G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1105

APPENDIX G

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

aluminum

Al(s) 0 0 28.3

Al(g) 324.4 285.7 164.54

Al3+(aq) –531 –485 –321.7

Al2O3(s) –1676 –1582 50.92

AlF3(s) –1510.4 –1425 66.5

AlCl3(s) –704.2 –628.8 110.67

AlCl3·6H2O(s) –2691.57 –2269.40 376.56

Al2S3(s) –724.0 –492.4 116.9

Al2(SO4)3(s) –3445.06 –3506.61 239.32

antimony

Sb(s) 0 0 45.69

Sb(g) 262.34 222.17 180.16

Sb4O6(s) –1440.55 –1268.17 220.92

SbCl3(g) –313.8 –301.2 337.80

SbCl5(g) –394.34 –334.29 401.94

Sb2S3(s) –174.89 –173.64 182.00

SbCl3(s) –382.17 –323.72 184.10

SbOCl(s) –374.0 — —

TABLE G1
1106 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

arsenic

As(s) 0 0 35.1

As(g) 302.5 261.0 174.21

As4(g) 143.9 92.4 314

As4O6(s) –1313.94 –1152.52 214.22

As2O5(s) –924.87 –782.41 105.44

AsCl3(g) –261.50 –248.95 327.06

As2S3(s) –169.03 –168.62 163.59

AsH3(g) 66.44 68.93 222.78

H3AsO4(s) –906.3 — —

barium

Ba(s) 0 0 62.5

Ba(g) 180 146 170.24

Ba2+(aq) –537.6 –560.8 9.6

BaO(s) –548.0 –520.3 72.1

BaCl2(s) –855.0 –806.7 123.7

BaSO4(s) –1473.2 –1362.3 132.2

beryllium

Be(s) 0 0 9.50

Be(g) 324.3 286.6 136.27

BeO(s) –609.4 –580.1 13.8

bismuth

Bi(s) 0 0 56.74

Bi(g) 207.1 168.2 187.00

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1107

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

Bi2O3(s) –573.88 –493.7 151.5

BiCl3(s) –379.07 –315.06 176.98

Bi2S3(s) –143.1 –140.6 200.4

boron

B(s) 0 0 5.86

B(g) 565.0 521.0 153.4

B2O3(s) –1273.5 –1194.3 53.97

B2H6(g) 36.4 87.6 232.1

H3BO3(s) –1094.33 –968.92 88.83

BF3(g) –1136.0 –1119.4 254.4

BCl3(g) –403.8 –388.7 290.1

B3N3H6(l) –540.99 –392.79 199.58

HBO2(s) –794.25 –723.41 37.66

bromine

Br2(l) 0 0 152.23

Br2(g) 30.91 3.142 245.5

Br(g) 111.88 82.429 175.0

Br–(aq) –120.9 –102.82 80.71

BrF3(g) –255.60 –229.45 292.42

HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7

cadmium

Cd(s) 0 0 51.76

Cd(g) 112.01 77.41 167.75

Cd2+(aq) –75.90 –77.61 –73.2

TABLE G1
1108 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

CdO(s) –258.2 –228.4 54.8

CdCl2(s) –391.5 –343.9 115.3

CdSO4(s) –933.3 –822.7 123.0

CdS(s) –161.9 –156.5 64.9

calcium

Ca(s) 0 0 41.6

Ca(g) 178.2 144.3 154.88

Ca2+(aq) –542.96 –553.04 –55.2

CaO(s) –634.9 –603.3 38.1

Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2 –897.5 83.4

CaSO4(s) –1434.5 –1322.0 106.5

CaSO4·2H2O(s) –2022.63 –1797.45 194.14

CaCO3(s) (calcite) –1220.0 –1081.4 110.0

CaSO3·H2O(s) –1752.68 –1555.19 184.10

carbon

C(s) (graphite) 0 0 5.740

C(s) (diamond) 1.89 2.90 2.38

C(g) 716.681 671.2 158.1

CO(g) –110.52 –137.15 197.7

CO2(g) –393.51 –394.36 213.8

CO3 2–(aq) –677.1 –527.8 –56.9

CH4(g) –74.6 –50.5 186.3

CH3OH(l) –239.2 –166.6 126.8

CH3OH(g) –201.0 –162.3 239.9

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1109

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

CCl4(l) –128.2 –62.5 214.4

CCl4(g) –95.7 –58.2 309.7

CHCl3(l) –134.1 –73.7 201.7

CHCl3(g) –103.14 –70.34 295.71

CS2(l) 89.70 65.27 151.34

CS2(g) 116.9 66.8 238.0

C2H2(g) 227.4 209.2 200.9

C2H4(g) 52.4 68.4 219.3

C2H6(g) –84.0 –32.0 229.2

CH3CO2H(l) –484.3 –389.9 159.8

CH3CO2H(g) –434.84 –376.69 282.50

C2H5OH(l) –277.6 –174.8 160.7

C2H5OH(g) –234.8 –167.9 281.6

HCO3 –(aq) –691.11 –587.06 95

C3H8(g) –103.8 –23.4 270.3

C6H6(g) 82.927 129.66 269.2

C6H6(l) 49.1 124.50 173.4

CH2Cl2(l) –124.2 –63.2 177.8

CH2Cl2(g) –95.4 –65.90 270.2

CH3Cl(g) –81.9 –60.2 234.6

C2H5Cl(l) –136.52 –59.31 190.79

C2H5Cl(g) –112.17 –60.39 276.00

C2N2(g) 308.98 297.36 241.90

HCN(l) 108.9 125.0 112.8

TABLE G1
1110 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

HCN(g) 135.5 124.7 201.8

cesium

Cs+(aq) –248 –282.0 133

chlorine

Cl2(g) 0 0 223.1

Cl(g) 121.3 105.70 165.2

Cl–(aq) –167.2 –131.2 56.5

ClF(g) –54.48 –55.94 217.78

ClF3(g) –158.99 –118.83 281.50

Cl2O(g) 80.3 97.9 266.2

Cl2O7(l) 238.1 — —

Cl2O7(g) 272.0 — —

HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9

HClO4(l) –40.58 — —

chromium

Cr(s) 0 0 23.77

Cr(g) 396.6 351.8 174.50

CrO4 2–(aq) –881.2 –727.8 50.21

Cr2O7 2–(aq) –1490.3 –1301.1 261.9

Cr2O3(s) –1139.7 –1058.1 81.2

CrO3(s) –589.5 — —

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) –1806.7 — —

cobalt

Co(s) 0 0 30.0

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1111

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

Co2+(aq) –67.4 –51.5 –155

Co3+(aq) 92 134 –305.0

CoO(s) –237.9 –214.2 52.97

Co3O4(s) –910.02 –794.98 114.22

Co(NO3)2(s) –420.5 — —

copper

Cu(s) 0 0 33.15

Cu(g) 338.32 298.58 166.38

Cu+(aq) 51.9 50.2 –26

Cu2+(aq) 64.77 65.49 –99.6

CuO(s) –157.3 –129.7 42.63

Cu2O(s) –168.6 –146.0 93.14

CuS(s) –53.1 –53.6 66.5

Cu2S(s) –79.5 –86.2 120.9

CuSO4(s) –771.36 –662.2 109.2

Cu(NO3)2(s) –302.9 — —

nuorine

F2(g) 0 0 202.8

F(g) 79.4 62.3 158.8

F–(aq) –332.6 –278.8 –13.8

F2O(g) 24.7 41.9 247.43

HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8

hydrogen

H2(g) 0 0 130.7

TABLE G1
1112 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

H(g) 217.97 203.26 114.7

H+(aq) 0 0 0

OH–(aq) –230.0 –157.2 –10.75

H3O+(aq) –285.8 69.91

H2O(l) –285.83 –237.1 70.0

H2O(g) –241.82 –228.59 188.8

H2O2(l) –187.78 –120.35 109.6

H2O2(g) –136.3 –105.6 232.7

HF(g) –273.3 –275.4 173.8

HCl(g) –92.307 –95.299 186.9

HBr(g) –36.3 –53.43 198.7

HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59

H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8

H2Se(g) 29.7 15.9 219.0

HNO3 –206.64 — —

iodine

I2(s) 0 0 116.14

I2(g) 62.438 19.3 260.7

I(g) 106.84 70.2 180.8

I–(aq) –55.19 –51.57 11.13

IF(g) 95.65 –118.49 236.06

ICl(g) 17.78 –5.44 247.44

IBr(g) 40.84 3.72 258.66

IF7(g) –943.91 –818.39 346.44

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1113

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

HI(g) 26.48 1.70 206.59

iron

Fe(s) 0 0 27.3

Fe(g) 416.3 370.7 180.5

Fe2+(aq) –89.1 –78.90 –137.7

Fe3+(aq) –48.5 –4.7 –315.9

Fe2O3(s) –824.2 –742.2 87.40

Fe3O4(s) –1118.4 –1015.4 146.4

Fe(CO)5(l) –774.04 –705.42 338.07

Fe(CO)5(g) –733.87 –697.26 445.18

FeCl2(s) –341.79 –302.30 117.95

FeCl3(s) –399.49 –334.00 142.3

FeO(s) –272.0 –255.2 60.75

Fe(OH)2(s) –569.0 –486.5 88.

Fe(OH)3(s) –823.0 –696.5 106.7

FeS(s) –100.0 –100.4 60.29

Fe3C(s) 25.10 20.08 104.60

lead

Pb(s) 0 0 64.81

Pb(g) 195.2 162. 175.4

Pb2+(aq) –1.7 –24.43 10.5

PbO(s) (yellow) –217.32 –187.89 68.70

PbO(s) (red) –218.99 –188.93 66.5

Pb(OH)2(s) –515.9 — —

TABLE G1
1114 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

PbS(s) –100.4 –98.7 91.2

Pb(NO3)2(s) –451.9 — —

PbO2(s) –277.4 –217.3 68.6

PbCl2(s) –359.4 –314.1 136.0

lithium

Li(s) 0 0 29.1

Li(g) 159.3 126.6 138.8

Li+(aq) –278.5 –293.3 13.4

LiH(s) –90.5 –68.3 20.0

Li(OH)(s) –487.5 –441.5 42.8

LiF(s) –616.0 –587.5 35.7

Li2CO3(s) –1216.04 –1132.19 90.17

magnesium

Mg2+(aq) –466.9 –454.8 –138.1

manganese

Mn(s) 0 0 32.0

Mn(g) 280.7 238.5 173.7

Mn2+(aq) –220.8 –228.1 –73.6

MnO(s) –385.2 –362.9 59.71

MnO2(s) –520.03 –465.1 53.05

Mn2O3(s) –958.97 –881.15 110.46

Mn3O4(s) –1378.83 –1283.23 155.64

MnO4 –(aq) –541.4 –447.2 191.2

MnO4 2–(aq) –653.0 –500.7 59

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1115

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

mercury

Hg(l) 0 0 75.9

Hg(g) 61.4 31.8 175.0

Hg2+(aq) 164.8

Hg2+(aq) 172.4 153.9 84.5

HgO(s) (red) –90.83 –58.5 70.29

HgO(s) (yellow) –90.46 –58.43 71.13

HgCl2(s) –224.3 –178.6 146.0

Hg2Cl2(s) –265.4 –210.7 191.6

HgS(s) (red) –58.16 –50.6 82.4

HgS(s) (black) –53.56 –47.70 88.28

HgSO4(s) –707.51 –594.13 0.00

nickel

Ni2+(aq) –64.0 –46.4 –159

nitrogen

N2(g) 0 0 191.6

N(g) 472.704 455.5 153.3

NO(g) 90.25 87.6 210.8

NO2(g) 33.2 51.30 240.1

N2O(g) 81.6 103.7 220.0

N2O3(g) 83.72 139.41 312.17

NO3 –(aq) –205.0 –108.7 146.4

N2O4(g) 11.1 99.8 304.4

N2O5(g) 11.3 115.1 355.7

TABLE G1
1116 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

NH3(g) –45.9 –16.5 192.8

NH4 +(aq) –132.5 –79.31 113.4

N2H4(l) 50.63 149.43 121.21

N2H4(g) 95.4 159.4 238.5

NH4NO3(s) –365.56 –183.87 151.08

NH4Cl(s) –314.43 –202.87 94.6

NH4Br(s) –270.8 –175.2 113.0

NH4I(s) –201.4 –112.5 117.0

NH4NO2(s) –256.5 — —

HNO3(l) –174.1 –80.7 155.6

HNO3(g) –133.9 –73.5 266.9

HNO3(aq) –207.4 –110.5 146

oxygen

O2(g) 0 0 205.2

O(g) 249.17 231.7 161.1

O3(g) 142.7 163.2 238.9

phosphorus

P4(s) 0 0 164.4

P4(g) 58.91 24.4 280.0

P(g) 314.64 278.25 163.19

PH3(g) 5.4 13.5 210.2

PCl3(g) –287.0 –267.8 311.78

PCl5(g) –374.9 –305.0 364.4

P4O6(s) –1640.1 — —

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1117

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

P4O10(s) –2984.0 –2697.0 228.86

PO4 3–(aq) –1277 –1019 –222

HPO3(s) –948.5 — —

HPO4 2–(aq) –1292.1 –1089.3 –33

H2PO4 2–(aq) –1296.3 –1130.4 90.4

H3PO2(s) –604.6 — —

H3PO3(s) –964.4 — —

H3PO4(s) –1279.0 –1119.1 110.50

H3PO4(l) –1266.9 –1124.3 110.5

H4P2O7(s) –2241.0 — —

POCl3(l) –597.1 –520.8 222.5

POCl3(g) –558.5 –512.9 325.5

potassium

K(s) 0 0 64.7

K(g) 89.0 60.5 160.3

K+(aq) –252.4 –283.3 102.5

KF(s) –576.27 –537.75 66.57

KCl(s) –436.5 –408.5 82.6

rubidium

Rb+(aq) –246 –282.2 124

silicon

Si(s) 0 0 18.8

Si(g) 450.0 405.5 168.0

SiO2(s) –910.7 –856.3 41.5

TABLE G1
1118 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

SiH4(g) 34.3 56.9 204.6

H2SiO3(s) –1188.67 –1092.44 133.89

H4SiO4(s) –1481.14 –1333.02 192.46

SiF4(g) –1615.0 –1572.8 282.8

SiCl4(l) –687.0 –619.8 239.7

SiCl4(g) –662.75 –622.58 330.62

SiC(s, beta cubic) –73.22 –70.71 16.61

SiC(s, alpha hexagonal) –71.55 –69.04 16.48

silver

Ag(s) 0 0 42.55

Ag(g) 284.9 246.0 172.89

Ag+(aq) 105.6 77.11 72.68

Ag2O(s) –31.05 –11.20 121.3

AgCl(s) –127.0 –109.8 96.3

Ag2S(s) –32.6 –40.7 144.0

sodium

Na(s) 0 0 51.3

Na(g) 107.5 77.0 153.7

Na+(aq) –240.1 –261.9 59

Na2O(s) –414.2 –375.5 75.1

NaCl(s) –411.2 –384.1 72.1

strontium

Sr2+(aq) –545.8 –557.3 –32.6

sulfur

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1119

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

S8(s) (rhombic) 0 0 256.8

S(g) 278.81 238.25 167.82

S2–(aq) 41.8 83.7 22

SO2(g) –296.83 –300.1 248.2

SO3(g) –395.72 –371.06 256.76

SO4 2–(aq) –909.3 –744.5 20.1

S2O3 2–(aq) –648.5 –522.5 67

H2S(g) –20.6 –33.4 205.8

HS–(aq) –17.7 12.6 61.1

H2SO4(l) –813.989 –690.00 156.90

HSO4 2–(aq) –885.75 –752.87 126.9

H2S2O7(s) –1273.6 — —

SF4(g) –728.43 –684.84 291.12

SF6(g) –1220.5 –1116.5 291.5

SCl2(l) –50 — —

SCl2(g) –19.7 — —

S2Cl2(l) –59.4 — —

S2Cl2(g) –19.50 –29.25 319.45

SOCl2(g) –212.55 –198.32 309.66

SOCl2(l) –245.6 — —

SO2Cl2(l) –394.1 — —

SO2Cl2(g) –354.80 –310.45 311.83

tin

Sn(s) 0 0 51.2

TABLE G1
1120 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

Sn(g) 301.2 266.2 168.5

SnO(s) –285.8 –256.9 56.5

SnO2(s) –577.6 –515.8 49.0

SnCl4(l) –511.3 –440.1 258.6

SnCl4(g) –471.5 –432.2 365.8

titanium

Ti(s) 0 0 30.7

Ti(g) 473.0 428.4 180.3

TiO2(s) –944.0 –888.8 50.6

TiCl4(l) –804.2 –737.2 252.4

TiCl4(g) –763.2 –726.3 353.2

tungsten

W(s) 0 0 32.6

W(g) 849.4 807.1 174.0

WO3(s) –842.9 –764.0 75.9

zinc

Zn(s) 0 0 41.6

Zn(g) 130.73 95.14 160.98

Zn2+(aq) –153.9 –147.1 –112.1

ZnO(s) –350.5 –320.5 43.7

ZnCl2(s) –415.1 –369.43 111.5

ZnS(s) –206.0 –201.3 57.7

ZnSO4(s) –982.8 –871.5 110.5

ZnCO3(s) –812.78 –731.57 82.42

TABLE G1

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 G • Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances 1121

Substance (kJ mol–1) (kJ mol–1) (J K–1 mol–1)

complexes

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis –898.7 — —

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans –896.2 — —

NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] –837.6 — —

[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3 –2733.0 — —

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis –874.9 — —

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans –877.4 — —

[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis –689.5 — —

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis –681.2 — —

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans –677.4 — —

[Co(en)3](ClO4)3 –762.7 — —

[Co(en)3]Br2 –595.8 — —

[Co(en)3]I2 –475.3 — —

[Co(en)3]I3 –519.2 — —

[Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3 –1034.7 –221.1 615

[Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2 –1088.7 –412.9 331

[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 –1282.0 –524.5 448

[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 –1017.1 –582.5 366.1

[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 –725.5 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 –994.1 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]Br2 –923.8 — —

[Ni(NH3)6]I2 –808.3 — —

TABLE G1