwourda
diverplanto accelerate
the decompression?

21.what is the maximum divetimefor a gasthathasa Po2

singleexposure
of 1.5BAR?

22.\Nhatis the maximumrecommended

depththat 100%oxygencan be
usedfor decompression?

23. Otherthan adheringto profiles,

what is the leadingprevention
of DCS?

2 4 . \ N h a ti s th e " 5 mi n u teF i e l dNeur ological

Exam "?W henshouldit be
performed?How oftenshouldit be repeated?

2 5 . Pl a na d i veto 4 5 me tre sfo r 30 m inutes.Showthe gas r equir edas well

as the profile.Assumea diverwith a SAC rateof 17 litresper minute.
Sh o wth e a mo u n ot f g a s re q uir ed
and tim e pr ofiles.
( Buhlm ann)

26. Canyou tie a bowlineknot?

I h a v e r evi e w e dth e q u e sti tn s with my instr uctorand under standthose I

m a y h a ve mi sse d . I a m sa ti sfiedwith the infor m ationand feel confident
t o o p e r a tea t th e l e ve lo f D e com pr essionPr ocedur esDiverto the lim its I
h a v e b e e n tra i n e dw i th o u t su per vision.

Signed r'\ ^+^

LJ .A LY

Name
(As you

Address

Address

Age Sex P h o n eN u m b e r

Decompression
Procedures
200I Version1.1
TechnicalDiving International
ProceduresDiver
Decompression

Version1.1
ANSWERSHEETDate:
Name
This quiz helpsidentifyweak areasof understanding. lt is open book,open
tablesand shouldbe used as a learningtool. Feelfree to use a calculator,
bothfor the quiz as well as your realdiving!

1. What are some reasonsto performa decompression

dive?

Deep wreck, repetitivedive, overstayedtime or depth limits

2. What is the gas in air that causesthe problemsassociated

with DCS?

N i tro g e n

Sickness?
3. What are the two primarytypesof Decompression

T yp e I a n d T Y P ell

4. What is the PO2 of air at 30 metres?

. 2 1X 4 B A R = . 8 4 B A R

5. Do the "timecompartments" measurenitrogenin the body?

accurately

N o , t h e y a r e s i m P l Ym o d e l s

6 . W h a ti s th e " vi rtu aol ve rh e ad"?

T h e e ffe ct o f a "decom pr ession- *"P" that causes an

o ve rh e a d ,th e d iver cannot dir ecttyascendto the sur face

7. What are two kindsof redundantvalvefor a singlecylinder?

A 'rY " va l ve ,a l s o known as a slingshotvalve and an "H"

va l ve

8 . A di ve rd e sce n d sto 2 5 .5m etr esand r emainsther efor44 m inutespr iorto

ascent. What is the ResidualNitrogenCategory?

U si n g th e U S N avy Standar dAir Tableselectthe 28 metr e

(9 0 F S W)d e p th and 50 m inutes( r oundup) = 18 minutesat 3
me tre (1 0 F S W)for decom pr ession.DCIEMor Buhlmann
ta b l e sw i l l o b vi ouslyhave a differ entr esult,adjust
a cco rd i n g l y.

2001
Procedures
Decomoression Version1.1
 9. A "G" diverhas a 4 hourand22 minutesurfaceinterval,what is the new
Residualcategory?

" C " D i ve r

10. A "D" diverthat wantsto make a repetitivedive to 23 metreshas how

manyminutesof ResidualNitrogenTime?

2 0 mi n u te s , rt lg ir liNs

11. Can a diversafelyperformthe 3 metredecompression

stop at 4.5 metres
withoutcomolication?

N o , th e rew o u l d not be sufficientnitr ogenr eduction;the

ti me w o u l d h a ve to be extended. This is one of the
a d va n ta g e so f a com putercompar edto tables

r [ 1 2 .A d i ve rsta rtsw i th1 9 0b a r at 10:43and thenhad 145 barat 11:04whileat

, \ \' -n'\
t:tt\0' 1B metreswearingdouble10's. What is the diver'sSAC rate?
-
-'\ nt 1/ : "
" T i me i s 2 1 mi n utestaken at the m ax depth of 18 metr esor
U
2 .8 B A R (sa fe ty) Obser
. vedpr essur edr op is 190- 145=45
b a r. V o l u meo f gas used is 20 litr ex 45 bar = 900 litr es@
2.8 bar
v \
(t:.1*' I
9 0 0 / 2 . 8= 3 2 1 . 5l i t r e si n 2 1 m i n u t e so r 3 2 1 . 5 1 2 11=5 . 3 1
l i tre sl p e rmi n u teSAC.

13.Whichtypeof oxygentoxicityis of primaryconcernto a diver?

C e n tra lN e rvo usSystemoxygen toxicity

1 4 .W h a ta re tw o p ro b l e ma .sociated
withexcessive
nitr ogen?

D e c o m p r e s s i oS
nickness
N i tro g e nN a rcosis

1 5 .W h a ta re th e tw o g ro u p so f Type ll DCS?

Neurological
C a rd i o re sp i ra tor y

1 6 . H ow ma n yti memo n i to rs
shoulda decompr ession
diveruse?

A mi n i mu mo f two

Decompression
Procedures
2001 \/ersion1.1
17. What is the advantageof a "signalsausage"?

It e xte n d s mu ch higherthan a lift bag and is much easierto

see bY the surface crew

18. lf a diverrunsout of air at 6 metres,with2 minutesremainingat the stop

and 12 minutesrequiredat 3 metres,whatprocedureshouldthey follow
assumingthey are asymptomatic are good?
and the divingconditions

Return to the water, descendto 6 metres and stay for at

te a st3 mi n u te s,ascendto 3 m etr esand stay for 18 minutes.
su rfa ce a n d monitorfor any sign of DGS,considerusing
oxygen at the surface for 30 minutes

19. By followingdivetables,is a diveralwayssafefrom DCSevents?

N o t n e ce ssa ri l Y!

be accelerated?Howwoulda
20. By usingoxygen,can the decompression
diverplanto acceleratethe decompression?

Y e s, b u t i n o rd er to take advantageof the benefit,the diver

w o u l d h a ve to use speciallypr epar edtables or one of the
co mme rci a l l ya vailablesoftwar epr ogr am sto plan the dive.
Some dive computers allow 100%oxygen to be
p ro g ra mme di n as a second br eathinggas.
1
divetimefor a gas thathasa ?O2
2 1 . W h a ti s th e ma xi mu msi n gleexposur e
o f 1 . 5B A R ?

1 2 0m i n u t e s

depththat 100%oxygencan be
2 2 . \ N h a ti s th e ma xi mu mre com m ended
u se dfo r d e co mp re ssi o n?

6 me tre s

whatis the leadingpr evention

2 3 . Oth e rth a n a d h e ri n gto p r ofiles, of DCS?

D ri n k p l e n ty o f water or ot;..,'liquidsappr opr iatefor diving

(n o t b e e r!),sta YhYdr ated

Exam "?W henshouldit be

2 4 . \ N h a ti s th e " 5 mi n u teF i eldNeur ological
performed?How oftenshouldit be repeated?

It is a test to determineif there have been some

l roblem sassociatedwith DCS. Anytim esome
n e u ro l o g i ca p
symptoms are noted that may be relatedto Type ll DCS'
3
R e p e a te a ch h our when tr anspor tationis delayed'

2001
Procedures
Decompression Version 1.1
25. Plan a diveto 45 metresfor 30 minutes. show the gas requiredas well
as the profile.Assumea diverwith a SAC rate of 1T ritresper minute.
Show the amountof gas requiredand time profiles.

45 metresfor 30 minutes => 3 minutes @ 12=>6 minutes @

9 , 1 0 mi n u te s@ 6 and 27 minutes@ 3 metr es.

* 1 = 5.5 BAR
(45110)

l7llmin X 30 minutes X 5.5 bar = 2805 litres of gas on

bottom

5 mi n u te sa sce ntwithout deco X 17 X 5.5 BAR ( er rto the

side of caution) = 467.5litres

17 llmin X 3 minutesX2.2 BAR = 112.2litres

1 7 l l mi n X 6 mi n utesX 1.9 BAR = 193.8litr es

1TvminX 10minutesX 1.6 BAR=

S?Zjlres
17 ltminX2T minutesX1.3 BAR = SgO.Zlitres

26. Canyou tie a bowlineknot?

B y n o w , i t w o u l d be a good idea!

I h a v e re vi e w e dth e q r s with m y instr uctorand under standthose I

m a y h a ve mi sse d . I a l r.-,,-,sfiedwith the infor m ationand feel confident
t o o p e ra tea t th e l e ve lo f D e com pr essionPr ocedur esDiverto the limits I
h a v e b e e n tra i n e dw i th o u t super vision.

Decompression
Procedures
2001 V e r s i o n1 . 1