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Fitzgerald - Mi-Ciudad-Perdida1

This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document: The document describes the author's memories of growing up in New York City and exploring abandoned places like the Chrysler Building and the Rem Koolhaas-designed Ossining train station. It discusses how much of these locations have been redeveloped or destroyed, lamenting the loss of history. The author finds solace in old photographs that help preserve memories of these now changed or disappeared parts of his childhood city.

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John Carter
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
66 views10 pages

Fitzgerald - Mi-Ciudad-Perdida1

This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document: The document describes the author's memories of growing up in New York City and exploring abandoned places like the Chrysler Building and the Rem Koolhaas-designed Ossining train station. It discusses how much of these locations have been redeveloped or destroyed, lamenting the loss of history. The author finds solace in old photographs that help preserve memories of these now changed or disappeared parts of his childhood city.

Uploaded by

John Carter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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