ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II

SOLID STATE INDUCTION MOTOR

DRIVES

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Contents

 Advantageous features of converter Fed induction motor in

comparison with line fed induction motor
 Speed control of induction
 Speed control by Variable Voltage method
 speed control by rotor resistance variation
 Slip Energy Recovery Schemes
 Speed Control of IM Using Variable Frequency
 Features of VSI Fed IM Drives
 Features of PWM Fed IM Drives
 Features of CSI Fed IM Drives
 Slip controlled Drives

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Advantageous features of converter Fed induction
motor in comparison with line fed induction motor
 Smooth Speed variation with VVVF(Variable Voltage Variable
Frequency)
 Assured smooth Start up
 Soft Starting and acceleration at constant current and torque
are possible.
 No switching surge currents with Direct Switching on even for
Higher Ratings
 High Moments of Inertia can be accelerated without the need
for over dimensioning the motor
 Speed control of IM by changing slip frequency.
 Speed control of IM by changing stator frequency which can
change the Synchronous speed of the motor

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 Speed control of induction motor

Three simple means of limited speed control for an

induction motor are:
1) Reduced applied voltage magnitude
2) Adjusting rotor circuit resistance
(suitable for a wound rotor machine
and discussed earlier)
3) Adjusting stator voltage and frequency

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Speed control by Variable Voltage method

Controller Circuit and Characteristics of Induction Motor

With Variable Voltage

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 Slip for maximum torque
S m= r2 1

((r12+(r21/s)2+(x1+x21)2 )1/2

•Slip at max torque does not depends on Applied

Voltage and it can be changed by changing the
rotor resistance.
•In slip Ring IM it is possible.

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Characteristics with Rotor Resistance Control

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 Td= m1* x2 * Vr2(r21/s)

(2*pi*ns)((r12+(r21/s)2+(x1+x21)2

Torque is Proportional to Square of the Voltage

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Conclusion from the above characteristics

 Linear portion of torque curve meets the locus of

the breakdown torque point.
 Sm increases with increase in r21
 Maximum torque is independent of r21
 If Slip increases rotor copper loss increases

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speed control by rotor resistance variation

Block Diagram for Rotor Resistance Control

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 R*=R2(1-)

=1 R*=Zero

 =0 R*= R2

0<R* <R2

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Features

 Speed Range
 Braking
 Harmonics
 Torque Pulsations
 Good pf
 Poor Efficiency
 Reasonable Cost
 General

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Draw backs of Stator Voltage Control and Rotor
Resistance Control

 Poor Efficiency at low speed.

 Limited range of Speed Control
 Slip power is wasted in the Motor
 Resistances in Stator Control and in Rotor
Resistance in Rotor Resistance control

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 Slip Energy Recovery Schemes

Block Diagram for Slip Energy Recovery

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Dc voltage of the diode rectifier
Vd=1.35(sE 20)
Corresponding to no voltage condition
Vd0=1.35(sE 20)
For Stator to Rotor turns Ratio ‘a’
Vd0=1.35(sVL/a)

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Vdi= 1.35(VL cos )

Vd0= -Vdi

1.35(VL cos )=1.35(sVL/a)

s= -a cos 

Rotor Copper loss =sPg (Pg -Air Gap Power)

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sPg =VdId

Torque Developed=Td=Pg /2*pi*ns

= VdId/s*2*pi*ns
Put Vd= 1.35(sVL/a)
Td= 1.35*VLId/a*2*pi*ns
Td= KtId
Where Kt =1.35*VL/a*2*pi*ns

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Features of Slip Power Recovery

 Power Factor is Improved

 Slip Power Can be recovered to the mains instead
of wasting the same in the resistances of the motor
itself.
 Converter group handles Slip power only.
Therefore it’s rating can be low if speed control is in
a limited range.

Contd..

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 For achieving Zero Speed Converter rating should
be equal to the Motor rating.
 Improved efficiency
 Maximum power factor attained is 0.7.Still the pf
can be improved by designing the inverter if the
converter operates at 180 Degree firing angle

Contd..

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For Achieving Super synchronous Speed ,Power
should flow to the rotor circuit Via the converter
Cascade.
This can be achieved by

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Achievement of Super Synchronous Speed

 Replacing Diode rectifier by Phase Controlled

rectifier operating as rectifier.
 By replacing converter cascade by a
Cycloconverter.This is known as Scherbius Drives
Rotor Currents are non sinusoidal and it causes
network reactions and torque pulsations.

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 Scherbius systems

Power Circuit Diagram for Scherbius Systems

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Speed Control of IM Using Variable Frequency

 f= pns

 Iffrequency varies Saturation Problems Will occur

◦ To avoid this V/f has to maintained at a constant
value
◦ To avoid Impedance drop at low frequency
compensation is necessary (i.e E/f Control)

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V/f control circuit for IM (open loop control )

Open loop V/f control

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V/f control circuit for IM (closed loop control)

Closed loop V/f control

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Features of v/f control

 Bestpossible utilisation of available current

capability
 Generate Highest possible Torque per Ampere of

Stator Current.

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 Features of VSI Fed IM Drives

 Can be used for Multi motor Drives

 Load independent Commutation of the Inverter Devices.
 Inverter Frequencies can go up to 1500 Hz.
 Suitable for high speed operation
 Capacity upto 100 KVA
 At very low speed Commutation voltage is also very low.
Up to 10% of the Speed is not realisable.
 Speed Range 1:20
 Not suitable for acceleration on Load and Sudden Load
Changes
 Dynamic braking can be realised by an additional
converter at the line side.
 Low cost with simple control circuit.
 Efficiency is very poor.

Contd..

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Features of PWM Based VSI Fed IM Drives

 Speed range: Up to zero speed

 Nearly Sinusoidal voltage and current.
 Minimized torque pulsations.
 Line pf is closer to Unity.
 High converter cost.
 Inverter has constant dc link voltage and employs
PWM principle for both voltage control and
Harmonic neutralisation.

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 Improved Output voltage wave form.
 Uninterrupted operation is possible when buffer
battery is used.
 Control is complicated.
 Four quadrant operation is possible.
 Smooth change over of voltage and frequency
values at zero crossing for speed reversal.

Contd..

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 Operating frequency is limited at 150 Hz.
 Speed Control range 1:10.
 The inverter and motor need not be matched. The
converter operates as source to which the motor can
be plugged.
 Size of the harmonic filter decreases.
 Good dynamic response.

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 Features of CSI Fed IM Drives
 Simple Configuration.
 Feed back diodes are absent. Blocking diodes
needed.
 Load dependent commutation.
 Multi motor operation is not possible.
 Four quadrant operation is straight forward.
 Inverter is force commutated to provide variable
frequency.

Contd..

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 Finds application in medium to high power drive.
 Torque pulsations at low speed can be eliminated
by PWM operations.
 Both constant torque and constant power
operations are possible.

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Slip controlled drives

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Features of Slip Controlled Drives

 Highly Efficient
 Precise and accurate control of torque is possible in the
complete speed range.
 The slip frequency can be any value up to the value
corresponding to break down torque from no load slip.
 Stable operation with good pf.
 Drive efficiency is comparable to a thyristorized dc
drive.
 High power to Weight ratio, least maintenance, low
inertia, no limitations on power and speed ranges.
 Selective harmonic elimination is possible.

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Any Question
?

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