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Questions M9 Human Factors

1) Fatigue, stress, noise, lighting, temperature, and other environmental factors can impact aircraft engineers' performance and safety. Proper management of shifts, tasks, and the physical work environment are needed. 2) Reporting incidents through programs like MEDA allows trends to be identified and actions implemented to reduce future errors in maintenance. 3) Common human errors include slips, lapses, and mistakes, which can occur at different stages of task performance. Proper training and procedures aim to eliminate errors.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
881 views

Questions M9 Human Factors

1) Fatigue, stress, noise, lighting, temperature, and other environmental factors can impact aircraft engineers' performance and safety. Proper management of shifts, tasks, and the physical work environment are needed. 2) Reporting incidents through programs like MEDA allows trends to be identified and actions implemented to reduce future errors in maintenance. 3) Common human errors include slips, lapses, and mistakes, which can occur at different stages of task performance. Proper training and procedures aim to eliminate errors.

Uploaded by

Tantan Pimrawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Questions for M9 Human Factors

1. Fatigue Management
The things that can cause fatigue are sleep, food, noise, lighting, temperature at work,
break during work, change of activity, type of shift, type of work, peer pressure.
2. Factors relevant to stress for the aircraft engineer in the workplace
Stress for aircraft engineer divide to 2 things
1. From job that they are doing
2. From organization environment
From job: because it is a difficult job and the stress will increase if that person don’t get
guidance or advise for doing that job or have limit duration of time but this kind of stress
can be reduce by good management and good training etc.
From organization environment: That is social and how organization management work,
peer pressure from colleagues, culture of organization, shift patterns for work, over
workload
The aircraft maintenance engineer can expect to work in a variety of different
environments, from ‘line’ (generally outside the hangar) to ‘base’ (usually inside a
hangar or workshop), in all types of weather and climatic conditions, day and night. This
depends largely on the company he works for, and the function he fulfils in the company.
Both physical environments have their own specific features or factors that may impinge
(อาจกระทบ) on human performance.
Noise in the workplace can have both short-term and long-term negative effects: it can be
annoying, can interfere with verbal communication and mask warnings, and it can
damage workers’ hearing (either temporarily or permanently).
Exposure in excess of 115 dB without ear protection even for a short duration is not
recommended. This equates to standing within a few hundred meters of a moving jet
aircraft.
Fumes can cause problem with inhalation of engineers and other problems such as eye
irritation. If the fumes can’t dissipate easily it may be appropriate to use breathing
apparatus.
Poor ambient illumination of work is significant deficiency during investigation of
certain engineering incidents.
Environmental conditions can affect physical performance. For example, cold conditions
make numb fingers (นิว้ ชา), reducing the engineer’s ability to carry out repairs, and
working in strong winds can be distracting, especially if having to work at height
Extreme environmental conditions may also be fatiguing, both physically and mentally.
Pneumatic tools can produce troublesome vibrations in this range and frequent use can
lead to reduced local blood flow and pain associated with VWF (Vibration white finger).
Vibration can be annoying, possibly disrupting an engineer’s concentration.
Working Environment
 Workplace layout and the cleanliness and general tidiness (ความเป็ นระเบียบ
เรียบร ้อย) of the workplace
 The proper provision and use of safety equipment and signage (such as non-slip
surfaces, safety harnesses, etc.);
 The storage and use of toxic chemical and fluids (clear labelling or storage in
different locations)
Some or all of the factors associated with the engineer’s workplace may affect his ability
to work safely and efficiently
Aircraft maintenance engineering requires all three components of the working
environment to be managed carefully in order to achieve a safe and efficient system
1) Engineers are trained to perform various tasks;
2) Successful task execution requires a suitable physical environment;
3) An unsuitable or unpleasant physical environment is likely to be de-motivating
3. How to do stress management
2 ways to management stress are defense (การป้ องกัน) and coping (การเผชญ ิ กับปั ญหา)
1. Defense (การป้ องกัน): can do by decrease the symptoms such as use medication or
reducing the anxiety (ความวิตกกังวล) such as blaming someone else
2. Coping (การเผชญ ิ กับปั ญหา): It is you dealing with the source of the stress rather than
just dealing with the symptoms such as prioritizing tasks, delegating (มอบหมาย)
workload)
But you can’t always deal with all problem such as emergency job so sometimes you
need to use these techniques to cope with the stress include relaxation, good sleep, diet,
exercise, counselling with friends, colleague, professional advice
4. How to do hand-over prepared? What material are need to use?
The important thing to do hand-over is communication between shifts. That includes
these information below
1) Tasks have been completed
2) Tasks in progress (งานทีก่ ำลังทำอยู่), status of that tasks, any problems
3) Tasks to be carried out (งานทีต่ ้องทำ)
4) General technical information
How to communication > you can use written reports from shift supervisor to another
shift supervisor and it still should to back up by spoken too or by individual engineers
Written reports such as maintenance cards, work orders, logs, warning flags.
5. How to organize the shift change-over?
Rolling Shift Patterns
When an engineer works change from one shift to another, the body’s internal clock isn’t
immediately reset. It continues on its old wake-sleep cycle for several days, and it is only
gradually resynchronized. However, by this time, the engineer may have moved onto the
next shift.
So generally shift should be later shift such as early shift > late shift > night shift or day shift
> night shift instead of rotation towards earlier shifts such as night shift > late shift > early
shift
Continuity of Tasks and Shift Handovers
When you have to handover the tasks to next shift and engineers who works for a long time
feel very tired this is an area where human errors can occur. So it can reduce error by use
fewer shift changeovers such as use 3 handovers with 3 eight hour instead 2 handovers with
12 hours
6. Stressors that can cause stress to the engineer.
Engineer may found these stress
1) Domestic stress: It is stress about his/her normal life (major life change) such as
marriage, divorce. That can cause engineer can’t fully concentrate with task and
safety.
2) Work related stress: divide 2 kind
i. Because of the job or task that they are doing at the moment
ii. Because of the organization environment
3) Time pressure: Because all commercial industry have to do the job on time or dead
line because they want to utilization aircraft the most and achieve customer
satisfaction. Even no definitive deadline have been set, engineer may be self-
imposed to complete work such as because they want to complete tasks before end
of a shift or before a break. And engineer have to responsibility to carry out a safe
job too.
7. Maintenance error reporting schemes (แผนการ) such as MEDA.
Incidents are errors that don’t cause accidents but still cause a problem. However all
incidents are significant to the aircraft maintenance industry, as they may warn of a potential
future accident. So all maintenance incidents have to report to the CAAT. These data are
used to disclose trends, necessary, implement action to reduce the criticality of further errors.
MEDA Process: help to identifying factors that contribute to existing errors and avoiding
future errors. There are 5 step for MEDA
1) Event: when any events occur then maintenance organization have to select the error-
caused events that will be investigated
2) Decision: after fixing the problem and returning the airplane to service, operator has to
make a decision by asking Was the event maintenance-related about that errors? If
yes, the operator has to do MEDA investigation
3) Investigation: The operator use MEDA results form for doing an investigation. The
trained investigator uses the form to record general information about the airplane,
when the maintenance and the event occurred, the error, the factors that contributing
to the error, list of possible prevention strategies.
4) Prevention strategies: The operator reviews, prioritizes, implements, and tracks
prevention strategies (process improvement) in order to avoid or reduce the likelihood
of similar errors in the future.
5) Feedback: Operator provides feedback to the maintenance workforce for letting
technicians know the changes in the maintenance system as a result of the MEDA
process. The operator has to ensure that employees has contribution to the MEDA
process by sharing investigation results with them.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a man over a machine.
Machine help people to do repetitive tasks such as calculations and record information for
better than humans and for lower value. That’s why machines have replaced many human
jobs. Machine is much more effective than human but human still has own distinct benefits
over machines such as skill, creation etc. whereas machines lacks in reasoning.
9. Main type of errors and how can they be eliminated?
There are slips, lapses, mistakes
1) Slips (เผลอทำ): This is actions not intended or planned to do such as mis-ordering
steps in a procedure. (เรียงลำดับการทำงานผิด) Slips occur when doing the tasks
2) Lapses (ลืม): This is missed actions and omissions (การละเว ้น) such as forgetting to
replace an engine cowling. Lapses occurs storage memory stage.
3) Mistakes: They do the wrong things but they don’t have intention to do it. (Believing
it is correct but it isn’t correct) such as mis-selection of bolts when fitting on aircraft
windscreen. Mistakes occur at the planning stage.
Violations sometimes appear to be human errors, but it different from slips, lapses,
mistakes because they are illegal actions such as somebody did something knowing it to
be against the rules.
The behavior of aircraft maintenance engineers can be divide to 3 categories:
1) Skill-based: It is rely on stored routines or motor programs that they have been
learned with practice and may be executed without conscious thought.
2) Rule-based: It is routine or procedures has been learned.
3) Knowledge-based: These require the aircraft maintenance engineer to evaluate
information and use his knowledge and experience to formulate a plan for dealing
with the situation.

Human Errors can defenses (ป้ องกัน) by organization such as duplicate inspections, pilot
pre-flight functional checks etc. or that is as several slices of Swiss Cheese Model.
Error management seeks to (พยายามทีจ
่ ะ)
1) Prevent errors from occurring by predict where they are most likely to occur and then
to put in place preventive measures. Do incident reporting schemes (แผนการ). All
data on errors, incidents and accidents should be captured with a Safety Management
System (SMS), which should provide mechanisms for identifying potential weak spots
and error-prone activities or situations. (กิจกรรมหรือสถานการณ์ทเี่ กิด error ได ้ง่าย).
Use this output for guiding local training, company procedures, introduction of new
defenses, and modification of existing defenses.
2) Eliminate or mitigate (บรรเทา) the bad effect of errors
10.Describe an engine run on an aircraft using the SHELL module as a guide
SHEL Model is help to understanding of human factors or framework around which human
factors issues can be structured.
1) Software: such as maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals, checklist layout
2) Hardware: such as tools, test equipment, physical structure of aircraft
3) Environment: such as physical environment (conditions in the hangar or line, work
patterns)
4) Liveware: including maintenance engineers, supervisors, planners, managers (It is
centre of the model)

11.State the hazards in the workplace and the precautions (ข ้อควรระวัง) the engineer should
take to avoid them.
There are many potential (สามารถเป็ นได ้) hazards in the aircraft maintenance industry and it
is impossible to list them all here. And we can list Physical hazards may include:
1) Very bright lights
2) Very loud sounds
3) Confined (จำกัด) or enclosed areas
4) Working at significant heights
5) Noxious (เป็ นพิษ) substances (liquids, fumes, etc.)
6) Excessive temperatures (too cold or too hot)
7) Moving equipment, moving vehicles and vibration
Then aircraft maintenance organization need to
1) Assessments of work including inspections to determine Health and Safety Risks
2) Provide safe working practices (การกระทำ, การซอม) ้ and procedures for plant,
machinery, work equipment, materials and substances
3) Inform person who related of any risk
4) Provide suitable training and/or instruction to meet any Health and Safety Risks
5) Develop and introduce practice and procedures to reduce risks to Health and Safety
including the provision of special protective devices and personal protective
equipment
6) Provide welfare (สวัสดิการ) for employees
7) Discuss and consult employee representative (ตัวแทน) on Health and Safety matters
If hazards can’t be removed from the workplace, employees should be aware that they exist
and how to avoid them. This can be effected through training and warning signs.
12.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when working as a team member to working
as a individual
Individual
Advantage: An engineer understands clearly about tasks that he was assigned to do and this
is his job to do them complete and make him has strong incentive (แรงจูงใจ) to do these
tasks correctly because he knows it is his responsibility.
Disadvantage: Maybe overlook the importance of working together as a cohesive team or
group to achieve goals.
Team
Advantage: Each member of the group feel responsible for the output of that group, work to
ensuring that the whole product is safe. This may involve cross-checking others work,
politely challenging others if you think that something is not quite right.
Disadvantage: Maybe they act against safety, no one feels personally responsible for safety
because it has diffusion of responsibility (กระจายความรับผิดชอบ)
13.You have assembled a team of engineers to carry out a complex modification on all the
aircraft of that type in the fleet. What individual and team factors would you consider?
Within aircraft maintenance, responsibility should be spread across all those who are part in
the activity. This range from the accountable manager, supervisors, teams of engineers,
flight crew (preflight checks and walkarounds and highlighting aircraft faults to maintenance
personnel.
Individual
Advantage: An engineer understands clearly about tasks that he was assigned to do and this
is his job to do them complete and make him has strong incentive (แรงจูงใจ) to do these
tasks correctly because he knows it is his responsibility.
Disadvantage: Maybe overlook the importance of working together as a cohesive team or
group to achieve goals.
Individual Responsibility: All aircraft maintenance engineers have to training. Should work
in a responsible manner and be responsible for ensuring that work is performed and recorded
in a satisfactory manner for traceability to those who were involved in the job. The LAE is
then responsible for any adjustment or functional test and the requirement maintenance
records are satisfied before making the legal certification.
Team
Advantage: Each member of the group feel responsible for the output of that group, work to
ensuring that the whole product is safe. This may involve cross-checking others work,
politely challenging others if you think that something is not quite right.
Disadvantage: Maybe they act against safety, no one feels personally responsible for safety
because it has diffusion of responsibility (กระจายความรับผิดชอบ)
In practice, aircraft maintenance engineers are often assigned to groups or teams in the
workplace. It may be shift teams or small group within a shift. A team may be made up of
various engineering trades (ความเชย ี่ วชาญเฉพาะแบบ), or aircraft types or place of work.
The responsibility for overall goals would fall on the entire team.
14.Describe the important of currency in relation to an engineer. What divisions in a 145
company are responsible for this?
Because aviation industry is dynamic: operators change their aircraft, new aircraft types and
variants (ตัวแปร) are introduced, new aircraft maintenance practice are introduced. Then
engineer needs to keep his knowledge and skills up-to-date
Responsibility for maintaining currency is individual engineer and the maintenance
organization.
ี ) because
The engineer should keep up-to-date with changes in his profession (อาชพ
assumptions can be dangerous for work.
And the organization should provide the appropriate training and allow staff to train before
working on a new aircraft type or new variant. Make written information easily accessible to
engineers and encourage them to read it. And easily to understand.
Record all changes and engineer will consult the updates.
15.Describe the effect of over-load and under-load on an aircraft engineer and what effect it
might have on the team.
Overload occurs at very high levels of workload (when the engineer becomes over aroused).
performance deteriorates when arousal becomes too high. Error rates may also increase.
Organization should have a production man hours plan showing that it has sufficient man
hours for the work that is intended to be carried out and organization must employ sufficient
personnel to plan, perform, supervise and inspect the work in accordance with the approval
Underload occurs at low levels of workload (when the engineer becomes under aroused).
Causes a deterioration in performance and an increase in errors, such as missed information.
Underload can result from a task an engineer finds boring, very easy, or indeed a lack (ไม่ม)ี
of tasks.
The nature of the aircraft maintenance industry means that available work fluctuates (ขึน้ ๆ
ลงๆ) , depending on time of day, maintenance schedules, and so forth (เป็ นต ้น). Hence,
unless stimulating ‘housekeeping’ tasks can be found, underload can be difficult to avoid at
times.
16.Describe Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). What regulation relates to this and what
are the requirements imposed on an employer to comply with the regulation?
Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the result from noise. It can be temporary from a few
seconds to a few days or permanent.
Temporary hearing loss may be caused by exposure from short to very loud sound because
the hair-like cells on the basilar membrane take time to recover.
Regular exposure to high levels of noise over a long period may permanently damage the
hairlike cells leading to permanent of hearing.
Three levels of noise at which an employers must act
1) 85 decibels (It is normal speech cannot be heard clearly at 2 m) employers must
 access the risk to employees hearing
 tell the risks and precautions to the employees
 provide personal ear protectors to the employees
2) 90 decibels (it is normal speech can’t be heard clearly at 1 m) employers must
 Do all possible to reduce exposure to the noise
 Mark zones where noise reaches the second level and provide recognized sings
to restrict entry
3) 140 decibels (noise causes pain)
The combination of duration and intensity of noise can be described as noise dose.
Permanent hearing loss may occur if the TWA (Time Weighted Average Sound Level) is
above the recommended maximum that is 90 decibels.
But it is a good practice to reduce noise levels at source, or move noise away from workers.
Or always use hearing protection
17.Symptoms of fatigue, factors that might induce fatigue in your colleagues at work
Fatigues can be either physiological or subjective (ทางจิต).
Physiological fatigue can cause from recent physical activity, current health, drink alcohol,
circadian rhythms. It can be restoration by sleep.
Subjective fatigue can cause from last slept, how good sleep, degree of motivation.
Fatigue is typically caused by delayed sleep, sleep loss, desynchronization of normal
circadian rhythms and concentrated periods of physical or mental stress or exertion (ความ
พยายาม). In the workplace, working long hours, working during normal sleep hours and
working on rotating shift schedules all produce fatigue to some extent (ขอบเขต).
Symptoms of fatigue
1) Diminished perception (การรับรู ้ลดน ้อยลง) such as vision, hearing, and general lack of
awareness
2) Diminished motor skills and slow reactions
3) Problem with short-term memory
4) Being easily distracted by unimportant matters
5) Poor judgement and decision making leading to increased mistakes
6) Abnormal moods
7) Diminished standards of own work
Factor that might induce fatigue such as shift work (cause desynchroisation and disturbance
of the body’s various rhythms), working at night
18.An aircraft has a series flaw and after a few years it becomes unserviceable. What are the
failure types and describe the error model that best related to this situation.
Error associated with visual inspection
Divide to 2 types of errors
1) Type 1 occurs when a good item is incorrectly identified as faulty. This type of error
isn’t safety concern, except it means that resource is not being used the most
effectively.
2) Type 2 occurs when a faulty item is missed. This type of error is most concern such as
crack remain undetected. It can have serious consequences
19.What are the factors to be considered when carrying out a visual on an aircraft
component?
Visual inspection is one of the primary methods to ensure the aircraft remain in an airworthy
condition.
Visual inspection is the process of using the eye alone or in conjunction with various aids to
examine and evaluate the condition of systems or components of an aircraft.
Aircraft maintenance engineers may use magnifiers and borescopes to enhance their visual
capabilities. And use his other senses such as touch, hearing, smell to examining (ตรวจสอบ)
the element.
So aircraft maintenance engineers have to has a good eyesight and training, experience and
common sense. Thus reliable visual inspection that engineer when see the defect and
recognizes that it is a defect.
Information such as technical bulletins are important as they prime the inspector of known
and potential defects and he should keep follow of these. For example, blue staining on an
aircraft fuselage may be considered insignificant at first sight, but information from a
Technical Bulletin of ‘blue ice’ and external toilet leaks may make the engineer suspicious
of a more serious problem.
There are various step to help engineer carry out a reliable visual inspection
1) Ensure that he understands the area, component or system he has to inspect.
2) Locate corresponding area (พืน้ ทีท
่ ส
ี่ อดคล ้องกัน), component or system on the
aircraft by itself
3) Make sure the environment is good such as light
4) Moving his eyes carefully in a set pattern so that all parts are inspected
5) Examine thoroughly any potential degradation or defect that is seen and decide
whether it makes a problem
6) Record any problem that found and continue search a few steps prior to where he
left off
Visual inspection requires a lot of concentration. So an engineer’s low arousal or lack of
motivation can fail to spot a potential problem or found defect during visual inspection. The
effects are potentially worse when an inspector has a very low expectation of finding a
defect such as defect on a new aircraft.
Engineer can take short breaks between discrete visual inspection such as at a particular
system component, frame. This is much better than pausing midway through an inspection.
NDI : Non-destructive inspection includes an element of visual inspection, but usually
permits detection of defects below visual thresholds. Various specialist tools are used for this
purpose, such as eddy current.
20.For an engineer to carry out fault finding he/she needs to reference information for
his/her decision making. What are the sources of this information and what precautions
would need to be considered when using them?
Decision Making
After receive information to our sense then you will have to make decision.
Decision making is the action based on available information, knowledge, prior experience,
goals, context etc. We can use tools for assisting the process of making a decision such as
documents (maintenance manuals, fault diagnosis (การวินจ ิ ฉั ย) manuals), procedures are
available to supplement (เสริม) the basic decision.
It can be dangerous to believe that existing knowledge and prior experience will always be
sufficient in every situation. And we all have limitations about information processing such
as you can’t receive information even you don’t have any problem about hearing but you
have attention in another thing.
21.Describe the effects and causes of circadian dysrhythmia?
Circadian Rhythms
It is internal cycles such as body temperature and hunger/eating and they are related to the
length of the day.
Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioural functions and processes in the body
that have a regular cycle of approximately a day (about 25 hours). It is controlled by the
brain and environmental such as light has influenced and synchronized to it.
Even if the normal pattern of wakefulness and sleep is disrupted (by shift work for example),
the temperature cycle remains unchanged. Hence, it can be seen that if you are awake at 4-6
o’clock in the morning, your body temperature is in a trough and it is at this time that is
hardest to stay awake. Research has shown that this drop in body temperature appears to be
linked to a drop in alertness and performance in man.
Although there are many contributory factors, it is noteworthy that a number of major
incidents and accidents involving human error have either occurred or were initiated in the
pre-dawn hours, when body temperature and performance capability are both at their lowest.
The engineer’s performance at this ‘low point’ will be improved if he is well rested, feeling
well, highly motivated and well practised in the skills being used at that point.
Circadian rhythm disorders, also known as sleep-wake cycle disorders, are problems that
occur when your body’s internal clock, which tells you when it’s time to sleep or wake, is
out of sync with your environment.
Disruptions in your sleep patterns can be temporary and caused by your sleep habits, job, or
travel. Or a circadian rhythm disorder can be long-term and caused by aging, your genes, or
a medical condition. You may have symptoms such as extreme daytime sleepiness,
decreased alertness, and problems with memory and decision-making.
You can take steps to prevent circadian rhythm disorders by making healthy lifestyle
changes to improve your sleep habits. If left untreated, circadian rhythm disorders may
increase the risk of certain health problems or lead to workplace and road accidents.
22.Describe Peer Pressure and how it affects the aircraft engineer in the workplace.
Peer Pressure
When aircraft engineer receive pressure at work from those that work with him. Peer
Pressure will affect to believes of engineer which he feels that his peers or colleagues expect
to let him has such as individual engineer may feel that there is pressure to cut corners in
order to get an aircraft out by a certain time because he believes that if his colleagues found
this situation he will do the same thing with him.
Other’s opinions, attitudes, actions and even perceptions that higher or prevailing effect to
another’s opinions, attitudes, actions and perceptions
23.Describe what is a complex system on an aircraft and how this influences an engineer’s
responsibility.
Complex Systems
All large modern aircraft can be described as complex systems. And there are separate
system that may be considered complex such as flying control, landing gear etc.
Any complex system can be thought of as having a wide variety of inputs. But with a
complex system, it should still be clear to an aircraft maintenance engineer what the
system’s purpose is.
To maintain complex system, the engineer will need to have some form of system-specific
training that help him to understanding of how it works and how it can fail, what is made up
of (ประกอบด ้วยอะไรบ ้าง). It is important that the engineer understands enough about the
overall functioning of a large complex aircraft. Thus, system-specific training must achieve
the correct balance between detailed system knowledge and analytical troubleshooting skills.
With complex system within aircraft, written procedures and reference material become an
even more important source of guidance than with simple systems. They may describe
comprehensively the method of performing maintenance tasks, such as inspections,
adjustment and tests, relationship of one system to other systems, provide cautions or bring
attention to specific areas of components.
A single modern aircraft is complex enough, but many engineers are qualified on several
types and variants of aircraft. This will usually mean that he has less opportunity to become
familiar with one type, making it even more important that he sticks to the prescribed
procedures and refers to the reference manual wherever necessary.
24.What is the perception of the role of the licensed aircraft maintenance engineer and what
responsibilities must be recognized in the process of carrying out his/her duties?
All aircraft maintenance engineers have to training. Should work in a responsible manner
and be responsible for ensuring that work is performed and recorded in a satisfactory manner
for traceability to those who were involved in the job. The LAE is then responsible for any
adjustment or functional test and the requirement maintenance records are satisfied before
making the legal certification.
25.What are the Human Factors differences between Line maintenance and Hangar
maintenance?
Human Factors can be simple definitions such as “Fitting the man to the job and the job to
the man” and a good definition in the context of aviation maintenance would be “Human
Factors refers to the study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace” Human
Factors is researches system performance. They study the interaction of maintenance
personnel, equipment they use, written and verbal procedures, rules they follow,
environmental conditions of any system. The aim of Human Factors is to optimize the
relationship between maintenance personnel and systems with a view to improving safety,
efficiency and well-being (ประสท ิ ธิภาพและความเป็ นอยูท ่ ดี่ )ี .
Human Factors include
1) Human Physiology (สรีรวิทยา)
2) Psychology (perception, cognition, memory, social interaction, error, etc.)
3) Work place design
4) Environmental conditions
5) Human-machine interface
6) Study of measurements of the human body
26.What CAA publications relate to drug and alcohol abuse in the workplace and what are
their recommendations? What effect does the consumption of alcohol have on an
engineer in the performance of his/her duties?
The holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s license shall not exercise the privileges of
such a license when got influence of drink or drug until impair his capacity to exercise his
privileges.
There is limitation of blood/alcohol for anyone performing a safety critical role in aviation is
20 milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood.
Alcohol
It will depressant (กดประสาท) on the central nervous system, dulling (ทำให ้ลดลง) the
senses and increasing mental and physical reaction times. Even small amount of alcohol
leads to a decline in an individual’s performance and may cause his adjustment to be
interrupt.
Alcohol is removed from the blood at a fixed rate and this can’t be speed up in any way.
Person may not be fit to go on duty even 8 hours after drinking large amounts of alcohol. As
a general rule, aircraft maintenance engineers should not work for at least eight hours after
drinking even small quantities of alcohol and increase this time if more has been drunk.
The effects of alcohol can be made considerably worse if the individual is fatigued, ill or
using medication.
For men, this is no more than 3-4 units a day or 28 per week. (1 unit= half a pint of beer)
27.Describe the four recognized types of attention that affects and engineer’s decision-
making?
Attention is the concentration of mental effort on sensory (ทางประสาทสมั ผัส) or mental (ทา
งจิตใจ) events. Attention can move very quickly from one item to another, in can only deal
with one item at a time.
Attention is influenced by arousal level and stress. This can improve or damage attention
depending on the circumstances.
The form of attention is
1) Selective attention: when person is monitoring several sources of input, and give
greater attention to one or more sources which appear more important. A person can
give attending to one source while still sampling other sources in the background.
Such ac “cocktail party effect”
2) Divided attention: is common in work situations, where people are required to do
more than one thing at the same time.
3) Focused attention: is the skill of focusing one’s attention to a single source and
avoiding distraction.
4) Sustained attention: is the ability to maintain attention and remain alert over long
periods of time, often on one task.
28.Describe human error in aircraft maintenance and the inspection environment, and
describe how it can be minimized.
Human Error is general term of all those occasions in which a planned sequence of mental or
physical activities fails to achieve its intended outcome, and when these failures cannot be
attributed to the intervention of some chance agency”.
These attempt to capture the nature of the error and its characteristics. To illustrate this, the
following models and theories will be briefly highlighted:
 design- versus operator-induced errors;
 variable versus constant errors;
 reversible versus irreversible errors;
 slips, lapses and mistakes;
 skill-, rule- and knowledge-based behaviours and associated errors;
 Swiss Cheese Model
Swiss Cheese Model
It is the concept of defences (การป้ องกัน) against human error within an organization such as
duplicate inspections, pilot pre-flight functional check, etc. which help prevent to trap
human error, reducing the likelihood of negative consequences.

It will never be possible to eradicate error totally. Therefore all maintenance organization
should aim to manage errors. Error management seeks to:
1) Prevent errors from occurring: It is necessary to predict where the errors are most
likely to occur and then to put in place preventive measures. Do incident reporting
schemes (แผนการ). Within a maintenance organization, data on errors, incidents and
accidents should be captured with a SMS (Safety Management System) which should
provide mechanisms for identifying potential weak spots and error-prone activities or
situation.
2) Eliminate or reduce the bad effects of errors:
One of the things likely to be most effective in preventing error is to make sure that
engineers follow procedures. And ensuring the procedures are correct and usable,
presentation of the information is user friendly and appropriate to the task and context,
engineers are encouraged to follow procedures and not to cut corners.
It is important that organization balance profit and costs and try to ensure that the defenses
which are put in place are the most cost effective that is it can trapping error and prevent
catastrophic (เหตุร ้าย) outcomes.
It is responsibility of each and every aircraft maintenance engineer to take every aircraft
maintenance engineer to take every possible care in his work and be careful for error.
Aircraft engineer take effort to prevent injuries, prevent damage and to keep the aircraft they
work on safe.
29.How is the body affected after a long flight over several time zone?
An example of disrupting circadian rhythms would be taking a flight that crosses time zones.
This will interfere with the normal synchronisation with the light and dark (day/ night). This
throws out the natural link between daylight and the body’s internal clock, causing jet lag,
resulting in sleepiness during the day, etc. Eventually however, the circadian rhythm
readjusts to the revised environmental cues.
30.What is meant by “post lunch low”?
Post lunch dip is when after lunch you feel sleepy. Our body has circadian rhythm and for
most people this dip occurs between 2-4 p.m. during this time your body temperature
decrease and alertness also declines. This make many people yawing after lunch and
reaching for extra cup of coffee.
31.What is meant by “acrophase”?
The rhythmicity can be described by three parameters
1) The amplitude refers to half the distance between the peak and the trough of the
fitted wave - in effect describing the amount of movement produced during periods
of activity.
2) The acrophase describes the point in the cycle at which activity is maximal.
3) The mesor describes the rhythm-adjusted mean of the wave, or the value around
which the fitted wave oscillates or the average amount of activity produced across
the recording period.
ซงึ่ แท ้จริงแล ้ว Murphy’s Law เชอื่ ว่า “หากสงิ่ ใดมีโอกาส
ทีจ่ ะเกิดความผิดพลาด มันมักจะเกิดขึน ้ ะชว่ ย
้ ” แนวคิดนีจ
ทำให ้เราเข ้าใจความเสย ี่ ง และประเมินสถานการณ์ได ้มาก
ขึน
้ ด ้วย

จอตาหรือจอประสาทตา (Retina) เป็ นเนือ ้ เยือ


่ บาง ๆ ทีบ ่ อ ่ ายในลูกตาสว่ นหลัง ประกอบด ้วย
ุ ยูภ
เซลล์รับแสงและเซลล์ประสาทอืน่ ๆ จำนวนหลายล ้านเซลล์ ซงึ่ ทำหน ้าทีร่ ับแสงและสง่ สญ ั ญาณ
ไปยังสมอง ทำให ้เรามองเห็นภาพต่าง ๆ ได ้ ถ ้าเปรียบเทียบลูกตากับกล ้องถ่ายรูป จอตาเปรียบ
ได ้กับฟิ ลม
์ ถ่ายรูป หากฟิ ลม ์ เสอื่ มสภาพย่อมทำให ้
รูปภาพไม่คมชด ั เชน ่ เดียวกับจอตาหากมีความผิดปกติ
เกิดขึน้ จะสง่ ผลให ้ความคมชด ั ในการมองเห็นภาพลดลง
กระจกตา (Cornea) หรือตาดำ เป็ นสว่ นทีอ ่ ยูห
่ น ้าสุด
ของลูกตา มีลก
ั ษณะโค ้งคล ้ายจาน เรียบใส ไม่มส ี ี ทำ

หน ้าทีโ่ ฟกัสหักเหแสงจากวัตถุให ้เข ้าในลูกตา


ความจำอาศยเหตุ ั การณ์[1] (อ ังกฤษ: episodic memory) เป็ นความจำเกีย ่ วกับเหตุการณ์ตา่ ง ๆ
ในชวี ประวัตข ิ องตนเอง (รวมทัง้ ข ้อมูลเกีย ่ วกับวันเวลา สถานที่ อารมณ์ความรู ้สก ึ ทีม
่ ี และเรือ
่ งที่
เกีย
่ วข ้องกันอืน่ ๆ) ทีส
่ ามารถระลึกได ้ภายใต ้อำนาจจิตใจและนำมากล่าวได ้อย่างชด ั แจ ้ง เป็ นความ
จำรวมประสบการณ์ตา่ ง ๆ ของตนในอดีต แต่ละเหตุการณ์เกิดขึน ้ ทีว่ ันเวลาหนึง่ ๆ และในสถานที่
หนึง่ ๆ ยกตัวอย่างเชน ่ ถ ้าเราระลึกถึงงานเลีย ้ ง (หรือการทำบุญ) วันเกิดเมือ ่ อายุ 6 ขวบได ้ นีเ่ ป็ น
ความจำอาศย ั เหตุการณ์ เป็ นความจำทีย ่ ังให ้เราสามารถเดินทางกลับไปในกาลเวลา (ในใจ) เพือ ่
ระลึกถึงเหตุการณ์ทเี่ กิดขึน ้ ทีว่ ันเวลานัน
้ ๆ และสถานทีน ่ ัน
้ ๆ

สายตายาวตามอายุ (Presbyopia) คนทีม ่ ป


ี ั ญหาสายตายาวเมือ่ ถึงวัย 40 ปี ขนึ้ ไปหรือเรียกว่า
สายตาผู ้สูงอายุ เกิดจากการทีเ่ ลนสแ ์ ก ้วตาแข็งขึน้ ความยืดหยุน
่ น ้อยลงตามอายุทม ี่ ากขึน

ประกอบกับกล ้ามเนือ ้ ตาเสอ ื่ มสภาพตามวัย อ่อนล ้าลง ทำให ้เลนสแ ์ ก ้วตาไม่สามารถปรับตัวให ้
พองขึน ้ หรือแบนลงเพือ ่ ชว่ ยในการโฟกัสภาพได ้เหมือนเดิมจึงไม่สามารถมองเห็นภาพในระยะใกล ้
ั เจน มีความยากลำบากในการมองระยะใกล ้ อาทิ การอ่านหนังสอ
ได ้ชด ื เมนูอาหาร ป้ ายราคา
ิ ค ้า การทานอาหาร เขีย
สน ่ ก ้างปลา การเขียนคิว้ (Eyeliner) การใชโทรศ้ ั ท์มอ
พ ื ถือหรือ
คอมพิวเตอร์ การขับรถ การเย็บผ ้า เป็ นต ้น ทำให ้ไม่สามารถเพ่งมองใกล ้ได ้เหมือนตอนอายุยัง
น ้อย
Working Memory (ความจำเพือ ่ ใชง้ าน) คือ กระบวนการทำงานของสมองสว่ นหน ้า ทำหน ้าที่
จดจำข ้อมูล จัดระบบแล ้วเก็บรักษาข ้อมูลไว ้ในคลังสมอง เมือ ่ ถึงเวลาทีเ่ ราต ้องการใชงาน ้ สามารถ
นำข ้อมูลในสมองออกมาใชงานได ้ ้อัตโนมัต ิ เป็ นความจำทีเ่ รียกข ้อมูลกลับมาเพือ ้ างถูกทีถ
่ ใชอย่ ่ กู
เวลา ซงึ่ แตกต่างจากการจำแบบท่องจำ เพราะการท่องจำเป็ นการจดจำข ้อมูลทีไ่ ม่เคลือ ่ นไหวแล ้ว
่ การจดจำชอ
เชน ื่ บุคคลในประวัตศ ิ าสตร์ ท่องจำชอ ื่ เมือง ท่องจำเหตุการณ์สำคัญ เพือ ่ ทำข ้อสอบ
หรือเพือ่ บันทึกหลักฐานข ้อมูลทีเ่ ป็ นเนือ ้ หาวิชาการ ซงึ่ ข ้อมูลเหล่านีไ ้ ม่ได ้ถูกนำมาใชจริ้ ง หรือนำ

มาใชในช วี ต
ิ ประจำวัน ทำให ้ข ้อมูลเหล่านีเ้ มือ ่ ไม่ทอ ่ งจำ ก็จะค่อย ๆ เลือนหายไป แต่ Working
Memory เป็ นการจดจำข ้อมูลทีเ่ คลือ ่ นไหว และนำมาเชอ ื่ มโยงเพือ ้ ้เป็ นประโยชน์ในชวี ต
่ ใชให ิ
ประจำวัน เชน ่ การอ่าน การเขียนคำศพ ั ท์ หรือการแก ้โจทย์คณิตศาสตร์ ถ ้ากระบวนการทำงาน
Working Memory ไม่ด ี ก็จะไม่สามารถวางแผน จัดระบบข ้อมูล เรียบเรียงเรือ ่ งราวออกมาเป็ นเรือ ่ ง
ราว หรือคิดประมวลผลคำตอบทีถ ่ กู ต ้องได ้
ี งทีจ
The Cocktail Party Effect: นักวิทยาศาสตร์พบ สมองเลือกเสย ่ ะฟั งได ้ แม ้จะพูดอยูใ่ นที่
ี งดัง
เสย

่ ชว่ ยในการเปรียบเทียบความสามารถใน
Visual Acuity คือ ความสามารถในการมองเห็น มีไว ้เพือ
การมองเห็นของแต่ละคน
่ VA 20/20
ตัวอย่างเชน
ความหมายของตัวเศษ 20 (ตัวหน ้า) หมายถึง ระยะที่ ผู ้ถูกวัด สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรขนาด
มาตรฐาน (ตัวอักษร D E F P O T E C) ได ้ถูกต ้องทัง้ หมดทีร่ ะยะ 20 ฟุต
ความหมายของตัวสว่ น 20 (ตัวหลัง) หมายถึง ระยะที่ คนสายตาปกติ สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรได ้ถูก
ต ้องทัง้ หมดทีร่ ะยะเดียวกัน
หากคุณมีระดับการมองเห็นที่ VA20/20 คือสายตาเทียบเท่ากับสายตาของคนปกติ บันทึกเป็ น
หน่วยฟุต แต่ในประเทศไทยสว่ นใหญ่จักษุ แพทย์บน ่ สายตา VA6/6 (6 เมตร
ั ทึกเป็ นหน่วยเมตรเชน
เท่ากับ 20 ฟุต)

่ VA 20/200
ตัวอย่างเชน
ความหมายของตัวเศษ 20 (ตัวหน ้า) หมายถึงระยะที่ ผู ้ถูกวัด สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรขนาดมาตรฐาน
(ตัวอักษร E) ได ้ถูกต ้องทีร่ ะยะ 20 ฟุต
ความหมายของตัวสว่ น 200 (ตัวหลัง) หมายถึงระยะที่ คนสายตาปกติ สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรชุด
เดียวกันได ้ถูกต ้องทีร่ ะยะ 200 ฟุต
หากคุณมีระดับการมองเห็นที่ VA20/200 นั่นหมายถึงคุณมีสายตาแย่กว่าคนปกติถงึ 10 เท่า


ความจำอาศยความรู
ส ึ มี 3 ประเภท คือ
้ ก
 Iconic memory เป็ นตัวเก็บข ้อมูลทางตาทีเ่ สอ ื่ มอย่างรวดเร็ว เป็ นความจำอาศย ั ความรู ้สกึ
อย่างหนึง่ ทีเ่ ก็บภาพทีเ่ กิดการรับรู ้ไว ้เป็ นระยะเวลาสน ั้ ๆ
 Echoic memory เป็ นตัวเก็บข ้อมูลทางหูทเี่ สอ ื่ มอย่างรวดเร็ว เป็ นความจำอาศย ั ความรู ้สกึ อีก
ี งทีเ่ กิดการรับรู ้ไว ้เป็ นระยะเวลาสน
อย่างหนึง่ ทีเ่ ก็บเสย ั้ ๆ
 Haptic memory เป็ นความจำอาศย ั ความรู ้สก ึ ทีเ่ ป็ นฐานข ้อมูลของสงิ่ เร ้าทางสม
ั ผัส ความจำ
ระยะสนั้
ความจำระยะยาว (Long-Term Memory) เป็ นหน่วยความจำทีเ่ ปรียบเสมือนคลังข ้อมูล สามารถ
เก็บข ้อมูลได ้ไม่จำกัด เป็ นระยะเวลานาน ความจำชนิดนีส
้ ามารถแบ่งแยกย่อยได ้อีกคือ ความจำที่
สามารถเรียกคืนกลับโดยอัตโนมัต ิ (Non-Declarative / Implicit Memory) ซงึ่ ได ้มาจากการฝึ กทำ
ซ้ำๆ เชน่ การปั่ นจักรยาน, การขับรถ เป็ นต ้น
CAP 562 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures (CAAIP)
Description: Gives general information on a variety of matters concerned with civil aircraft
during manufacture, overhaul, repair, maintenance, operation and procedures. CAP 562 is
published to support Issue 8, amendment 1 of BCAR A.
CAP 562 should be read in conjunction with associated Supplementary Amendments (SAs).
G- Ground Operations,
H Maintenance Personal Licensing
 H-10 Aircraft Maintenance Engineers Licensing –General
Licensing Information
 H-30 Aircraft Maintenance Engineers License
 H-60 License Aircraft Maintenance Engineers- Personal
Responsibility when Medically unfit or under the influence
of Drink or drug

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