1

• Programmable automation in which the mechanical

actions of a ‘machine tool’ are controlled by a program
containing coded alphanumeric data that represents
relative positions between a work head (e.g., cutting tool)
and a work part.

Program Machine
Instructions Control Unit

Transformation
Process
Power
MANUAL PART PROGRAMMING
• Two types of programming modes, the incremental
system and the absolute system, are used for CNC.

• Incremental positioning program locations are always

given as the distance and direction from the immediately
preceding point.
 Incremental Value Programming
 P0 N… …
P0  P1 N… G01 U5. W-25. F…
P1  P2 N… G01 U10. W-15. F…
P2  N… …

• In incremental programming, the G91 command indicates to the

computer and MCU (Machine Control Unit) that programming is
in the incremental mode.
• Absolute positioning program locations are always
given from a single fixed zero or origin point.

• The zero or origin point may be a position on the

machine table, such as the corner of the worktable or at
any specific point on the work piece.

• In absolute programming, the G90 command indicates to

the computer and MCU that the programming is in the
absolute mode.
Absolute Value Programming

 P0 N… …
P0  P1 N… G01 X40. Z-25. F…
P1  P2 N… G01 X60. Z-40. F…
P2  N… …
Point to point positioning
• Point to point positioning is used when it is necessary to
accurately locate the spindle, or the work piece mounted
on the machine table, at one or more specific locations to
perform such operations as drilling, reaming, boring,
tapping and punching.
Continuous path (contouring):
• Contouring or continuous path machining, involves work
such as that produced on a lathe or milling machine
where the cutting tool is in contact with the work piece as
It travels from one programmed point to the next.
• Continuous path positioning is the ability to control
motion on two or more machine axis simultaneously to
keep a constant cutter work piece relationship.
Interpolation
• The method by which contouring machine tools move
from one programmed point to the next is called
interpolation.
• There are five methods of interpolation: linear, circular,
helical, parabolic, and cubic.
• All contouring controls provide linear interpolation, and
most controls are capable of both linear and circular
interpolation.
• Helical, parabolic, and cubic interpolation are used by
industries that manufacture parts which have complex
shapes, such as aerospace parts and dies for car
bodies.
Linear interpolation
• Consists of any programmed points linked together by
straight lines, whether the points are close together or far
apart.
• Curves can be produced with linear interpolation by
breaking them in to short, straight line segment.
Circular interpolation
• The development of MCU capable of circular
interpolation has greatly simplified the process of
programming arcs and circles.
• To program an arc the MCU require the coordinate
position of the circle center, the radius of the circle, the
start point and end point of the arc being cut and the
direction in which the arc is to be cut
G01, Linear Interpolation

G90:
N030 G00 X39 Z2
N040 G01 X39 Z0
N050 G90
N060 G01 X48 Z-37
G91:
N030 G00 X39 Z2
N040 G01 X39 Z0
N050 G91
N060 G01 X4.5 Z-37
 Reference Points

M = Machine zero point. (unchangeable ref. Point

determined by machine manufacturer)
N = Tool mounting reference point
W = Work piece zero point. (can be freely determined by
the programmer and can be moved within program
Turning Example

N01 G94 T0101 M06

N02 G90
N03 G00 X0 Z0 S600
N04 G01 X50 Z-40 F30
N05 G01 X80 Z-60
N06 G01 X100 Z-100
N07 G00 X120 Z10 M05
N08 M30
Manual Part Programming Example

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

Tool size = 0.25 inch,

5” Feed rate = 6 inch per minute,
Cutting speed = 300 rpm,
Tool start position: 2.0, 2.0
Programming in inches
45°

(4, 4)
p1
Motion of tool:
p0  p1  p2  p3  p4  p5  p1  p0
p0 (2, 2)
 1. Set up the programming parameters

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

Programming in inches
5”
Use absolute coordinates

Feed in ipm
45°
N010 G70 G90 G94 G97 M04
(4, 4)
p1
Spindle speed in rpm
p0 (2, 2)
Spindle CCW
2. Set up the machining conditions
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

Machine moves in XY-plane

Use full-circle interpolation

5”
Feed rate

Spindle speed
45°

N020 G17 G75 F6.0 S300 T1001 M08

(4, 4)
p1
Tool no.
p0 (2, 2)
Flood coolant ON
 3. Move tool from p0 to p1 in straight line

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

Linear interpolation
1”
target coordinates

5” N030 G01 X3.875 Y3.698

45°

(4, 4)
p1

p0 (2, 2)
 4. Cut profile from p1 to p2

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

Linear interpolation
5” target coordinates

N040 G01 X3.875 Y9.125

45°
or
(4, 4)
p1 N040 G01 Y9.125

p0 (2, 2)

X-coordinate does not change  no need to program it

 5. Cut profile from p2 to p3

5”
2.5”
p2 p3
p4
p5 Linear interpolation

target coordinates
1”

N050 G01 X5.634 Y9.125

5”

y = 9 + 0.125 = 9.125
(6.5 - x)2 + 0.1252 = (1 - 0.125)2
x = 5.634
45° p3
(x, y)
(4, 4)
p1 (6.5, 9)
.125

p0 (2, 2)

1”
 6. Cut along circle from p3 to p4

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

circular interpolation, CCW motion

5”
target coordinates

45° N060 G03 X7.366 Y9.125 I6.5 J9.0

(4, 4) coordinates of center of circle

p1

p0 (2, 2)
 7. Cut from p4 to p5

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

5”

Linear interpolation

45° target coordinates (Y is unchanged)

(4, 4) N070 G01 X9.302

p1

p0 (2, 2)
 8. Cut from p5 to p1

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

5”
Linear interpolation

target coordinates (see step 3)

45°
N080 G01 X3.875 Y3.698
(4, 4)
p1

p0 (2, 2)
 9. Return to home position, stop program

5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5

1”

Linear interpolation

5” target coordinates (see step 3)

N090 G01 X2.0 Y2.0 M30

45°
end of data
(4, 4)
N100 M00
p1

p0 (2, 2) program stop

Turning operation manual programming
Exercise
End of Chapter Five