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Chapter 2 B

1) The document discusses thermodynamic properties and relationships for multi-phase systems, including definitions of surface tension, compressibility, heat capacities, and phase equilibria conditions. 2) The Gibbs phase rule relates the number of degrees of freedom in a multi-phase system to the number of components and phases. Coexistence of phases requires equality of chemical potentials. 3) First and second-order phase transitions are distinguished based on whether volume and entropy are continuous at the transition. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes pressure-temperature phase boundaries between two phases.

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StefanPerendija
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

Chapter 2 B

1) The document discusses thermodynamic properties and relationships for multi-phase systems, including definitions of surface tension, compressibility, heat capacities, and phase equilibria conditions. 2) The Gibbs phase rule relates the number of degrees of freedom in a multi-phase system to the number of components and phases. Coexistence of phases requires equality of chemical potentials. 3) First and second-order phase transitions are distinguished based on whether volume and entropy are continuous at the transition. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes pressure-temperature phase boundaries between two phases.

Uploaded by

StefanPerendija
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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( ΔA)T ,V ,n ≥ 0, (δ A)T ,V ,n = 0, (δ 2 A)T ,V ,n ≥ 0 dE = TdS − pdV + μ dn

dA = − SdT − pdV + μ dn
δ V = 0 = δ V (1) + δ V ( 2)
Suppose
δ n(1) = δ n( 2) = 0
(1) ( 2)
⎛ ∂2 A ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 A ⎞
(δ A ) (δ V ) (δ V )
2
( 2)
=⎜ 2 ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟
2 2

⎝ ∂V ⎠ ⎝ ∂V ⎠
T ,n

⎡⎛ ∂ 2 A ⎞(1) ⎛ ∂ 2 A ⎞( 2) ⎤
( )
2
= ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ δ V ( )
1

⎢⎣⎝ ∂V ⎠ ⎝ ∂V ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡⎛ ∂p ⎞(1) ⎛ ∂p ⎞( 2) ⎤ (1) ⎤ 2
= ⎢⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥⎣ ⎡δ V
⎝ ∂ ⎠ ⎝ ∂ ⎠T ,n ⎥⎦ ⎦
⎢⎣ V T ,n V
(increase pressure →
⎛ ∂p ⎞
⇒ −⎜ ⎟ ≥0 < volume at const T)
⎝ 2V ⎠T ,n

1 ⎛ ∂V ⎞ KT ≥ 0
KT = − ⎜ ⎟ = isothermal compressibility
V ⎝ ∂p ⎠T ,n

1 ⎛ ∂V ⎞
KS = − ⎜ ⎟ = adiabatic compressibility KS ≥ 0
V ⎝ ∂p ⎠ S ,n
2
⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎡⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎤
C p − CV = −T ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ ∂V ⎠T ,n ⎢⎣⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ,n ⎥⎦
2
T ⎡⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎤
C p − CV = ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥
VKT ⎢⎣⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ,n ⎥⎦

⇒ C p > CV

⎛ ∂p ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ ∂υ ⎠T
If  (δ 2 A )T ,V ,n = 0 subject to
δ n(1) = δ n( 2) = 0
−δ V (1) = δ V ( 2)

⇒ (δ 3 A ) ≥0
T ,V , n
several ⎡⎛ ∂ 3 A ⎞(1) ⎛ ∂ 3 A ⎞ 2 ⎤
( )
3
⎛∂ p⎞ 2
steps 0 ≤ δ V (1) ⎢⎜ 3 ⎟ − ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎥
⇒⎜ 2 ⎟ =0 ⎢⎣⎝ ∂V ⎠T ,n ⎝ ∂V ⎠T ,n ⎥⎦
⎝ ∂υ ⎠T
Let Φ = Energy or a Legendre transform of E
which is a function of X1, …, Xr extensive variables
Ir+1, …, In intensive variables

r n
d Φ = ∑ I i dX i − ∑ X dI j j
i =1 j = r +1

⎛ ∂I i ⎞ stability criteria
0≤⎜ ⎟

⎝ i ⎠ x1 , xi−1 , xi+1 ,... xr I r +1 ,...I n
X

⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎛ ∂μi ⎞
−⎜ ⎟ ,⎜ ⎟ ,Cp are all > 0
⎝ ∂V ⎠ S ⎝ ∂ni ⎠T ,V ,n j
Phase Equilibria
ν phases in equilibrium
μi(α ) = μi(γ ) , μi(α ) = mole fraction of i in phase α

1 ≤ α < γ ≤ v, 1 ≤ i ≤ r i.e., for all phases and components

# degrees of freedom =
r (ν − 1 ) equations that couple
f = 2 + v(r − 1) − r (v − 1) 2 +ν ( r − 1) intensive variables
T, p
f = 2+r −v

Gibbs phase rule
• 1 phase, one species

f = 2 → e.g., T , p
• 2 phases, one species
f = 1 (line) ⇒ e.g.,  T, p not  indep.
• 3 phases, one species
f = 0 (point)
• 1 phase, two species
f = 3, e.g., T , p, x1 , x2
• impossible for > 3 phases for a 
one‐component system

consider a one‐component system with 3 possible phases

α, β, γ
μ α ( p, T ) , μ β ( T , p ) , μ γ ( T , p )
stable phase has lowest Gibbs free energy
coexistence
μ
⎛ ∂μ ⎞ ⎛ ∂μ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =υ ⎜ ⎟ = − s for phase charge p
⎝ ∂p ⎠T ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
μ(α) T

μ(β) 
if surfaces join smoothly, then
υ and s are continuous ⇒ 2nd (or higher)  for one‐component  system
order phase transition 2nd  ‐ order transition can
υ
if       and s discontinuous ⇒ 1st order  only happen at critical
phase transition point
p – T coexistence line obeys a diff. eq.

Equil. μ (α ) (T , p ) = μ ( β ) (T , p )

d μ = − sdT + υ dp
(α ) (α ) dp Δs (T )
(β ) (β )
− s dT + υ dp = − s dT + υ dp ⇒ =
dT Δυ (T )

Clausius ‐Clapeyron Equation
(not applicable to 2nd‐order
transitions)
α
α υ
,   T not conjugate  
T
υ α ‐ β equil υ variables ⇒ need not
β be monotonic function of 
β T
p(T)
T
isotherm                                       isobar p = 1 atm
T ≈ 0o C
for 1st order phase transitions ice has larger  density than
dA = − sdT − pdV + μ dn water  (less dense → floats
a
a = A / n, υ = V / n ice

υ
plot     vs      at const. T
a υ liquid 

⎛ ∂a ⎞ υα υ β υ water
⎜ ⎟ = −p
⎝ ∂υ ⎠T
pure p
pure
α β
at equilibrium: p(
α)
( T , υ ( ) ) = p ( ) ( T ,υ ( ) )
α β β

Which means the slope
υ (α ) =
of α at               slope
of α at  υ ( β )

( ) (
a T ,υ (α ) − a T ,υ ( β ) )
= − p (T ) ⎡⎣υ (α ) − υ ( β ) ⎤⎦

( a + pυ )(
α) (β )
= ( a + pυ ) μ (α ) = μ ( β )

a − a( ) a( ) − α
α β

(α )
= (β )
υ −υ υ −υ

A
=
(
a ( β ) υ − υ (α ) )+ (
a (α ) υ ( β ) − υ )
n υ ( β ) − υ (α ) υ ( β ) − υ (α )
T
crit. pt.


Phase diagram

 
olid
for Argon gas liq.

s
d –
liq – gas 

fl u i
equil solid

gas – solid  triple pt.
1/ υ

Plane Interfaces
α
dividing surface z
(area σ)
β

E=E (α )
+E (β )
+E (s) E ( s ) = energy of interface
⎛ ∂E ⎞
let γ = ⎜ ⎟ = ≥ 0
⎝ ∂σ ⎠ S ,v ,n
dE = TdS − pdV + μ dn + γ dσ
surface tension (intensive quantity)
dE = TdS − pdV + μ dn + γ dσ
E ∝ N
γσ ∝ N 2/3
So would not expect surface tension 
contribution to be important for bulk  β Gibbs dividing
properties surface
∞ ρ
n (α )
= ∫ dz ρ d ( z ) α
zd

n( = ∫ dz ρ d ( z )
β) zd
z
−∞
zd

n (S )
= ∫ dz [ ρ − ρ d ] choose zd s.t. 
−∞ a real interface varies 
n S ( zd ) = 0 smoothly rather than abruptly

dE ( S ) = TdS ( S ) + γ dσ
(S ) (S ) E ( S ) − TS ( S )
at zd E = TS + γσ → γ =
σ

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