INTRODUCTION:

Taking root around 12,000 years ago, agriculture triggered such a change in society and the
way in which people lived that its development has been dubbed the “Neolithic Revolution.”
Since then, a lot of changes have been implemented in the method of cultivation. The
ultimate reason is to feed the ever-growing population of planet earth. According to the US
Census Bureau, the estimated world population as of April 2019 is 7.7 billion people.
Feeding this population in an ideal condition is itself a huge challenge but, as much as 40% of
agricultural crops are lost each year due to pests. And chemical pesticides are seemingly
inevitable in our cultivation practices. Pesticide residue can be found everywhere as in the air
we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. A growing body of evidence suggests
that herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides cause approximately 20,000 deaths and 385
million poisonings worldwide each year. They can also linger for decades, harming soil
fertility and leading to the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds that threaten biodiversity.
And yet, despite these negative effects, industrial agriculture still relies on pesticide use. In
2017, global pesticide use had grown to four million tons per year, an increase of nearly 81%
since 1990. Pesticide manufacturers often claim that their products are crucial to combating
global hunger. But up to 828 million people – more than 10% of the world’s population – still
go to bed hungry every night.
So, there’s a despicable need for an alternative for chemical pesticide, that would both retard
the pest activity and cater to the environmental and health issues. There are quite a few
environmentally friendly alternatives to the conventional pesticides springing out every day,
but the generation of frequency to eradicate pests stands high with the greatest potential to be
the solution for the pest and insect menace in our agricultural practices, and hence, provide a
better food produce. This paper reviews different frequency generators and their varied
applications in the field of pesticidal production using IOT (Internet Of things) based
technology.

IOT – basic introduction:

An IoT ecosystem consists of web enabled smart device that use embedded processor sensor
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from there
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data which they collect by connecting to a
gateway or sent to analyses locally. Low power computer chips called RFID tags were first
used to track expensive equipment. As computing devices shrank in size, these chips also
became smaller, faster, and smarter over time.
A typical IoT system works through the real-time collection and exchange of data. An IoT
system has three components:
 · Smart devices
It collects data from its environment, user inputs, or usage patterns and communicates data
over the internet to and from its IoT application.

· IoT application
An IoT application is a collection of services and software that integrates data received from
various IoT devices. It uses artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyse this data and
make informed decisions. These decisions are communicated back to the IoT device and the
IoT device then responds intelligently to inputs.

· A graphical user interface

The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed through a graphical user interface.
Common examples include a mobile application or website that can be used to register and
control smart devices.
Applications in the field of agriculture:
There are a handful of applications of IOT in the field of agriculture. Application of IoT in
agriculture could be a life-changer for humanity and the whole planet. Currently, we witness
how extreme weather, deteriorating soil, drying lands and collapsing ecosystems make food
production more and more complicated and expensive. Already, this sector of using IOT in
agricultural sector in rapidly developing but, the usage of IOT based technology in pest
management is relatively a new concept.
The agricultural sector continues to play a crucial role for development, especially in
low-income countries where the sector is large both in terms of aggregate income and total
labour explained was so damaging for the progress of growth, development and poverty
reduction in poor countries. The report was a land mark document that described masterfully
the various dimensions of the challenge and helped rekindle interest in agricultural policy.
But with the food, financial and climate crises of the past three years much changed since the
report was released in late
2007(https://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/npff2007%20%281%29.pdf). A major
concern has been increased exposure to attack of pests to field so that the crops are damaging
at its highest was so damaging for the progress of growth, development and poverty reduction
in poor countries.
force.

The agriculture field is mainly consisting of nine important grains, the attack of the pest to
the main 9 grains agricultural field is high compared to wheat and rice field.
This reduces the production of major grains to the population and makes the hunger index
percentage more(https://www.globalhungerindex.org/). The pests that are attacking the
field are mainly avoided by using chemical pesticide which causes many problems to the
agriculture field at short term. The using of pesticide will decrease the soil fertility and also
reduce the irrigation of water. This not only causes damage to the agriculture field but also
increases the problems to human beings.
The pesticides which are used in the crops that stick to the grains and it is not cleaned
thoroughly when it is intake it causes major damage to human hearts and leads to cancer or
other diseases. The use of pesticides will help the crops only from pests but the long-term
damage will knock the consumers to death. So, from this we should be aware of using
 chemical pesticides for the agricultural field. But what is the other way to stop attack of pests
to the field – is the million dollar question that needs to be answered as soon as possible to
curb world hunger.
This paper reviews and presents the researches based on IOT based frequency generators that
are either in use or under research to be used in the agricultural practices to get the upper
hand in pest menace in several stages of farming procedures. But before that we shall discuss
the should be sure with major pests attacking the major grains in the field. The list of pests
are mentioned on the upcoming stanza and then the up to date models for the agriculture field
will be differentiated and then our model will be described with advantages and much more.

The major pests of the grains: -

Worldwide, there are certain grains that are under demand. These major grains form the
staple diet for people living in most of the countries.

CROPS PESTS ATTACKED LOCATION WITH LOSS FREQUENCY REFERENCE

PERCENTAGE %

1 WHEAT  Rhopalosiphum the equal percentage of 70dbs

maidis (Fitch annual loss. These four pests
 R. padi (L.) are most commonly seen
and their present percentage (Prescott et al.,
 Sitobion avenae
are 25% each. These four n.d.)
(Fab.) 
 S. miscanthi pests are seen in most states
(Takahashi)  here wheat crops are grown
more especially in Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab,
Madhya Pradesh and
Rajasthan
2.PADDY  planthoppers with percentage of presence 60dbs which (Pande et al.,
RICE  stem borer and attacks with plant are small 2011)
 armyworm hoppers(27%),stem borer insects
 rice hispa beetle (25%),Rice hispa
 paddy leaf roller beetle( 21%),army
worm(15%),paddy leaf
roller (12%) with the attack
mostly on west Bengal and
Tamil Nadu .
3.CHICK Beet army worm This is the most seen pest 60-70dbs (Abate et al.,
PEAS India and Mexico and with 1996)
attack percentage of 26% of
100%

chickpea leaf miner With biological name as 65-69dbs

liriomyza cicerina and these
pests are seen in India with
low loss but we can see high
loss of this crop in north
Africa, west Asia, northern
Europe and its attack
percentage is 11% in India
and 25 % in other countries
cowpea aphid 67-70dbs
with biological name as
aphis craccivora and these
pests are seen in India and
northern parts of Asia and
the loss percentage of this
pest is nearly 20% of 100%

cutworms or winter
cutworm 70-75dbs
These are the major pest for
corn and paddy the insect is
mostly seen in cold seasons
in India. This insect’s loss
percentage is nearly 24% of
100%...

4.GREEN Stem fly Under severe cases stem fly 50-60dbs (Swaminathan et
GRAM may alone cause more than al., 2010)
90 per cent damage with a
yield loss of 20 per cent
(Talekar, 1990)

The galerucid beetle,

Galerucid beetle, Madurasia Madurasia obscurella causes 55-68dbs
obscurella damage up to 20 – 60 per
cent. Whitefly, A potential
vector of Mungbam yellow
mosaic virus (MYMV), can
cause losses ranging from
30–70 per cent
5.BENGL Pod Borer Helicoverpa it is larvae like insect which 60-70dbs (Management,
GRAM armigerafrom will damage young leaves n.d.)
and feeds green pods and
 this will make damage or
loss of crops up to 35-40%.

It affects 10% of the crops 65-70dbs

Semilooper: Autographa by skeletonization of leaves
nigrisigna and the plants become
whitish and this will reduce
the maturity of crops

This is caterpillar like 70-75dbs

Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilo structure and it can adapt to
crop rotation and this
caterpillar will cut the parts
of the plant to feed for it due
to this the crop will die at its
early stage
The insect will damage
nearly 39% of crops and this
Termites: Odontotermes 35-40dbs
will attack the termite bores
obesus 
into the roots and stem

The structure is butterfly

like structure

6.WHITE Aphids The major pests for the crop 40-50dbs (Rajawat et al.,
BEANS is aphids and mites where 2021)
aphids are present in the
underside of the leaves and
attack the new growing
white beans and this reduces
the production by 20 to 30%

Mites And the mites which will

attack the crop by sucking 60-65dbs
the cell cap from the plant
leaves and this will make the
plant leaves dry up and
hence leads to death of the
plant…which will definitely
leave to heavy loss
7.BLACK Leaf webber or roller and The crops major enemy and 50-55dbs (Dilipsundar et
SEASAME capsule borer (Antigastra this will reduce the crops al., 2019)
catalaunalis) production by 40% by
attacking the top leaves and
doesn’t leave the plant to
grow

Maggots feed inside the

Gall fly (Asphondylia sesami) 60-63dbs
floral bud leading to
and Bud fly (Dasineura
sesami)
formation of gall like
structure which do not
develop into flower/capsule.
The affected buds wither
and drop. The pest remains
active at the time of bud
initiation. This reduces the
overall production nearly
30% of production

Nymph and adults suck the

sap of tender parts of the
Sesame leafhopper (Orosius
plants. Infestation of the pest
albicinctus)
lead to curling of leaf edges, 54-58dbs
leaves turn red or brown and
then dries up and drop. The
jessed or leafhopper is a
serious pest of sesame and is
known to transmit phyllody
disease. The pest remains
active from vegetative to
capsule stage.
This will reduce the
production and growth up to
47%

8.BLACK Spotted pod borer, Maruca The spotted pod borer, 56-60dbs (Rajawat et al.,
GRAIN vitrata (Geyer) Maruca vitrata appeared on 2021)
the crop at reproductive
stage and causes substantial
damage to flowers by
webbing and also boring
into the pods with the extent
of pod damage. The
infestation of this insect-pest
found to be economic and it
attained the status of major
pest in the area during the
crop period (Kharif, 2018
and 2019).
 Gram pod borer, During the period of study,
Helicoverpa armigera the larvae of gram pod
(Hubner) borer, Helicoverpa armigera
were found to feed on
leaves, inflorescence, pods
and seeds of the plant. The
infestation of this pest was
recorded to be economic and
it obtained the status of
major insect-pest in the area
during the crop period. The
H. armigera appeared during
the flowering and podding
stage and continued till the
maturity of the crop.

The early infestation by

Bihar hairy caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar,
Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) Spilosoma obliqua was
appeared on isolated plants
in large numbers, which feed
gregariously on the under
surface of the leaves by
scraping green tissues,
which caused
skeletonization of plants,
while grown up caterpillars
consumed the leaves, and
made an appearance of net
or web. The insect appeared
from vegetative to pod
maturity stage

9.HORSE Sharpshooter They have piercing-sucking 55-60dbs (Chahota et al.,

GRAM leafhoppers: Bothrogonia mouthparts and closely 2013)
albidicans  (Walker) spaced rows of fine spines
(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on their hind legs. The
nymphs feed by inserting
their needle-like mouthparts
into the xylem of the small
stems on the plant where the
eggs were deposited.

This bug is similar to the 70-72dbs

Little bean bug: Chauliops large brown bean bug but
choprai Sweet and smaller and thinner. They
Schaeffer (Hemiptera: have a small spike on each
Malcidae) shoulder, with pale cream
 stripes along their bodies
and the males have a cream
patch just below the
shoulders. The nymphs’
mimic ants.
60-64dbs
Look for damaged flowers,
Pod borer: Etiella and leaves and pods tied
zinckenella (Treitschke) together by webs made by
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) the caterpillars. Look for
frass - faecal matter and
chewed remains of the pods
- around entry holes. Look
for caterpillars inside the
damaged pods: they are pale
with two rows of black
markings on their backs. The
moth is brown with a white
patch on the front wings 60-66 dbs
Many weevils are
Weevils: Alcidodes
considered pests because of
fabricii (Fabricius)
their ability to damage and
(Coleoptera:
kill crops. The grain
Curculionidae), Apion sp.
or wheat weevil (Sitophilus
(Coleoptera: Apionidae)
granarius) damages
stored grain, as does
the l (Sitophilus zeamais)
among others. The boll
weevil (Anthonomus
grandis)
attacks cotton crops; it lays
its eggs inside cotton bolls
and the larvae eat their way
out. Other weevils are used
for biological control of
invasive plants

So, the above all insects are seen in India and these insects cannot bear decibels of up to 70 to
80dbs so the ultrasonic sound and radio frequency will disturb these insects and avoid the
entry to the field.
 The up-to-date models

The up-to-date model is Electronic Pest Repellent consists of 12v battery and pulse
generator555 timer IC, CD4017 decade counter, CA3140 audio amplifier and this model has
achieved results by avoiding the entry of pests to the agriculture field. Then the collected the
data and calculated to what extent the device is working and what can be it efficiency. The
founded accuracy of the device as 75%. The reason for the accuracy for this model is because
of usage of Astable multivibrator (AMV), Timer NE555 to generate required ultrasonic
frequency but this model has a major disadvantage of not having waterproof model which is
not suitable for outdoor model and leads to major damage of the product due to rain and
moisture and the gained frequency is 2-100 Hz (Tiwari & Ansari, 2016) comparing this to
another smart ultrasonic insects with DTMF and manual control where the method is used
differently by applying DTMF(Dual Tone Multi Frequency) and the materials required is
Arduino UNO DTMF Decoder, Ultra sonic sensor, I2C Module, LCD display, Cables and
Connectors and the achieved results of this model are The suggested gadget concept has been
applied for Bangladesh's agricultural system,. The main advantage of this model is usage of
particular material Arduino UNO board LCD display, ultra-sonic sensor and DTMF decoder,
Ultrasonic sensors but this model gaps in arrangements to protect the sensor from being
damaged critically. Decrease the size of unit so that it occupies small place and easily kept in
narrow places. Implementing the system to improve its velocity and the frequency generated
by this model is dogs and cats (22KHZ- 25KHZ) flies and spiders (31KHZ-44KHZ) comparing
this model with (Rashid et al., 2017), the method used by (Hamed et al., 2021) is utilization
sonic waves for birds for controlling in crops field and the method used in this model is sonic
sound amplifier where the materials used are frequency generator with sound amplifier
and loudspeaker at required size (ratio 20:80) speaker size : land size and 12v power supply
and the results achieved by this model is indicated strongly that the most important factors
were the frequency and the exposure time which consider effective in pest birds deterrent
for the target species mentioned in this study. Low frequency (1. 3 kHz) which increase
scaring influence to the pest birds was greater than the high frequency and caused high
levels of sound pressure levels (SPL). Also, in the bird’s departure time Dove, Pigeon and
Sparrow flock never returned to the initial position to attack the field crops after only 5 min,
but Crow after only 10 min. the acoustic devices must be combined with other control
techniques in an integrated management programming and leads to increased efficiency of
the model is the gaining the advantage of this device but the sonic waves frequency levels
and exposure time inter time intervals including the interaction effect between frequency
levels * exposure time interval had a highly significant effect p < 0.05) of the bird's
departure time at sunshine and sunset times is the major drawback for this device, But the
maintain frequency for the device is 30 to 98 dBA. But comparing this model with smart
environment monitoring system by using sensors ultra-sonic detection of farm pests which
was introduced by (Ahouandjinou et al., 2017)and the method used here is ultrasonic
transducer and four stages amplifier circuit built around the op-amp LM324 and this gained
the model a very big advantage at low cost and the materials used here is ultrasonic
pressure transducer and amplification voltage level adjustment board with 12v battery and
the results achieved by this model is acoustic micro-sensor system will play a very important
role in the future. Concerning the benefits of our application, we noted that, the smart
ultrasonic sensor is deployed in a farm in data collection network system in order to limit
the damage by the use of inputs damage, pesticides and insecticides as well as GMOs
approach and the , the smart ultrasonic sensor is deployed in a farm in data collection
network system in order to limit the damage by the use of inputs damage, pesticides and
insecticides as well as GMOs approach and the model drawback is having an output signal
having the same waveform as the input signal will allow us subsequently to recover all the
information contained in this signal and to be able to characterize it and the frequency is
maintained from 50μV, 50kHz) is raised to a signal of 1.65V amplitude with an average value
of 0.35V . so this model can be produced at low cost for farmer’s .while (Baral et al., 2019)
claimed that their model can Response to the ultrasonic wave stimulus broadcasted from
the environmentally friendly gadget was visibly demonstrated by targeted weaver birds and
black birds but not quelea birds. The waves travelled farther with increasing power of the
gadget and for wet days than for dry days. About 5-6 pieces of the 23.98W device will be
needed to cover a hectare sized field land and they used a photovoltaic (PV) panel (BP Solar
SX20Mand dimensions: 41.5x50 cm), dry-cell battery, converter, MP3 player, amplifier and a
loudspeaker (8W, 30 W) and the method they followed here is electronic bird repellent
devices produce extremely effective audio and visual threats that frighten, irritate, and
disorient birds, forcing them to seek calmer, untreated areas. And the positive thing in this
the device uses few IC’s and other electronic components and can be packed compactly so
that its size becomes small and can be kept anywhere making it portable in nature. The
device is also easy to install and maintenance make’s the consumer easier. The frequency
maintained In this model is between 15kHz to 25kHz and this totally make changes in model
introduced by (Hamed et al., 2021) then the major introduction of solar powered frequency
generator catches many consumers eyes with its non-consumable external energy and this
model consists of a solar panel (7W, 12V), an intelligent PWM solar charge controller, 12V
battery, MP3 Player, amplifier (Stereo 20W Class D Audio Amplifier - MAX9744), two 20W
speakers, three sonar sensor or PIR sensor and Arduino UNO microcontroller. Battery
charges via solar charge controller and this model has considered as the sound stimuli on
the birds but have had questions due to habituation. And we have considered the option of
several types of sounds and playing methods and the algorithm works considering time
interval between returning of birds and we tried to create cases when the algorithm can
give to play special sound. The red marks on the table mean that algorithm gave a command
to play special sound and the drawback made the product to failure by creating a new
algorithms using machine learning to make effective Repeller system which will lead to new
and improved models. These models will lead to a better understanding of wild animals and
control at the individual and group level. But this model does not have automatic frequency
generation so (Simeon et al., 2013) introduced Development and preliminary testing of an
electronic pest Repeller with automatic frequency variation by using microcontrollers and
ultrasonic sensors to transmit the ultrasonic sound in a special band of frequency by Astable
Multi-vibrator (AMV), timer NE555 was used to generate the required ultrasonic frequency
and automatically varied in five steps by a pulse generating IC (CA3130) and a counter
(CD4017). A D-type flip-flop IC (CD4013) was used to obtain a symmetrical output signal
which was amplified in push-pull mode by 2-NPN Transistors (BD-139) and 2-PNP transistors
(BD140), five variable resistors (each 100KΩ are used for building the model but this model
only has a disadvantage of decreasing the materials and by modification using
microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensor to transmit the sound in a special band frequency
and the results achieved with the stock model is the mice abandoned their food,
stampeding and jumping against the walls of the cage looking for ways of escape. In the
case of the female house mouse, it was observed to display some kind of discomfort, uneasy
and some abnormal behaviour such as jumping and became frantic. The moment the device
was deactivated, the Development and Preliminary Testing Of An Electronic Pest Repeller
With Automatic mouse jumped out of its abode, leaving its litter behind. This was
accompanied by the death of the offspring after the second day since their mother never
returned to feed them and an extensive performance evaluation is required to determine
the efficiency of the device on different pests and frequency of this model is maintained
between 30Hz to 105Hz. But how much ever devices are advanced it needs to be designed
perfectly and (Abdulrahman et al., 2019) has clearly explained the model design which can
be effective for the agricultural field in but here they used power supply unit ,(PSU),
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC), switches for mode selection, LCD display, power
amplifier and speaker and the model gains it strength because of peripheral interface
controller and by using this material they have achieved the ultrasonic signals tested for ten
experimental trials for different ranges of pests were within the stated range. This has
therefore, established that the simulation and experimental results were consistent within a
measuring uncertainty of ±5% at an affordable cost of one-fifth rate lower than the
propoxur insecticide. And an audio power amplifier circuit was designed producing sound in
the frequency range of up to 80 kHz. A speaker of appropriate frequency range is used to
transmit these sound waves. This device is a viable alternative to pesticides commonly in
used in agricultural lands but the model fails in providing waterproof technology and
software used in this model is out dated. But there is a very updating technology now days
so the world needs latest and updated software at its best so (Gaikwad et al., 2021)has
installed GSM module, the device can be controlled from anywhere in the world giving it
worldwide access. Where they used power amplifier for the ultrasonic transducer ultrasonic
transducers push-pull amplifier output. low voltage MOSFETs and this device has achieved
This is the first device that is made using ultrasonic waves to keep pests, snakes, and other
deadly animals like scorpions away. The main device controls all the other devices
connected to it using the Bluetooth module, any changes made on the main device
automatically make changes on the slave devices as well. Also due to the GSM module the
user need not have to go to each device to make changes. All the instructions will be given
to the device via SMS and this model gains in the area of \the implementation of the
Bluetooth module gives the device capability to repel insects from a wide range. Using this
device is an effective way to stop the usage of chemical pesticides with hazardous to the
environment. The device is capable of repelling a variety of pests by using multiple
frequencies. The device can be used to keep the snakes out of a particular area as well as to
stop the snakes from escaping the from a particular area where the frequency is achieved at
25kHz to 65kHz but the major disadvantage in the important 9 grains and common pest for
some grains is red flour beetle for this (Yu et al., 2017) has introduced Apparent thermal
death kinetics of adult red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in stored canola (Brassica
napus L.) seeds here they used only 50-Ω radio frequency (RF) heating system for method
build up and used the following for building this model 15 kW 27.12 MHz Radio Frequency
Generator, applicator consisting of electrodes, canola seed samples of various moisture
levels (6%, 7%, and 9%) and they have achieved The survival rate of adult T. castaneum
infesting canola seeds at 9% MC decreased with temperature (24–65 ◦C) and RF power level
(3 kW–7 kW). More than 80% of the insects were killed at 65 ◦C at all three power levels and
The RF system used in this research has immense potential for scaling up to handle
commercial operations in large scale grain production facilities. The RF system can be
installed in the outlet of grain storage bins or grain elevators as the 50-Ω RF systems have
several advantages such as short processing time, selective heating, and customizable
system design as the RF generator and applicator can be separated in a 50-Ω RF heating
system by the help of a 50-Ω cable but whatever may be the performance it has a
disadvantage in the insect bodies lost heat more rapidly than the canola seeds lost heat, the
efficiency of the selective heating increased with the increase in RF power. To minimize
possible bias in the results, proper mixing of adult T. castaneum and the canola samples was
crucial by ensuring that T. castaneum was distributed uniformly throughout the canola
sample. This heat transfer reduced the results and though they maintained the frequency
15 kW 27.12 MHz (50 ohms pilot frequency). the introduction of IOT based pest controlling
system by (Saranya et al., 2019) where they used infrared sensor to detect the presence of
insect by the heat radiated in their body so they used Passive infrared sensor Image
processing Acoustic sensor, Micro controller, Ultrasonic generator so the field test results
are , the presence of the pests is detected using PIR motion sensors which are deployed in
the fields. The PIR sensor detects the pests by monitoring the changes in the amount of
infrared radiation (heat) emitted by the pests and The PIR sensor can cover a distance of 20
feet (6 m). Once the presence of pest is detected, the images of the pests are captured
through the cameras in the field and then compared with the images of the pests in the
database and the frequency achieved is above 20kHz and then (Krittigamas et al., 2012) has
proposed their model for reserved crops like even crops are stored in a place after
harvesting there may be attack of pests until they are packed and supplied, so they
introduced radio frequency thermal treatment as alternative insect pest control in storage
and they used method of high frequency dielectric heating for this model and materials
required for this model to build up is vacuum circuit tube or semiconductor (to operate
heating with radio frequency) and electrode plates so using this storage model they
achieved results in brief, radio frequency as an alternative heat treatment to disinfest food
products and stored products has been used for more than 50 years. Insects show high
dielectric loss factors. Heat can be transferred more under electromagnetic fields and so
killing the pests and thereby protecting stored crop. this treatment completely controlled C.
cephalonica in milled rice and 180 sec for controlling R. dominica in paddy rice and the
heating effect of radio frequency is used to get rid of pests in an alternate way instead of
using chemical methods, and thereby posing lesser damage to the environment and they
observed frequency is 37 kHz. While this model is compared with Blattella germanica with
electromagnetic radiation at 50/60 Hz as pest repellent and the method used by (Preigh,
n.d.) electromagnetic radiation and they used electromagnetic coil and two plexiglass box
for preparation of this model and they achieved the results at best by doing this It would
not only be able to determine whether or not the specific devices are effective, but I could
also investigate the ways that ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and ionic pest control work
together, and determine if these many methods used in conjunction with each other yield
different results than when they are used individually. Further investigation is also
warranted to explore the effects of electromagnetic pest control on insects and pests other
than German cockroaches (Blattella Germanica) and is it represents the perfect study of
electromagnetic radiation for household pests cockroach .This represents the frequency
where cockroaches are avoided but the data only speaks about single insect in ingle species
and it does not indicate the proper frequency range and it does only whether the
cockroaches can be avoided to the entry to field or not. Comparing this with (Panthawong
et al., 2021) this method of ultrasonic device With escape chamber installed by using
ultrasonic pest repellent devices AC power and were designed for household use Cardboard
corridor test chamber and they have achieve the results by using two variants of the same
device as, device B and F. The product manual of device B claimed that it emits very fast and
powerful 5–20 kHz multi-frequency sound waves to repel annoying mosquitoes, while
device F is claimed that it can remove mosquitoes and is also effective in repelling pests,
such as cockroaches, flies, and even rodents. There are certain advantages In this method.
ultrasonic devices tested were all commercially available and sound frequencies emitted by
each as per manufacturers’ claims were slightly dissimilar (albeit with considerable overlap).
Results showed that all devices poorly repelled In holocyclus even though there were three
significant results. The research is made with a frequency of 5-20Hz. It would be expected
that repellence would even be lower in an open field situation, where sound waves would
be more dispersed. This is seen as the major drawback of this paper in particular. In contrast
to the low frequency methodology handled in this paper, (Song et al., 2020) has handled the
issue with a frequency of 27 MHz, 6 kW RF unit. The achieved results showed that the best
treatment was achieved by using an eight-layer polypropylene packaging method, an
electrode gap of 12.5 cm for heating 5 min, 54 C surface forced air heating, and 6 min 54 C
forced air holding due to the low heating uniformity index with A 6 kW, 27.12 MHz RF
heating system and an industrial heat blower connected to the RF heating system in hand.
There were no significant differences in the quality of processed mung beans in terms of
moisture content, protein content, starch content, germination rate, colour, etc between RF
treated products and controls. This research can also provide the basis for an effective
insect control in mung beans, specifically. In comparison with the above-mentioned
research, (Ling et al., 2015) uses both Microwave and radio frequency methods for pest
controlling. The unique assessment of this research is that it takes into consideration the
dielectric properties of stone fruit . The results achieved in this paper is based on three
fruits:- nectarine, peach and Plum. The penetration depth in all stone fruits decreased with
increasing frequency and temperature. The loss factor ratio at 27 MHz of Mediterranean
fruit fly to nectarine, peach, and plum was 1.65, 1.66, and 1.87 at 20 °C, respectively,
suggesting potential differential heating between insects and host stone fruits in radio
frequency treatments. Also, the loss factor decreased linearly with frequency on the log
scale at all temperatures for three stone fruits. The loss factor of Mediterranean fruit fly,
nectarine, peach, and plum increased about 106, 108, 110, and 64 %, respectively, when the
sample temperature increased from 20 to 60 °C. This research can be applied on a large
scale, in designing treatment beds in industrial applications, while a deep Knowledge of
dielectric properties is essential for understanding the interaction between the
electromagnetic fields and the target stone fruits. The research was carried out with a
frequency of 10 and 1,800 MHz Now, let’s compare this with the(Wang & Tang, 2001)
where chemical fumigation, ionizing radiation, controlled atmosphere, cold treatment,
conventional hot air or water heating and dielectric heating using radio frequency (RF) and
microwave (MW) energy are all used as treatment methods. This paper focuses on the pest
control while the crops are on their incubation or storage period. This method is an
attractive quarantine treatment because it is quick and safe, and operation costs are
comparable to chemical fumigation. Three future research projects were suggested to make
potential RF and MW heating methods practical in nut industry. Chemical fumigation
remained as the best method for dry crops in quarantine periods. Because of MeBr chemical
fumigation being phased out by 2005 in U.S. and the disadvantages of the other potential
methods, RF and MW heat methods are proposed as an alternative to control insects in nuts
during a short time period without product quality damage. It is useful to improve and
optimize design parameters for RF industry and manufacturers so that laboratory and pilot-
scale RF and MW test systems are transferred to large-scale industry implementation. The
research method is carried with the frequency of 0.3kGy. Compared to these aspects, the
paper (no.23) involves the method of pest control with radio frequency, researched with
walnut, soybean. Lentil and wheat. This study suggested more flexibility in developing RF
treatments of pest control for small-size crops with better heating uniformity, as compared
to large-size crops. The results showed that the operation ranges (temperature–time
combinations) for effective control of pests without causing adverse quality changes
expanded with increasing mixing number and the improved heating uniformity. The major
drawback is that all these crops (walnut, soybean, lentil and wheat) have all their own
unique RF heating characteristics. But there is no same frequency range so that this can be
used for all crops. Compared to this paper, the paper (no.24) uses the method of ultrasonic
transducers to bring about pest and bird control. Observation from the computed field data
reveal that ultrasound at 25 kHz and 35 kHz effectively deterred the birds for the first three
weeks, followed by a partial repulsion in weeks four and five, and finally became ineffective
beyond week five. They have made a recommendation for the design of an ultrasonic type
of electronic pest control device operating between 25 and 35 kHz while intermittently
incorporating local bird scaring parameters into the design consideration to effectively deter
the rampaging weaver birds . This involves the use of independent equipment such as: 12
volt car battery, 500 watt inverter, signal generator, power amplifier and five ultrasonic
transducers. Transmission frequencies between 5 kHz and 50 kHz was used for broadcast in
selected weaver bird infected farms while observing the behaviour of the birds and
computing the bird-flight, bird-return and the feeding-test data across the entire frequency
band. There are certain requirements for this model to be pursued in large scale. The
necessary research recommendations of this paper are, to design a stand-alone electronic
device which is able to generate and transmit ultrasound at the determined frequencies and
incorporating local innovations to ensure maximum flight and minimum return to bird
homes and farms, To construct the said device using state-of-the-art electronic components
and powered using solar energy for an all day long weaver bird pest chasing and, To carry
out both laboratory and field tests and analysis on selected weaver birds infested farms
using the constructed device with a view to evaluating its performance. The research is
conducted under a frequency of 25 and 35 kHz with the help of 12 volt car battery, 500 watt
inverter, signal generator, power amplifier and five ultrasonic transducers. Compared to the
above reviewed paper, (no.25) this paper uses computer simulation analyses to improve the
heating uniformity in the method of radio frequency. This paper also speaks about the
relation between container shape and material with that of the heating provided by RF. The
results in this study provide essential information about the non-uniform heating inside the
RF heated materials packed in containers with sharp areas, edges and corners, such as
rectangular and cylindrical shaped containers. Rounding the edges and corners in the
containers or bending the top and bottom electrodes is key parameters to control the
electrical field inside the RF system. This technique can be easily implemented to improve
the uniformity of RF heating in the food industry for the control of insects in packaged dried
fruits. The one major drawback of this research is that, The method only concentrates on
the dried fruits only and does not concentrates on the other types of packaged foods . The
temperature with which the successful results are achieved is at 60-degree Celsius. In
comparison to this paper, the paper (no.26) provides an insight to the overall applications of
IOT in agriculture, both in irrigation as in automated systems and also in pest control; using
ARM. The architecture of an ARM processor was licensed by many corporations for
designing ARM processor-based SoC products and CPUs. It can be an effective method
for getting the deserved yield, by proper maintained and a good irrigation system. The
limitation of this paper is that, Pests can be controlled by setting a particular frequency
which do not harm the crops but a frequency is set where the pests can’t survive the
survival of all pests is not mentioned therefore it is useful for only certain species. To
conduct this research, Power supply ,Soil moisture sensor ,Temperature sensor ,Humidity
sensor ,GSM and internet connectivity interface Frequency generator are used. Comparing
this with (no.27) , this paper uses disruptive vibrational signals as an unique method of pest
management.The disruptive vibrational signals are naturally used by insects as a mating by
male species. When disruptive vibrational signals were applied to grapevine plants through
a supporting wire, mating frequency of the leafhopper pest Scaphoideus titanus dropped to
9 % in semi-field conditions and to 4 % in a mature vineyard. The research found that The
underlying mechanism of this environmentally friendly pest-control tactic is a masking of
the vibrational signals used in mate recognition and location. Because vibrational
communication is widespread in insects, mating disruption using substrate vibrations can
transform many open field and greenhouse based farming systems. The research is carried
with, A S. titanus male calling song (MCS) used in transmission study - recorded with a laser
vibrometer, reflective tape. The drawbacks are that, This method seems far from practicality
in large fields and This method does not check the survival and mating of bimodal pests. In
comparison with this paper, paper (no.29) uses standalone auto frequency generator and
unique ultrasonic brand of electronic pest control device. This method implies the
fabrication of a new device altogether. The device and method is designed with :

1. Solar Panel

2. Charge Controller

3. Battery

4. Tripping Circuit

5. 25 kHz Oscillator

6. 35 kHz Oscillator

7. Frequency Selection Circuit

8. Pre-amplifier Circuit

9. Power Amplifier Circuit

10. Ultrasonic Transducer

11. Predator Cry

12. Visual Display Section

13. Microcontroller Circuit

14.Power Line

15.Ultrasonic Signal Line

16.Electronic Communication Line.

The overall objective of this line of study which is to utilize ultrasound technology to
implement an alternative ecosystem and environmentally friendly pest control method that
can keep targeted weaver birds away from farms has been largely achieved. The only
drawback that was found in this paper was, the power source of the product was not
specified properly. Further research is necessary to understand the applications of this
device on field. Comparing to this paper, (no.30) paper uses basic radio frequency methods
on Canadian western red spring wheat at 14.45% moisture content to research the Multi-
physics computer simulation of radio frequency heating to control pest insects. The multi-
physics – the electric model, and the non-isothermal fluid flow/heat transfer model were
coupled, and the transient electrical and the thermal properties of the insect and wheat
were used. Only one quadrant of the RF system including the sample was simulated because
of the geometric symmetry in the system. This dynamic model has achieved quite successful
results. The selective heating of the insect was most effective for commonly used stored
wheat (15% MC). Rusty grain beetle can be destroyed at 60 °C, and the thermal degradation
of wheat at this temperature is negligible. There is a major drawback in the working of this
model. the insects migrate quickly to the cold spots in the sample as the grain is being
heated. If the insects would make to the cold spots, it would be difficult to achieve 100%
mortality using the RF selective heating without compromising the grain quality. This is
because the whole grain would have to be heated continuously to achieve the temperatures
at the cold spots lethal to the insects, and doing so, the rest of the grain would highly likely
to be already overheated causing the thermal degradation of the grain. Further research is
encouraged in the container shape and structure to enable uniformity in heating.
Correlating this with paper, (no.30) uses sonic waves against birds using a frequency
generator and a sonic wave resonator. the results of this paper indicated strongly that the
most important factors were the frequency and the exposure time which consider effective
in pest birds deterrent for the target species mentioned in this study. Low frequency (1; 3
kHz) which increase scaring influence to the pest birds was greater than the high frequency
and caused high levels of sound pressure levels (SPL). Also, in the birds departure time
Dove, Pigeon and Sparrow flock never returned to the initial position to attack the field
crops after only 5 min, but Crow after only 10 min. Also, the bird’s departure time (min) was
positively affected with levels of device frequency and with exposure time. The one
drawback of this paper is that it has not mentioned the specified pests or birds that it
indicated to control. The frequency employed for this research is 1,3,5 and 7 khz. Now,
placing in a juxtapose, this paper (no.33) employs ultrasonic sound to control flies. The used
materials are, Sensor type: ultrasonic sensor - covers fair range and inexpensive

- Microcontroller: Arduino Uno – simple, easy to set up, fit for purpose

- Communication channel: SMS – broadly used, easy to set up, inexpensive

The aim of this experiment was to, perform a small scale study on the existing ultrasound
insect repelling system, To design and develop a prototype of a frequency based insect
repellent and To validate the proposed frequency based insect repellent using house flies
through lab scale experimentation. The results achieved in this research are by Using an
Ultrasonic sensor for generating a high wing beat frequencies of fruit flies and measure
echo that is received back by sensor , Using Arduino as a hardware / software to accept
input signals from ultrasonic sensor and send the information to the GSM modem,SMS
implementation as a general telecommunication instrument using GSM modem as a
medium for transmitting a warning message to the person. Also, A programming language,
such as the open-source Arduino (device specific language) used to develop software with
the ability to control, monitor, sense, and perform measurements and alerts and Using solar
energy to power up Arduino board. The instruments/equipments used in this research are,
GSM-GPRS Modem SIM900 KIT ,Arduino UNO R3 ,Solar Cell, Mobile Phone integrated
version of components and the study uses the frequency of about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. As
opposed to this paper, (no.39) uses Non thermal microwave irradiation under resonant
conditions to assess termites under 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation. This paper has
considered electron spin resonance to identify the amount of paramagnetic substances in
the termites’ body. termites contained several paramagnetic substances in their bodies,
such as Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and organic radicals. Interestingly, irradiation with traveling
microwaves hardly produced heat, but increased the organic radicals in termite bodies
indicating non-thermal efects of microwaves. Also, this study showed that the energy
transition efciency from microwave energy to heat energy in insect body was only 0.044%
with traveling waves but it becomes considerably high with resonating waves. This is
probably because of their low permittivity. Irradiation of microwaves seems to afect insects
physiologically due to these substances except Mn2+. Also, intensive labor and excessive
energy-consumption are the downsides. The research is conducted using C. formosanus,
solid-state amplifer (R&K, GA0827-4754-R) with a microwave oscillator (Agilent, MXG wave
generator, N5183A).Analogous to the paper discussed above, the paper (no.41) uses
Ultrasonic Devices and frequency generators to repel insects in a domestic household.
Sound frequency will be detected within the coverage area about 21mm to 37mm. the
focus of this paper is to design a circuit using ultrasonic sensors that repelled insects using
its frequency hearing range. The design will be a low cost portable sound frequency
detector hat uses 30hz to 100 khz frequency. The condition for this model to work
effectively is that, it should be used in a closed room. In parity with this research, (no.43)
uses the basic method of radio frequency in the ranges f 0 (control without frequency), 5,
10, 20, and 30 kHz to asses the effects of radiofrequency on the development and
performance of Callosobruchus chinensis on three different leguminous seeds. The results
obtained was that, The total developmental period from egg to adult emergence was longer
and adult longevity was shorter in the radiofrequency treatments than in the untreated
control. Reduced radiofrequency levels coincided with increased sexual development of
adults. The lowest rate of adult emergence and the shortest adult longevity both occurred
at 5 kHz. Since the radiofrequency exposure has a signifcant impact on the life history
variables, this management option could be used against C. chinensis and might be
applicable for a wide range of insects in storage, laboratory, and semi-feld environments,
creating sounds and vibrations by installing portable speakers at optimum intervals. It also
has the potential to be integrated with chemical control measures, because sounds
interrupt normal feeding and quiescent periods. The shortcomings of this paper is that,
disrupting the behavior of benefcial organisms like parasitoids/predators and pollinators, is
not considered in this. environmental factors such as wind, can inhibits the communication
between male and female insect, also can decrease signal transmission.This study uses
azuki bean, cowpea, and mung bean, Azuki bean weevil, radiofrequency chamber (1 length
× 0.8 width × 1.3 height, m), and a RF generator device. Comparing this with (no.44) , the
paper uses radio wave emitter ,Microwave ,Dielectric heater ,pest organisms and matrix
materials to adapt a Chemical-Free Pest Control by Means of Dielectric Heating with Radio
Waves. The frequency utilized was in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 W m-1 K-1. The selectivity
effect was not investigated for other live stages such as eggs, pupa or adults yet preventing
an overall statement. Therefore, the utilization of this special selectivity effect of dielectric
heating is expected to be restricted to very sensible cultural goods where the desired
temperatures are strictly limited and where a control of the success can be performed
instead of guaranteeing mortality of a single-step treatment. Also, The present study on the
role of selective heating for pest control in wooden matrices with the aim to substitute
chemicals and to prevent the objects from thermal damage does, of course, not give a final
answer on the potential of dielectric overheating for elimination of pests. Contrary to the
above said study, the paper (no.45) implies the differential heating of insects is dried fruits
with RF and microwave treatments to prove the differential heating predicted by theoretical
model. As predicted by the theoretical model, microwave heating at 915 MHz caused no
differential heating of insects. Preferential heating of insects in dry nuts and fruits at radio
frequencies can be used in developing thermal treatments to control insects without
adversely affecting product quality. The foresaid theoretical prediction for a 3 min
treatment at 0.27 kW/kg suggested 12.0.C preferential heating of insect larvae for the loss
factor ratio of 397 (corresponding to 27 MHz) and 0.1.C for the ratio of 4 (corresponding to
915 MHz), when the heat transfer coefficient between insects and walnuts was set at 500
W/m2 .C. A gellan gel with dielectric properties similar to those of insects was used as a
model insect. When walnut kernels were heated at 27 MHz from 20.C to 53.C, the model
insects were differentially heated from 12.6.C to 21.2.C higher than the kernel temperature,
depending on the power used and the treatment time. The research was conducted at a
frequency of 915 mhz. In contrary to this paper, RF heating system electric field intensity s
magnetic field intensity (A/m). g LDMOS as active device. AB push-pull maximum rating is 50
VDC 1250 Watts and Laterally Diffused MOSFET (LDMOS) as active device in solid-state
power amplifier (SSPA) for better efficiency dielectric heating is used in paper (no.50). The
experimental results shown that the system capable of eliminating the insect, rice weevil.
The prototype may operate on low voltage, but it can be able to heat the dielectric. This
research shown that SSPA insect pest control system have a better efficiency comparison to
the electric tube system. The mortality of insect is proportional to the RF power and
exposure time. The SSPA heating system the efficiency is high enough to considers in
industrial scale with overall efficiency 64%. The real working machine would have more
SSPA unit to produced power and needed precise control for the industrial scale, high
power SSPA in megahertz range is possible and more research is indispensable to achieve it.
Further research is encouraged to improve this SSPA insect pest control system by changing
the type of amplifier class to get higher efficiency. Analogous to this, in paper (no.52), ultra-
sonic waves, high-frequency-electrostatic field are used to assess the application of higher
frequency electrostatic fields in agriculture at i5, I9, 29,30, 3I, 47, 48, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
7I, 79,94, II7, I47, I54, IS5, i66, i86, I98, I99,zoo, zo8, 2i6, zz8, 2-2-9, 230, 23I, 2-32, 2.33
speculative frequencies. The effect produced by high-frequency currents on insects is
obviously of great economic importance. These results showed that the percentage of
albumin decreases in treated seeds. Increase in peroxidase parallel with an increase in
energy of germination and increase in green weight and flowering 5 days earlier than a
check was observed by Tarusov (2Li8, 2LI9) for a blue lupin subjected to treatment by high-
frequency currents. Increase in peroxidase takes place in dry as well as in moistened seeds
and persists long after treatment. High-frequency currents are capable of inducing some
changes in the chromosome apparatus of plant cells. High-frequency electrostatic fields
causesome definite changes in biological material. Although the real mechanism bywhich
changes occur in various materialsexposed to the action of oscillating electrostatic fields has
not been establishedwith certainty, the application of thephenomenon to various problems
in biology and in particular to some branchesof agricultural science should not be
overlooked.

The RF technology can be used , not just to control pests, but also to disinfect food, soil and
wastewater as studied in(no.46) . This uses nonionizing electromagnetic radiation
radiofrequency (RF) and parallel electrode system (RF cavity). Despite experimental
demonstrations of its effectiveness and low operational costs, there is no evidence that RF is
currently being used commercially to disinfect or disinfest foods or non food products
globally, nor have any such uses been published in the scientific literature. This is believed
to be due to the lack of understanding on the mechanisms of interaction between RF
photons with foods and nonfood materials, especially in the low-frequency range (≤ 100
MHz), coupled with the challenges associated with designing and operating RF research
prototype systems. Nevertheless, a few commercial food (baking and drying) and nonfood
(wood drying and disinfestation) applications are known, and medical research is being
conducted for thermal tumor ablation treatments. Also, despite the absence of regulatory
barrriers, these applications have limited impact and have not reached wide acceptance.
The frequency used in this study is 200 MW pulses with kHz-level.
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