12

General Physics 2
Quarter 3: Module 1-4

1
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: MARJORIE A. NARIZ, Master Teacher I

MARIEL BARAGENIO, Teacher III
REX S. LAPID, Teacher III
MARHOUF JAY KUSAIN, Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: JOVELLANO V. ONTOG, Teacher III

LANGUAGE EDITOR: EMMANUEL B. DELA PEÑA, Teacher I

CONTENT LOUISE A. FERRER, Master Teacher I

VALIDATORS: MARJORIE A. NARIZ, Master Teacher I
MARY ANN M. GUEVARRA, Teacher III
LEILANI E. BRIZA, Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

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 Module 1 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law
Most Essential Learning Competencies
• Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-1)
• Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-2)
• Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction
(STEM_GP12EMIIIa-3)
• Calculate the net electric force on a point charge exerted by a system of point
charges (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-6)
• Calculate the electric field due to a system of point charges using Coulomb’s
law and the superposition principle (STEM_GP12EMIIIa-10)

What’s In
We begin our study by knowing how bodies get their charges. This module
explains how electrons are transfer happen. The attraction and repulsion between
charges which is discussed in the concept of electrostatic which explains relate the
concept of electricity, after studying this module on electrostatics, you are prepared to
investigate the behavior of the moving charges and other underlying principles.

Basic Concept on Electrostatic

Electrostatic is the study by knowing how bodies get their charges. This module
explains how electrons are transfer happen. The attraction and repulsion between charges which
is discussed in the concept of electrostatic which explains relate the concept of electricity, after
studying this module on electrostatics, you are prepared to investigate the behavior of the moving
charges and other underlying principles.

3
Concept of Charging a Body
A. Charging by Rubbing/Friction
• Rubbing two different materials together, a process known as charging by friction
(AKA charging by rubbing), is the simplest way to give something a charge. This
is what you do every time you drag your feet along a carpet so you can reach out
and zap someone's ear. Your feet in socks and the carpet are doing charging by
friction.
• Since the two objects are made of different materials, their atoms will hold onto
their electrons with different strengths.
• As they pass over each other the electrons with weaker bonds are “ripped” off one
material and collect on the other material.

https://quizlet.com/303837656/41-charging-by-friction-flash-cards/

B. Charging by Induction
The charging by conduction process involves touching of a charged particle to a conductive
material. This way, the charges are transferred from the charged material to the conductor.
This method is useful for charging conductors.

Figure 1. Two metal sphere are Figure 2. The presence of a - charge

mounted on insulating stand. induces electron e- to move from sphere A
to B. The two sphere system is polarized.

Figure 3. Sphere B is separated from Figure 4. The excess charge distributes

sphere A using the insulated stand. The two itself uniformly ever the surface of the
sphere has opposite charges. sphere.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/Lesson-2/Charging-by-Induction
4
COULOMB’S LAW
It states that the electrical force between two charged objects is directly
proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the objects and inversely
proportional to the square of the separation distance between the two objects.

Where:
F- Electric force (N)
q1 and q2 – charges (C)
r – separation distance (m)
k – Coulomb’s constant (8.9875 x 109 N-m2 / C2)

Sample Problem 1. Two identical charges with a separation distance of 10 cm and

exert a force of 5 x 10-2 N. Find the magnitude of the the two charges. What is the
direction of the force?
Given: r = 10-cm = 0.10 m
F= 5 x 10-2 N
Required: a. q1 and q2 ; b. direction of the force
Solution:

𝑭𝒓𝟐
q1q2 = = {(𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑵)(. 𝟏𝟎𝒎)𝟐 } /( 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵 − 𝒎 / 𝑪𝟐 )
𝒌

q1q2 = 55632.82 C2 because it identical charges q2 = 55632.82 C2

q = √(55632.82 𝐶 2 ) = 235. 87 C
Therefore q1 and q2 = 235. 87 C ;
direction of the force is repulsive.
ELECTRIC FIELD
It is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be
the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is
radially outward from a positive charge and radially toward a negative point charge.

5
 https://rb.gy/pketnk
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
Electric Field, E = = ; E=kq/r2
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑞𝑜

Where:

F- Force (N)
qo- electric charge (C)
r – distance (m)

Sample Problem 2. What will be the relationship between the electric field and
force; electricfield and charge.
E=F/q let E = F assume the value for F as 0 1 2 3 4, therefore the value of E
depends on F. An increase in value in F, an increase also with the value of E. Same
thing happen when the value of F decreases, E value also decreases. Therefore E
directly proiportional with F.
Sample Problem 3. What is the electric field due to a point charge of 1.5 x 10-6 C at
a distance of 2 meter away from it?
Given: q = 1.5 x 10-6 C; r = 2 m
Required: E

Solution: E = kq/r2 = {(8.9875 x 109 N-m / C2)( 1.5 x 10-6 C)} / (2m)2

E= 3, 370.31 N/C
1
For the relationshuip between the E and q, use E=q, Let uis see what happen to
the value of E when q equals to 1 2 3 4. As the value of q increases the value of E
decreases. Therefore, E is inversely proportiuonal to q.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Lose Electron or Hold Electron.

Directions: From the given situation, identify which materials tends to lose electron and
hold electron.

Situation 1. Pete is rubbing copper rod with the fur. Which material more:
A. Positive: _____________________
B. Negative: _____________________
Reasons:_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Situation 2. Given the following material for changing by rubbing: glass, wool, fur, and
brass. Describe the tendency of the material in:
A. losing electron;
B. hold electron.

Activity 2: Let’s Induct the Electron.

Directions: Two neutral sphere is place together as ilustrated in the figure below. You
are requested to charge the one sphere with positive charges. Make an illustration and
discuss how will you charge the sphere.

Activity 3: Let’s Check Your Understanding.

Directions: Read, analyze and solve the given problems below. Express your answers
in a correct number of significant figures.

1. A point charge of 1.0 x 10 -4 C is 10 cm apart from another charge of

1.0 x 10-6 . Calculate the amount of electric force.

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 2. What will be the change in electric force if two identical charges doubled and
separation distance is unchanged?

3. What will be the change in electric force if two identical charges is unchanged
and separation distance change to ½.?

4. What is the electric field due to a point charge of 2.0 x 10-6 C at a distance of
50 cm meter away from it?

5. What will be the change in electric field if point charge is unchanged and
distance change to one-half?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the concept from the given diagram below.

METHODS TO CHARGE A BODY

A. B.

Descriptions: Descriptions:

Law of Carges – Coulomb’s Law- Electric Field –

What I Can Do

Directions: Write an application on the topics discussed in this Module 1: Electric

Charge, Coulomb’s Law. Prove your answer by citing an example.

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 Module 2 Electric Fields and Electric Flux
Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Calculate electric flux (STEM_GP12EMIIIb-12)

• Use Gauss’s law to infer electric field due to uniformly distributed charges on
long wires, spheres, and large plates (STEM_GP12EMIIIb-13)
• Solve problems involving electric charges, dipoles, forces, fields, and flux in
contexts such as, but not limited to, systems of point charges, electrical
breakdown of air, charged pendulums, electrostatic ink-jet printers
(STEM_GP12EMIIIb-14)

What’s In
The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given
area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field with an area. You may
conceptualize the flux of an electric field as a measure of the number of electric field
lines passing through an area. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it
and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field is (represented
by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. Then later you can connect each
principle to other principles as discussed in this module.

Electric flux and Gauss’s Law

Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area. Electric
flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines going through a virtual surface.

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Electric flux can be calculated as:
1. When E and A is parallel : Φ=E⋅A
2. When E and A is tilted at certain angle: Φ=E⋅ACos α
3. When E and A are perpendicular: Φ= E⋅A=0

Sample Problem 1: Calculate the electric flux of a uniform electric field with a
magnitude of 20 N/C on a plane surface area of 5m2.
Given: E= 20 N/C
A= 5m2
Required: Φ
Solution: Φ=E⋅A
Φe= 20 N/C x 5m2 = 100 Nm2/C
Sample Problem 2. A uniform electric field with a magnitude of 5 N/C incident on a
plane surface area of 1 m2 and an angle of 30̊. Calculate the electruc flux.

Given: E= 5 N/C
A= m2
α= 30o
Required: Φ
Solution: Φ=E⋅ACos 30 = 5 N/C x 1m2 x Cos 30 = 4.33 Nm2/C
Gauss’s law states that “the net outward normal electric flux through any closed
surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.”
Gauss’s law, also known as Gauss’s flux theorem, a law relating the distribution of
electric charge to the resulting electric field. Gauss’s law is one of the four Maxwell’s
equations which form the basis of classical electrodynamics.

How do electric forces work?

Electric forces are responsible for almost every single chemical reaction that
occurs in your body. Almost all of the biochemistry relies on understanding how these
forces cause electrons to move between atoms, and the changes in the structure or
composition that occur when electrons move between atoms. But the basic rules for
electric forces are surprisingly simple: electrons repel other electrons, but protons
and electrons attract each other.

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What is electric field?
The electric field is a “force field” around a charged object that illustrates the
direction the electric force would push an imaginary positively charged particle if
there was one there. It is calculated using the equation
force per unit charge.

The electric field at a separating distance r due to the point charge q1 is calculated
through the product of a constant k and a point charge divide by the square distance
of the point charge.

The electric field has direction and is a vector. The direction is the direction a unit
positive test
charge would move.

Electric Dipoles
A pair of equal and opposite charges q separated by a displacement d. It has
an electric dipole moment p=qd.

What is the electric potential energy?

Electric potential energy is the energy that is needed to move a charge against
an electric field. You need more energy to move a charge further in the electric field,
but also more energy to move it through a stronger electric field.
A charge's electric potential energy describes how much stored energy it has, when
set into motion by an electrostatic force, that energy can become kinetic, and the charge can
do work.

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What is electric potential?
The electric potential, or voltage, is the difference in potential energy per unit charge
between two locations in an electric field. Electric potential builds upon electric
potential energy to help define how much energy is stored in electric fields. It's another concept
that helps us model the behavior of electric fields. Electric potential is not the same thing as
electric potential energy.
At any point in an electric field, the electric potential is the amount of electric potential
energy divided by the amount of charge at that point. It takes the charge quantity out of the
equation and leaves us with an idea of how much potential energy specific areas of the electric
field may provide. Electric potential comes in units of joules per coulomb (J/C), which we define
as a volt (V).
𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝑈
Voltage, V = =
𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝑞

Where:
V = voltage (J/C)
U = electric potential energy (Nm or J)
q = charge (C)

What’s More
Activity 1: ELECTRIC FLUX
Directions: Read and analyze

1. Complete the given table below.

Electric field (E) Area (m2) Electric flux (N/C)
100 10
200 15
400 20
(Assumed E and A is parallel)

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 2. A rectangle plate with 0.5 m x 0.10 m dimension is kept in the region of a
uniform electric field of 10 N/C. Calculate the electric flux with angle from
0 to 60 degrees.
3. A uniform electric field with a magnitude of 200N/C incident on a plane
surface area of 5m2 and an angle of 0 degrees.. Calculate the electruc
flux.

4. What will be change in electric flux when electric field change to ½ and
area is unchanged.

Activity 2: Electric Field and Gauss’s Law Relation

Directions: Explain the ammount of electric flux and how Gauss’s Law is related to
electric flux through the following condition.

1. Electric field and area is perpendicular

2. When surface is tilted with a certain angle.
3. When electric field and area are parallel

Activity 3: Let’s Dig More!

Directions: Read, analyze, and solve problem . involving electric field, electric flux
and Gauss’s Law.

1. With your understanding with the Gauss’s.Law. Draw the electric field on
1.1. positive point charge

1.2. negative point charge?

2. What will be the relationship between:

2.1. electric flux and electric field;

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 2.2. electric flux and area?

3. From the given figure below, what can you infer about the amount of electric flux
and the angle.

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/content/dam/region-na/us/higher-ed/en/products-
services/course-products/young-freedman-14e-info/pdf/sample-chapter--ch22.pdf

What I Have Learned

Directions: Supply the necessary concept to complete the given concept map.

ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC FLUX

Electric Field- Electric Flux-

Formula Formula

Relation to Gauss’s Law

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 What I Can Do

Directions: Write an application on the topics discussed in this Module 2: Electric

Field and Electric Flux. Prove your answer by citing an example.

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 Electric Field Vector and Electrostatic Potential
Module 3
Surfaces

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Infer the direction and strength of electric field vector, nature of the electric field
sources, and electrostatic potential surfaces given the equipotential lines
(STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-18)
• Calculate the electric field in the region given a mathematical function
describing its potential in a region of space (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-20)
• Solve problems involving electric potential energy and electric potentials in
contexts such as, but not limited to, electron guns in CRT TV picture tubes and
Van de Graff generators (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-22)
• Deduce the effects of simple capacitors (e.g., parallel-plate, spherical,
cylindrical) on the capacitance, charge, and potential difference when the size,
potential difference, or charge is changed (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-23)
• Calculate the equivalent capacitance of a network of capacitors connected in
series/parallel (STEM_GP12EM-IIIc-23)

What’s In

What is the direction and strength of the electric field vector?

Electric field lines serve as an aid to illustrate and understand the interaction
of forces exerted by two separate charged particles. Here are the key points to
consider in illustrating the electric field patterns:
• Lines start with positive charges and end with negative charges.
• Indicate an arrow to show the directions.
• Lines are not intersecting.

Enable to measure the magnitude of the

strength of electric field E , a positive test charge
will be introduced in an isolated charged particle Q
placed in a region of space. Assume an isolated
charged particle Q in a region of space and we want
to find out the strength of the electric field at point P
– the distance r away from the Q. We placed a
positive test charge +q at point P and measure the
force F that displaced on the positive test charge
by the Q. In finding the magnitude of the strength Fig. 1. Illustrating Strength of
of the electric field, the unit of measurement to be Electric Field

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 used is N/C. Moreover, the strength of the electric field is a physical phenomenon
that is expressed in vector quantities.

The strength of the electric field vector is the amount of force per unit charge
𝐹 𝑘𝑞
acted to a positive test charge. Thus, 𝐸⃗ = 𝑞𝑒′ 𝐸⃗ = 𝑟 2

How does the electrical potential energy work?

In mechanics, an object is at rest, unless otherwise, external force acted upon it. This
physical law can also be observed in studying the behavior of charged particles. A
moving charged particle situated in an electric field requires work to apply against its
electrical forces for it to transfer in another electrical field. A work done must surpass
the stored electrical potential energy in a particular electrostatic potential
system/surface to transfer a charged particle from one electric field to another.

The potential energy stored in an electrostatic potential surface U is equal to

the applied work to transfer a
charged particle in another external electric field. Thus,

𝑘·𝑞 ′ 𝑞
𝑈 = 𝐹𝑒· · 𝑟 𝑈= 𝑈 = (𝐸⃗ 𝑞 ′ )𝑟
𝑟

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How electron travels along a conductor?
When an electrostatic potential surface (EPS) has two charged particles,
the difference in electric potentials is the work done per unit charged when a
charged particle transfers from one field to another. The charged particle
transfers from a system of higher EPS to lower EPS.

This electrostatic potential phenomenon is governed by electromotive force

(emf) and the fundamental factor for an electron travels along a conductor,
𝑊 𝑘𝑞
which mathematically expressed as: 𝑉 = 𝐸 · 𝑟 𝑉 = 𝑞′ 𝑉= 𝑟 ;
If several charges are placed in a system, perform the algebraic sum to get
∑ 𝑘𝑞
the net potential difference: 𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑟

The understanding of electric potentials can be applied in the contexts in

various technologies like electron guns in CRT TV picture tubes and Van de
Graff generators.

What is a simple capacitor?

Capacitor plays a vital role in the amount of electrical energy that can be
stored on electrostatic systems to change the electrical potentials. A simple
capacitor consists of two-conductor plates separated in a small distance and
filled with dielectric materials. When the plates are connected to a battery, the
charged from the plate transfers to another plate. The simple capacitor can be
classified on its kind based on three special types of geometries: capacitors with
parallel-plate, spherical capacitors, cylindrical cables capacitors.

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 How to calculate the equivalent capacitance of capacitors connected in
series and parallel?

Capacitors Connected in Series Capacitors Connected in Parallel

The equivalent capacitance (𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) is less The equivalent capacitance (𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) is equal
than to any of the capacitance of the to the total capacitance of the individual
capacitors connected. Two or more capacitors connected. Two or more
capacitors have a value of single equivalent capacitors have a value of single equivalent
capacitance considering the plate surface of capacitance considering the plate surface of
individual capacitors. As the number of individual capacitors. As the number of
individual plate surface of capacitors individual plate surface of capacitors
increases, the capacitance decreases. increases, also the capacitance increases.
1 1 1 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛
𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + +⋯
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛

What’s More

Activity 1: Let us Test the Charge!

Draw how the positive test charged particle is affected by the charged particle(s) on
each item. Label the positive test charged particle, the isolated charge(s), and the
direction of electric field lines.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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Activity 1: Finding Electric Fields Part 1
Work with the given sample problem below. (1) Construct an illustration of the given
sample problem. (2) Indicate the given data, required quantities, formula, and
solution. Use the space provided for your answers.

Working Exercises. Calculate the A. Illustration

magnitude of strength of an electric
field whose distance is 0.120 nm from
the nucleus of a helium atom that has
a charge of +2 protons.

PROCEDURES ANNOTATIONS
B. Given Identify the given data and convert
these quantities into consistent units of
measurement.

C. Required Quantities Indicate the required quantities to be

solved

D. Formulas State the formulas to be used to solve

the problem.

E. Solution Supply all available data in the stated

formula and execute.

F. Answer Highlight the final answer

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Move the Electron!

Work with the given sample problem below. (1) Construct an illustration of the given
sample problem. (2) Indicate the given data, required quantities, formula, solution, and
annotations. Use the space provided for your answers.

Working Exercises. A. Illustration

An electron is placed at15-MV Van de
Graaf generator. Calculate the amount
of work needed to move the electron
in the generator.
PROCEDURES ANNOTATIONS
B. Given

C. Required Quantities

D. Formulas

E. Solution

F. Answer

Activity 4: Calculating Equivalence Differences

Refer to the data given in the Guide Schedules Schematic Diagram of Capacitors in
Series and Parallel Connection (Activity 2: Draw the Difference). Calculate their
respective equivalent capacitance of capacitors connected in series and parallel
connections. Use the space provided for your responses.

Capacitors in Capacitors in
PROCEDURES
Series Connection Parallel Connection
A. Given

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 B. Required
Quantities
C. Formulas

D. Solution

E. Answer

What I Can Do
DIY Working Exercise.
Create your working exercise in calculating the work done needed to move an electron
placed on CRT TV picture tubes or Van de Graff generators. (1) Supply the guide schedules
below. (2) Construct an illustration and Indicate the given data, required quantities, formula,
solution, and annotations. Use clean extra sheets if needed.

DIY Working Exercise Guide Schedules

Calculating the Work Done Needed to Move an Electron Placed on
CRT TV picture tubes or Van de Graff generators
A. Machine (CRT TV picture tubes
or Van de Graff generators)
B. Voltage of Machine
D. Charged of the Particle

Capacitors in Capacitors in
PROCEDURES
Series Connection Parallel Connection
B. Given
C. Required
Quantities
D. Formulas
E. Solution

F. Answer

21
 Module 4 Charge Particles and Capacitance

Most Essential Learning Competencies

• Determine the total charge, the charge on, and the potential difference across
each capacitor in the network given the capacitors connected in series/parallel
(STEM_GP12EM-IIId-25)
• Determine the potential energy stored inside the capacitor given the geometry
and the potential difference across the capacitor (STEM_GP12EM-IIId-26)
• Describe the effects of inserting dielectric materials on the capacitance,
charge, and electric field of a capacitor (STEM_GP12EM-IIId-29)
• Solve problems involving capacitors and dielectrics in contexts such as, but not
limited to, charged plates, batteries, and camera flashlamps. (STEM_GP12EM-
IIId-30)
• Distinguish between conventional current and electron flow (STEM_GP12EM-
IIId-32)
• Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve
related problems (STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-33)

What’s In

What is the total charge, charge on, and the potential difference (voltage)
across each capacitor in the network given the capacitors connected in series
and parallel?
Total Charge and Charge on Capacitors in Total Charge and Charge on Capacitors in
Series Connection Parallel Connection

The charging current (𝐼𝑐 ) flows in an individual The total charge, 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 stored on the surfaces of
capacitor is equal to the overall equivalent the plates in a connection is equals to the sum of
capacitance and only follows in a single path at the stored charges on an individual capacitor. It
the same current (𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ 𝐼𝑛 ). Ergo, each can be expressed as:
capacitor stores the same number of electric 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + ⋯ 𝑄𝑛 . Then, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
charge (Q) on its plate surface regardless of the Thus:
amount of capacitance. The stored charge in a 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑉1 + 𝐶𝑉2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑉𝑛
plate surface of an individual capacitor transfers Or:
from its close capacitor. Thus, capacitors in series 𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ 𝐶𝑛
connection have the same amount of charge.
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + ⋯ 𝑄𝑛

To get the charge of the individual capacitor:

𝑄𝐶𝑋 = 𝑉CX · 𝐶X

22
 Potential Difference Across Capacitors in Potential Difference Across Capacitors in
Series Connection Parallel Connection
The potential difference of connected capacitors
(𝑉𝐶 ) are equal and have a “common voltage”,
expressed as:
𝑉𝐶1 = 𝑉𝑐2 = 𝑉𝐶3 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 12𝑉
The equivalent capacitance is equal to the sum of
all the individual capacitance in connection.

Three capacitors are connected to in-branch

segment AB. Capacitor 𝐶1 is attached to the left
adjacent capacitor 𝐶2 which is also connected to
the left adjacent capacitor 𝐶3 .
This shows that capacitor 𝐶2 is effectively
isolated by capacitor 𝐶1 and 𝐶3 in the series, the
chain resulted in a decrease of voltage. Thus, the
voltage decreases due to the capacitance of
individual capacitors.

How to get the stored potential energy inside the capacitor and potential
difference across geometrical capacitance?

Herewith are the characteristics of geometrical capacitance, and the formulas to get
the stored potential energy inside the capacitor, and potential difference across
geometrical capacitance
Characteristics of
Geometrical Capacitance (𝐶) Potential Difference
Capacitance
1. Parallel-Plate 𝐴 𝑄𝑑
𝐶 = ε0 𝑉=
Capacitors. 𝑑 ε0 𝐴
Composed of two where: C = capacitance where: V = potential difference
separated identical ε0 = permittivity of free space (voltage)
plate surfaces. Taking = 8.85X10−12 F/m ε0 = permittivity of free
into account the A = plate surface area space
electrostatic force, the d = distance of separation = 8.85X10−12 F/m
capacitance is between plate surfaces A = plate surface area
dependent on the d = distance of separation
surface area A, and between plate surfaces
distance of separation Q = amount of charges
d.

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 Characteristics of
Geometrical Capacitance (𝐶) Potential Difference
Capacitance
2. Spherical 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑄 1 1
𝐶 = 4πε0 𝑉= ( − )
Capacitors. 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 4πε0 𝑅1 𝑅2
Composed of two where: C = capacitance where: V = potential difference
concentric, spherical ε0 = permittivity of free space (voltage)
shell conductors. = 8.85X10−12 F/m ε0 = permittivity of free
Applying Gauss’s law, 𝑅1 = radii of inner spherical space
the electrical field shell conductor = 8.85X10−12 F/m
emanates from the 𝑅2 = radii of outer spherical d = distance of separation
inner shell 𝑅1 to outer shell conductor between spherical
shell 𝑅1 with equal and shells
different charges. Q = amount of
charges/charges
𝑅1 = radii of inner spherical
shell conductor
𝑅2 = radii of outer spherical
shell conductor
3. Cylindrical 2πε0 𝑄 𝑅2
𝐶= 𝑉= ( )
Capacitors. 𝑅 2πε0 𝑙 𝑅1
𝑙 ( 𝑅2 )
Composed of two 1 where: V = potential difference
concentric, where: C = capacitance (voltage)
cylindrical shell or ε0 = permittivity of free space ε0 = permittivity of free
conductors. The = 8.85X10−12 F/m space
electrical field l = length of cylinder = 8.85X10−12 F/m
emanates from the 𝑅1 = radii of inner cylinder l = length of cylinder
inner cylinder 𝑅1 to conductor Q = amount of
outer cylinder 𝑅1 with 𝑅2 = radii of outer cylinder charges/charges
equal and different conductor 𝑅1 = radii of inner cylinder
charges. conductor
𝑅2 = radii of outer cylinder
conductor

What are the effects of dielectric materials on the capacitance, charge, and
electric field of a capacitor?
Dielectric materials may also refer to insulators of electric current. These
materials are placed between conducting parts of capacitors, mostly made of paper or
plastics. Dialectic material increases the capacitance through the polarization of
insulators. The greater polarizability of the dielectric material stores high amount
charges in capacitors which increases the capacitance. When the electric fields pass
in a dielectric material, the number of field lines decreases as it is bound from one plate
surface to another plate surface of the capacitor.

24
Conventional Current v/s Electron Flow Models
Conventional Flow Notation. Since we tend to
associate the word “positive” with the surplus of
charges and “negative” with the deficiency of
charges, the standard label for electron charge
does seem backward. This has been a label since
B. Franklin first assumed it. Think of a battery
connected across the conductor. The electric
charges move from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal of the battery in the electrically
stressed conductor. Since the positive terminal has
a surplus of electric charges, these charges are
attracted towards the negative terminal of the
battery where there is a deficiency of charges. This
notation is widely used by the engineers and so it is
said as conventional flow notation.

Electron Flow Notation. As the name itself implies, this notation is based on the
movement or the actual motion of electrons in a circuit. It shows what happens inside
an electrically stressed conductor. The negative terminal of the battery has a high
density of electrons which travels to the positive terminal where the density of electrons
is less. That is why they get attracted to the positive terminal of the battery. Hence this
type of current is known as electron current.

What’s More
Activity 1: What is the charge?
Refer to the given raw data to calculate the amount of charge of the individual
capacitor connected in series and parallel connection. Supply your response to the
space provided. Use extra sheets if needed to show your solutions.

Raw Data Series Connection Parallel Connection

1.Branch Segment:
Branch EF
Capacitor:
Capacitor #1:
0.2µF
Voltage
12 V

25
 2.Branch Segment:
Branch GH
Capacitor:
Capacitor #1:
0.2µF
Capacitor #2:
0.4µF
Voltage
12 V
3.Branch Segment:
Branch AB
Capacitor:
Capacitor #1:
0.2µF
Capacitor #2:
0.2µF
Capacitor #3:
0.8µF
Voltage
12 V

Activity 2: Mathematizing Capacitors

Refer to the given raw data to calculate the capacitance and potential differences of capacitors
in different geometries. Supply your response to the space provided. Use extra sheets if needed
to show your solutions.

Raw Data Capacitance Potential Difference

1. Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A. Given
A = 2.5 mm2
d = 2.0 mm
Q = 33.3µC

2. Spherical Capacitor
d = 3.25mm
Q = 52.3 µC
𝑅1 = 4mm
𝑅2 = 16mm

3. Cylindrical Capacitor

l = 90mm
Q = 1052.3 µC
𝑅1 = 12mm
𝑅2 = 36mm

26
 What I Have Learned
Activity 4: Capacitance of Capacitor with Dielectric Materials
Work with the given sample problem below. (1) Construct an illustration of the given sample
problem. (2) Indicate the given data, required quantities, formula, solution, and annotations.
Use the space provided for your answers.

Working Exercises. A. Illustration

What is the capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor in-branch segment AB has a plate
area of 3.0 mm2 and separated with the
distance of 1.75 mm is filled with Bakelite
whose dielectric constant is 4.9.?

PROCEDURES ANNOTATIONS
B. Given

C. Required Quantities

D. Formulas
E. Solution

F. Answer

Working Exercises. A. Illustration

Determine the capacitance of the cylindrical
capacitor filed with air. The length of the
cylinder is 120 mm, the amount of charge is
3600 µC and the radii of the inner and outer
cylindrical conductor is 50mm and 60mm,
respectively.
PROCEDURES ANNOTATIONS
B. Given

C. Required Quantities
D. Formulas
E. Solution

F. Answer

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 What I Can Do

DIY Working Exercise.

Create your working exercise in calculating the individual capacitance of three (3) capacitors filled with
dielectric materials connected in series connection. (1) Choose your preferred dielectric material. (2)
Supply the guide schedules below. (3) Construct an illustration and Indicate the given data, required
quantities, formula, solution, and annotations. Use clean extra sheets if needed.
DIY Working Exercise Guide Schedules
Calculating the Individual Capacitance of Three (3) Spherical Capacitors Filled with
Dielectric Materials Connected in Series Connection
Dielectric Material & Capacitor Capacitor
Descriptors #1 #2
Capacitor #3
Constants
Vacuum 1 Dielectric Material
Mica 3-6
Dielectric Material
Mylar 3.1
Constant K
Water 80.4 Distance of Separation
Glycerin 42.5 Between spherical
Benzene 2.284 shells
Air (1 atm) 1.00059 Radii of Inner Spherical
Air (100 Shell Conductor
atm) 1.0548 Radii of Outer Spherical
Shell Conductor

DIY Working Exercise.

Create your working exercise in calculating the magnitude of the electric current. (1)
Look for the box of your acquired household appliance at your home and check the
amperage. (2) Supply the guide schedules below. (2) Use separate sheets to construct
illustrations and (3) indicate the given data, required quantities, formula, solution. Use
clean extra sheets if needed.

DIY Working Exercise Guide Schedules

Calculating the Magnitude of Electric Current of Household Appliances
Type of Appliances
Brand
Amperage
Daily Average Number
of Hours Used

28
Key answer

MODULE 1 MODULE 2
Activity 1.
Activity 1 1. A. 1000
B. 3000
Situation 1. C. 8000
1. Fur-more positive 2. at 0 = 0.50
2. copper nor negative At 60= 0.25
3. 1000
Situation 2. 4. decrease byb ½
Losing electron:
Glass>Wool>Fur>Brass Activity 2

Hold electron: 1. electric flux is zero

brass>Fur>Wool>Glass 2. electric flux is inversely proportional
with angle
Activity 2
3. electric flux is directly proportion to
electric fied and area.

Activity 3.

Fig. 2 is the given able to have

charge a more negative materials
will use to induct the charges
app;ying the lasw of charges same
charge repel, opposite attract as
shown in figure 3 . After the two
sphere is separeted as shown in
figure 4 (ON THE MODULE 1) and it
shows the both sphere inow charged
one is more positive and the other
one is more negative.
2. directly proportional
Activity 3.
3. inversely proportional
1. 1641.12 N
2. 4x
3.4x
4. 35959 N/C
5. 4x
29
References:

Principles of Physics by F.Bueche

https://em.geosci.xyz/content/maxwell1_fundamentals/formative_laws/gauss_electric.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/electrostatics-
1/a/electric-potential
http://www.phys.utk.edu/daunt/EM/PPT/SJDLecture21.ppt

https://www.pearsonhighered.com/content/dam/region-na/us/higher-ed/en/products-
services/course-products/young-freedman-14e-info/pdf/sample-chapter--ch22.pdf

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