12/01/2023

WOOD DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHA P TE R 4 Lumber – a term applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced into boards,
planks, timber, etc.
It’s a fibrous substance which
LUMBER composes the trunk and the branches
Rough Lumber – a term applied to unplaned or undressed lumber; lumber with
rough surface
S2s or S4s – dressed lumber wherein the number connotes the smooth sides
ENGR. CELESTINA O. FAVOR of a tree that lies between the pith and Slab – a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings running through
the bark the full length of the log containing at least one flat surface
Surface or Dressed Lumber – a planed lumber having at least one smooth side

DEFINITION OF TERMS CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

Wood is classified according to: Wood is classified according to:
Timber – a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension
- 1. Mode of Growth - 4. With respect to shades or colors
Plank- wide piece of lumber from 4-5 inches thick
- A. Indigenous
Board – a piece of lumber less than 4 centimeters thick with at least 10 centimeters - A. White
wide - B. Exogenous
- B. Yellow
Flitch – a thick piece of lumber - 2. With respect to density
- C. Red
Fine Grained - a term used when the annual rings are small, the grain or marking - A. Soft
which separates the adjacent rings is said to be fine grained; when large, it is called - B. Hard - D. Brown
Coarse Grained - E. Black, etc.
- 3. With respect to leaves
Straight Grained – a term used when the direction of the fibers are nearly parallel with
- A. Needle shape
the side and edges of the board
- B. Broad shape
Crooked or Cross Grained – a lumber taken from a crooked tree
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

Wood is classified according to: Wood is classified according to:
- 5. With respect to the grain - 6. With respect to the nature of surface
- A. Straight when sewed
- B. Cross - A. Plain
- C. Fine - B. Grained
- D. Coarse - C. Figured or Marked
- -
-

METHODS AND MANNER OF

LOG SAWING DEFECTS IN WOOD DEFECTS IN WOOD

- 1. Plain or Bastard Sawing - 1. Caused by Abnormal Growth such as: - 2. Due to Deterioration
- 2. Quarter of Rift Sawing - A. Heart Shakes – radical cracks in the wood originating from the heart of the
logs
- A. Dry Rot – caused by fungi in a seasoned lumber due to the
- A. Radial presence of moisture
- B. Wind Shakes or Cup Shakes – cracks across the annual rings of the wood
- B. Tangential - C. Star Shakes – composed of several heart shakes radiating from center of the - B. Wet Rot – takes place sometime in the growth of the tree
- C. Quarter Tangential log in a star like manner caused by water saturation
- D. Combined Radial and Tangential - D. Knots – occurs at the starting point of a limb or branch of the tree -
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METHODS OF SEASONING METHODS OF SEASONING

SEASONING OF LUMBER LUMBER LUMBER
- By nature, trees contain moisture in their cell layers. This - The artificial methods of seasoning wood:
moisture has to be expelled thoroughly to preserve the wood - 1. The natural sunlight or Air-Seasoning Process – considered as one of
- 1. By forced air drying
from shrinkage or decay. Experiments proved that wood the best method used in seasoning of wood although the period involved
immersed in water immediately after cutting is less subject to is relatively longer - 2. By kiln drying
splitting and decay. It reduces warping but become brittle and - 2. The artificial seasoning – a process where lumbers are stacked in a - 3. By radio frequency dielectric drying
less elastic. Soaking of wood in liquid is the oldest method of drying kiln and then exposed to steam and hot air. Under this method,
seasoning lumber introduced and practiced by the ancient lumber undergoes a quick drying process.
Roman builders.

THE UNIT MEASURE OF

- Common causes of decay in wood: - The process of preserving wood are: LUMBER
- 1. Alternate moisture and dryness - 1. External process – coat wood with preservative applied
- 2. Fungi or molds as paint to penetrate the fibers of the wood
- Board foot is the unit of measure used in computing the volume of
- 3. Insects and worms - 2. Internal process – chemical compound is impregnated lumber. Despite the adoption of the Metric System (SI), board foot for
at a prescribed pressure to permeate the wood lumber is still in use for convenience and practical use.
- 4. Heat and confined air
thoroughly - Board foot is found by dividing the product of the thickness, the width
and the length by 12.
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ILLUSTRATION 4-1 ILLUSTRATION 4-2

- Finding the board foot of a commercial size lumber is as simple as the
above illustration. But the question is how to find the net board foot of a
log or a standing tree knowing its diameter and height? This question can
- Find the board feet of 5 pieces 2” x 6” x 14’ lumber be answered using the following formula: - Determine the total board foot lumber which could be derived from a
round log 28 inches diameter by 6.00 meters (20’) long as shown in the
figure 4-3.
- Solution: - Bd.Ft. Volume= (D-4)2 x L/16
- Board foot = 5x2x6x14/12 = 70 bd.ft. - Where: D – the smaller diameter of the log
- L – the length of the log
- 4 – constant as reduction factor

ILLUSTRATION 4-3
- Solution: - Solution (by board foot method)
- 1. Substitute given data in the formula: - 1. Find the total board foot of lumber
- (28-4)2 x 20’ / 16 = 720 bd.ft. - 6”x6”x10’/12 = 30 bd.ft.
- How much will it cost to slice a 6”x6”x3.00 meters wood to produce a
2x6 lumber if the unit price is Php 12.00 per board foot. - Multiply by the unit price say P12.00
- Note: Payment manner in sawing or slicing lumber is by board foot or by - 30x12.00 = Php 360.00
meter length
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EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 2
- Solution (by inch-meter method)
- 1. Multiply the width by the length
- 6”x3.00 = 18
- Berto ordered coco lumber to be used in the construction of his house. - There are 6 life threatening mahogany tree beside the school building.
- 2. Multiply by number of cut Here is the diameter and height of the trees:
- This is the breakdown of his order:
- 18x2 = 36 inch meter - 2 pcs- 20cm diameter x 20 meters in height
- 3. Multiply by the unit cost - 4pcs – 30cm diameter x 28 meters in height
- 1500 pcs - 2”x3”x10’
- 36x12.00 = Php432.00 - Find the net board foot in the log.
- 2000 pcs – 2”x3”x8’
- 800 pcs – 2”x2”x8’ - How many 8” x 6” x 12’ lumbers can be made out of these 6 mahogany
trees?
- Find the total bd.ft of the coco lumber he ordered and compute the total
cost if the unit cost per bd ft is 27.00.

WOOD POST WOOD POST WOOD POST

- For one storey building, verify the elevation height indicates from floor to - For two storey building, verify the height indicates from floor to floor. If
- In estimating wooden post for building structure, there are only three ceiling. If the ceiling is below the girts, add the depth of the girts so then consider the additional depth of the girder, the floor joist and the
things to consider: including the bottom chord or the rafters to the height of post. flooring. And the second floor, add the depth of the girts, bottom chord
or rafters to the height of the post.
- 1. The size of the post
- 2. The quantity or number of posts
- The note that the commercial length of lumber is always of even number.
- 3. The length or height of the posts If the computed length is odd number adjust to the next even number
- y
length.
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- Solution: - Solution:
ILLUSTRATION 4-4 - 1. Find the total height of the post from floor to ceiling - 3. Add results of 1 & 2 to get total length
- 2.70+2.70= 5.40 m - L = 5.40+0.575
- From figure 4-5, determine the length and board foot of the posts - 2. Determine the depth of the girder, floor joist, flooring and the girts. - L = 5.975m
required if there are 8 pieces 6”x6” wood posts.
- Girder= 0.20 - 4. Convert to feet: 5.975/0.30 = 20ft
- Floor joist = 0.15 - 5. Order: 8 pcs – 6”x6”x20’ = 480 bd.ft.
- Flooring = 0.025
- Girts = 0.20
- Total 0.575m

GIRDER

- Girder is the structural member of the

building that carries the floor joist and the
flooring. It is determined by Direct Counting
Method based on the framing plan of the
building. The length however, is subject to the
following considerations:
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- 5. If the second floor has overhang, wherein

the girder has to carry the floor joist, the
girder length is equal to the span plus the
overhang

FLOOR JOIST AND WOOD FLOOR JOIST AND WOOD

FLOORING FLOORING
- T&G is the popular name for Tongue and - Two methods presented to determine the
Groove board used for flooring, ceiling, required number of pieces and board foot of
panelling, forms, etc. Thickness of the board T&G for a known floor area:
varies from 16mm to 20mm. Width also varies - 1. By Direct Counting method
from 7.5 to 15 centimeters. - 2. By Board Foot per square meter
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- Solution: - Solution:

ILLUSTRATION 4-5 - A. Finding the Floor Joist - 4. Determine the length of the floor joist in feet.
- 3.50/0.30 = 11.66 say 12 feet
- 1. Determine the length of the girder. Divide by the spacing of the floor
joist. - Order: 36 pieces 2” x 2” x 12’ = 432 board foot
- From the floor framing
- 5.00/0.30 = 16.6
plan as shown in Fig. 4- - B. Solid Bridging
11, determine the number - 1. Find the length of the girder in feet:
and board foot of floor - 2. This number represents the spacing of the joist. Add one to get the
- 5.00/0.30 = 16.66 feet
joist and the T&G flooring exact number of floor joist.
- 2. Find the total number and thickness of the joist
required. - 16.6 + 1 = 17.6 say 18 pieces
- 18 x 2 = inches thickness = 36” or 3 feet
- 3. Subtract from step – 1
- 3. For two span, multiply: 18 x 2 = 36 pieces - 16.66 – 3ft = 13.66 or 14 feet
- 4. Order: 2pcs- 2”x6”x14’ = 28 board feet

- Solution: - Solution:
- C. Finding T&G Flooring by Direct Counting Method - D. Finding T&G Flooring by the Area Method
- 1. Find the length of the floor joist = 3.50 meters - 1. Find the floor area.
- 2. Using 4” T&G, divide by the effective width. - 3.50 x 10.00 m = 35.0 square meters
- 3.50/0.0875 = 40 pieces x 2 spans = 80 pieces - 2. Refer to Table 4-1, Using 10mm wood board multiply,
- 3. Length of girder is 5.00 m or 18 feet - 35.0 x 13.714 = 480 bd.ft.
- 4. Order: 80 – 1” x 4” x 18 ft = 480 bd.ft. - 3. Order 480 board foot 1” x 4” T&G or to be specific convert the board foot to
- 5. If 18 ft. is not available: Order 120 – 1” x 4” x 12 ft number of boards.
- 1” x 4” x 12’ = 4 bd.ft.

- D. Finding T&G Flooring by the Area Method - Divide: 480/4 = 120 pieces

- 1. Find the floor area.

- 3.50 x 10.00 m = 35.0 square meters -

-
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SLIDING WOOD BOARD SLIDING WOOD BOARD SLIDING WOOD BOARD

- The common types of commercial sliding wood - The thickness of sliding wood board varies
are: from 16, to 20 mm. Likewise, the width ranges
- 1. Stone Cut 4. BCB Cut from 15mm (6”) to 20mm (8”) of even length
- 2. Double Stone Cut 5. Weather Cut from 8 to 16 feet. The quantity is estimated
under the following considerations:
- 3. V-Cut

SLIDING WOOD BOARD ILLUSTRATION 4-6

- 1. The area of the opening such as windows, doors and the like - From the following Figure,
are subtracted from the gross area of the wall to be covered by find the number of 8
the sliding wood boards. inches Double Stone Cut
- 2. Consider the additional depth length for the girts, flooring, siding wood board.
floor joist and the girder.
- 3. The length of the siding wood board must be specified to
avoid joints in between the heights.
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- Solution: - Solution-2: ( by board foot per square meter)

- 1. Determine the total length of the wall board - 1. Solve for the wall area:
ROOF FRAMING
- Floor to ceiling 3.18 - 3.90 x 3.00m = 11.7 sq.m.
- Depth of girts 0.25 - 2. Refer to Table 4-2, Using 8” wood board, multiply:
- Flooring and joist 0.17 - 11.7 x 12.76 = 149.3
- Depth of girder 0.30 - 3. If 6” wood board will be used the from Table 4-2, multiply:
- 3.90 m or 13 ft - 11.7 x 17.40 = 203.58 bd.ft. - Roof framing comprises the girts, bottom chord, rafters, purlins
- Order …………………………… 14 ft - 4. Order: 204 board ft. 1” x 6” x 14ft. collar plate, center post, strut and blocks are computed by
- 2. Length of the wall = 5.00 -2.00 window = 3.00m direct counting method.
- 3. Refer to Table 4-2 for an 8” or 20cm wood board, multiply: -
- 3.00 x 5.33 = 16 pieces
- 4. Order: 16 pcs- 1” x 8” x 14’/ 12 = 149.3 bd.ft.

ROOF FRAMING STUD - Advantage of Using S2s and S4s Lumber

- 1. Good quality, straight and uniform in thickness.

- 2. It is economical in terms of labor cost.
- Stud is the structural member in building construction wherein - 3. The work progress is not affected or delayed.
the sidings or partition boards area fastened. It sometimes
referred to as the ribs of wooden walls or partitions. Lumber
intended for studs should be straight and uniform in width of
either S2s or S4s for uniformity of wall thickness.
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- Two methods presented on how to find the quantity of studs at a - By Direct Counting Method – simply count the number of
given horizontal and vertical spacing: vertical and horizontal member from a detailed plan

- 1. By Direct Counting Method. - By the Square Meter Method – simply find the wall area
- 2. By the Square Meter Method. multiplied by the values given in Table 4-3 corresponding to the
size and spacing of the studs.

- Solution- 1 (By Direct Counting) - Solution- 2 (By the Area Method)

ILLUSTRATION 4-7 - 1. Find the number of Vertical Studs

- 5.80/0.60 = 10 (rounded) number of spacing - 1. Find the area of the wall partition:
- 2. Add 1 to get the number of studs. - A = 5.80 x 3.40 = 19.72 sq.m.
- A wall partition 5.80m - 10 + 1 = 11 at 3.40m or (12ft) - 2. Refer to Table 4-3 Using 2” x 3” at 0.60m x 0.60m spacing, multiply:
long and 3.40m high - 3. Find the number of Horizontal Studs - 19.72 x 6.898 = 136.03 bd.ft of 2” x 3”
specify the use of 2” x 3” - 3.40/0.60= 7 at 5.80m or (20ft)
studs spaced at 60 cm on - 4. Order: Vertical Studs = 11- 2”x3”x12’ = 66 bd.ft
center both ways. Find the - Horizontal Studs = 7- 2”x3”x20’ = 70 bd.ft.
total board foot required. - Total ………… 136 bd.ft
-
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EXERCISE
- A wall partition on Fig Shown
measures 5.80 m long by
4.00 m high specify 2”x3”
wood studs spaced at 60 cm
for vertical and 40 cm for
horizontal center to center
distance. Find the number of
board foot required. Use the
two introduced methods.