J. Math. Soc.

Japan
Vol. 25, No. 4, 1973

On the Hecke operators for and class $\Gamma_{0}(N)$

fields over quadratic number fields

By Koji DOI and Masatoshi YAMAUCHI

(Received Dec. 7, 1972)

Introduction.

It was shown by Shimura [3, \S 7.7], [5] that the eigen-values of Hecke
operators for the cusp forms of “ Neben ”-type (in Hecke’s sense) are closely
connected with the reciprocity law in certain abelian extensions of a real
quadratic field, and such extensions can be generated by the coordinates of
certain points of finite order on an abelian variety associated with the cusp
forms. Especially, in [5], some fundamental theorems about a class-field-
theoretical treatment of these extensions in the case of arbitrary levels, and
various detailed examples in the case of square-free levels were given. As
a continuation of this theory, we are naturally led to investigate the eigen-
values of Hecke operators for the cusp forms of an arbitrary level, especially,
the case in which the level is divisible by a prime power $p^{n}(n>1)$ . Recently,
H. Hijikata [1] has succeeded in extending the result of Eichler (the trace
“ “
formula for Hecke operators) to arbitrary levels including both Haupt and
“
Neben ”-types, and moreover, aPplying this Hijikata’s formula, in [7], one
of the authors of the present note has given an explicit trace formula for
a certain restricted part of the space of cusp forms of Haupt ”-type for ”

arbitrary levels. By means of these formulae, we can obtain some numerical

“ ”
eigen-values of Hecke operators for the essential part (see T. Miyake [2]
and Shimura [5, p. 133]) of the spaces. Though Shimura [5] considered only
the cases of Neben ”-type, looking at [3, Prop. 3.64] and [5, \S 9] carefully,
“

we can also expect to develop the idea of [5] in the case of Haupt ”-type ”

if levels are divisible by a higher power of a prime. Actually, Shimura [6]

indicates this possibility by giving a twisting operator and an abelian variety
associated to the cusp forms of weight 2 of Haupt ”-type analogous to
”

“
Neben “-type (see text or [6]). Now one of the aims of the present note
(\S 1 and \S 2 below) is to investigate this abelian variety. More precisely, take
a cusp form $f(z)$ (which is a common eigen-function of Hecke operators) of
weight 2 with respect to $n>1$ of
$\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}),$
”
Haupt ”-type. By applying the
result of [6] to the group
630 K. DOI and M. YAMAUCm

$\Gamma=\{\left(\begin{array}{ll}a & b\\c & d\end{array}\right)\in\Gamma_{0}(p^{n})|a\equiv d\equiv 1(mod p)\}$

,

we obtain an abelian variety associated to $f(z)$ as a factor of the jacobian $A$

variety of , and the twisting endomorphism of $A$ . Here

$\mathfrak{H}^{*}/\Gamma$
means the $\eta$
$\mathfrak{H}^{*}$

union of the complex upper half plane

$\mathfrak{H}=\{z\in C|{\rm Im}(z)>0\}$

and the cusps of . It can be observed that under a certain condition on

$\Gamma$

$f(z)$ , we can obtain $A$ rational over $Q$ and rational over a quadratic ex- $n$

tension of $k$
$Q$ , which form a system similar to the type of abelian varieties
discussed in [5, \S 9]. (Note that in the present case, the field $K$ generated
over $Q$ by the Fourier coefficients of $f(z)$ in question, is not a CM-field.) In
\S 2, by giving a few examples ( $N=p^{3},$ $p=5$ and 7), we shall discuss some
arithmetical properties of $A$ corresponding to $f(z)$ and show that the co-
ordinates of some specific points of finite order on such an $A$ can generate
an abelian extension of . (The field can be either real or imaginary.)
$k$ $k$

As an addition to the various examples in [5], we shall discuss in \S 3

more examples for which the level is divisible by the smallest prime power . $2^{2}$

(As mentioned at the beginning, such a case is not included in the examples
of [5].) Namely, we shall consider the space for several primes $S_{2}(4M, (\underline{J1f}))$

$M\equiv 1$ (mod4).
Here we denote by the space of all cusp forms $S_{2}(4M, (^{\underline{M}}))$

of “ Neben ”-type of weight 2 with respect to , and the quadratic $\Gamma_{0}(4M)$ $(^{\underline{M}})$

residue symbol. Repeating the same procedure as in [5], here we also obtain
a certain abelian extension of the real quadratic field $Q(\sqrt{M})$ . One should
notice that, in these cases, the conductor of such an extension is divisible
by a prime factor of 2, and although the present observation deals with only
the cases of level $=4M$, it seems that these are typical enough in extending
the same investigation* for the levels containing a factor of another prime
power . $p^{n}$

The authors would like to express their hearty thanks to Professor G.

Shimura who indicated them the explicit way how to construct the class
fields in the present paper by showing his manuscript of [6]; and to Dr. T.
Miyake for his valuable discussions during the preparation of the paper.

\S 1. A few facts of $A$

from [6] for $\Gamma_{0}(p^{n})$
.
For a positive integer , put
$N$

One can find a few more examples of the characteristic polynomials of Hecke
$r$

operators for the level $=3^{2}\cdot M$ in H. Hijikata’s article on the ”Seminar on modern
methods in Number theory”, Tokyo, (1971).
 On the Hecke operatOrs for $\Gamma_{0}(N)$ 631

$\Gamma_{0}(N)=\{\left(\begin{array}{ll}a & b\\c & d\end{array}\right)\in SL_{2}(Z)|c\equiv 0(mod N)\}$ ,

$\Gamma_{1}(N)=\{\left(\begin{array}{ll}a & b\\c & d\end{array}\right)\in\Gamma_{0}(N)|a\equiv d\equiv 1(mod N)\}$

.
We consider any group such that , and call it a group $\Gamma$
$\Gamma_{1}(N)\subset\Gamma\subset\Gamma_{0}(N)$

of level . Let
$N$ denote the jacobian variety of and
$J_{\Gamma}=J$ the $\mathfrak{H}^{*}/\Gamma$ $S_{2}(\Gamma)$

vector space of all holomorphic cusp forms on , of weight 2 with respect $\mathfrak{H}$

to . Hereafter we restrict ourselves to the case where $N$ is a prime power

$\Gamma$

$p^{n},$
$n>1$ and
$\Gamma=\{\left(\begin{array}{ll}a & b\\c & d\end{array}\right)\in\Gamma_{0}(p^{n})|a\equiv d\equiv 1(mod p)\}$
.
Here we shall recall a few facts in [6]. It is known that $J$
is defined over $Q$ .
Let $f(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}e^{2\pi imz}$ , with $a_{1}=1$ , be an element of $S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$
, that is a common
eigen-function of Hecke operators $T_{m}$
for all $m$ . Then $f(z)$ is also an eigen-
function as an element of $S_{2}(\Gamma)$ (see [3, Prop. 3.36]). Let $K$ be the subfield
of $C$ generated over $Q$ by $a_{m}$ for all $m$ . (Note that $K$ is a totally real
algebraic number field.) Then we can aPply the argument of [6, \S 1] for
these and $K$. By [6, Th. 1], we know that
$\Gamma,$ $J,$ $f$

(1.1) There exists a triple $(A, \nu, \theta)$

formed by the objects satisfying the fol-
lowing conditions.

(i) is a quotient of ] by a abelian subvariety rational over

$(A, \nu)$ $7l$ $Q$ .
( is a nalural map
$\nu$
) $J\rightarrow A.$

(ii) is an isomorphism of
$\theta$
$K$ into End $(A)\otimes Q$ such that $\nu\circ\xi_{m}=\theta(a_{m})\cdot\nu$

for all .$m$ ( is an element of End $(J)$ , associated with

$\xi_{m}$
) $T_{m}.$

(iii) dim $(A)=[K:Q]$ .

It is this abelian variety $A$ which we shall investigate in \S 2, in the

framework of [5, \S 9]. For this Purpose, we shall recall here a few more
properties of $A$ in [6, \S 4]. Let be a real primitive character of $(Z/pz)^{x}$ $\chi$

of order 2. Now we take $N(=M)=p^{n}(n>1),$ $r=p$ and $s=N$ in the notation

of [6, \S 4], then our (this is, of course, a group of level $N$ ) satisfies the
$\Gamma$

set of conditions (4.8) in [6, \S 4]. Therefore, as (4.9) in [6, \S 4], we suppose
that the following condition is satisfied:
$(*)$ There is an automorPhism of $K$, other than the identity map, such that
$\rho$

$\chi(m)\cdot a_{m}=a_{m}^{\rho}$
for all . (This implies esPecially that
$m$ and $a_{m}=0$ $\rho^{2}=1$

if $(m, P)\neq 1.)$

Then, by [6, Prop. 8 and Prop. 9], we know that

632 K. DOI and M. YAMAUCHT

(1.2) Under the assumption $(*),$ $A$

has an endomorphism $\eta$
defined over the
quadratic extension $k$
of $Q$ corresp0nding to which $\chi$

satisfies
(i) $\eta^{\epsilon}=-\eta$
if $\epsilon$

is the generator of Gal $(k/Q)$ ,

(ii) $\eta^{2}=x(-1)p\cdot id_{A}$ ,
(iii) $\eta\circ\theta(a)=\theta(a^{\rho})\circ\eta$
for every $a\in K$ .
Thus, if an eigen-function $f(z)$ in , satisfying exists, we can $S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$ $(*)$

obtain the couple having the properties (1.1) and (1.2). Let $F$ be the $(A, \theta)$

invariant subfield of $K$ under in . (Note that $[K:F]=2.$ ) Now we $\rho$

$(*)$

observe that $K$ and the couple $F,$

thus obtained satisfy, under an $(A, \theta)$

obvious modification, the conditions (9.1-5) in [5, \S 9]. (In the notation of
[5, \S 9], take as $\theta(d)=x(-1)\cdot p\cdot id_{A}$ and $\theta(h)=\eta$ . The field $K$ in the present
case is not a CM-field as assumed there.)
Let and denote the ring of all algebraic integers in $K$ and $F$,
$\mathfrak{o}_{K}$ $0_{F}$

respectively. Let denote the ideal of generated by all in such that

$\mathfrak{b}_{0}$
$\iota t_{K}$ $x$ $0_{K}$

$x^{o}=-x$ . Also define the ideals and , exactly in the same manner as in $\mathfrak{b}$
$\mathfrak{c}$

[5, \S 2], for the present $F$ and $K$. We put

$\mathfrak{x}=\{t\in A|\theta(\mathfrak{b})t=0\}$ .
By means of the same reasoning as in [5, \S 9], X is -isomorphic to , $\mathfrak{o}_{K}$
$(\mathfrak{o}_{K}/\mathfrak{b})^{2}$

and acts on as an
$\eta$ endomorphism. Now let us assume, as (9.8) in [5, \S 9];
$\mathfrak{x}$

$(**)$ $\chi(-1)\cdot p\equiv e^{2}$

mod $\mathfrak{c}$

for some element $e$

of $0_{F}$ prime to $\mathfrak{c}$

.
With such an , put $e$

$\mathfrak{y}=\{t\in \mathfrak{x}|(\eta-\theta(e))t=0\}$ ,

$\mathfrak{z}=\{t\in \mathfrak{x}|(\eta+\theta(e))t=0\}r$

Then, as in [5, Prop. 9.2], we can easily verify

(1.3) The submodules $\mathfrak{y}$

and $\mathfrak{z}$

are $\mathfrak{o}_{F^{-}}isomorphic$
to $0_{F}/\mathfrak{c}$
, and $\mathfrak{x}=\mathfrak{y}\oplus \mathfrak{z}$
.
Let and $k(\mathfrak{x})$
(resp. $k(\mathfrak{y})$ $k(\mathfrak{z})$
extension of over which
) denote the smallest $k$

the points of (resp. and $\mathfrak{x}$ $\mathfrak{y}$

) are rational. For the same reason as in [3,

$\partial$

Th. 7.30], [5, \S 2], is an $k(\mathfrak{x})$

abelian extension of and letting Gal $k$ $(k(\mathfrak{x})/k)$

act on and 3, we obtain an

$\mathfrak{y}$

injective homomorphism

Gal $(k(\mathfrak{x})/k)\rightarrow(\mathfrak{o}_{F}/c)^{\times}\times(\mathfrak{v}_{F}/\mathfrak{c})^{\times}$

The class-field-theoretical investigation for the $(\mathfrak{o}_{F}/\mathfrak{c})^{\times}$

-valued characters as
” “

in [5, \S 2] for the abelian extension (resp. $k(\mathfrak{y})$ $k(\mathfrak{z})$

) over $k$
, will be discussed
in the next \S 2.
 On the Hecke operators for $\Gamma_{0}(N)$ 633

\S 2. The case $N=5^{3}$ and $7^{3}$

.
Firstly, as mentioned in the Introduction, let us recall the Property [3,
Prop. 3.64] for our case where $N=p^{n},$ $n>1$ .

(2.1) If $f(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}e^{2imz}\ulcorner\in S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$ , then $f_{\chi}(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}\chi(m)a_{m}e^{2\pi imz}\in S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$

for a primitive character $\chi$

of $(Z/pz)^{\times}$
of order 2.

Let denote the essential part (see [2, p. 176] or [5, \S 1]) of
$S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$
“ “

$S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$
. For an obvious reason, it is necessary and natural to investigate
the common eigen-functions $f(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\varpi}a_{m}e^{2\pi imz}$
of Hecke operators $T_{m}$ (for all m)

in $S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$
. In
the following tables we shall give the characteristic polyno-
mials of for a several primes $m$ in
$T_{m}$
, with $N=p^{3},$ $p=5$ and 7. $S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma_{0}(p^{n}))$

(Of course each of the characteristic roots of these polynomials gives the
m-th Fourier coefficients for some $f(z).)$ Let $K$ denote, for a fixed , the
$a_{m}$ $f$

subfield of $C$ generated over $Q$ by the coefficients for all $m$ . $a_{m}$

(a) $N=5^{3}$

$(b_{1})$ $N=7^{3}$
 634 K. DOI and M. YAMAUCHI

$(b_{2})$ $N=7^{3}$ (continued)

For an explanation of the table, let us introduce the group $\Gamma^{*}(N)$

which is
generated by all the elements of $\Gamma_{0}(N)$
and $\left(\begin{array}{ll}0 & -1\\N & 0\end{array}\right)$

.
Let us now consider the special case $N=5^{3}$ . We have dim $S_{2}(\Gamma_{0}(5^{3}))$

$=\dim S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma_{0}(5^{3}))=8$ , dim $S_{2}(\Gamma^{*}(5^{3}))=\dim S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma^{*}(5^{3}))=2$ in this case. $(S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma^{*}(N))$

“ “
denotes also the essential part of In the table (a), the columns $S_{2}(\Gamma^{*}(N)).)$

I and contain the characteristic polynomials of

$I_{\chi}$
corresponding to a basis $T_{m}$

of
$\{f\}$
and on account of (2.1). The remaining 4-dimensional
$S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma^{*}(5^{3}))$ $\{f_{\chi}\}$

part II is most interesting because, as the table shows, the field $K$ and the
$eigen\cdot functionsf(z)$ corresponding to this part satisfy the assumption in $(*)$

\S 1. Therefore, hereafter we restrict our discussion to the part II. To be

more precise, let us fix an eigen-function $f(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}e^{2\pi imz}$
corresponding
to the part II, $i$

. .
fix the field $K$ generated over $Q$ by one of the roots
$e$

$X^{4}-8X^{2}+11=0,$ . , we take $K=Q(\sqrt{4+\sqrt{5}})$ . Let denote the set of all

$e$ $g.$ $\Im$

isomorphisms of $K$ into . Then by [5, Prop. 1.2], and all its companions
$C$ $f$
“ ”

$f_{\sigma}=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}^{\sigma}e^{2\pi imz}(\sigma\in \mathfrak{J})$

form a basis for the 4-dimensional part II. The table
(a) tells us that
has a non-trivial automorphism of order 2 and the fixed
$K$ $\rho$

subfield $F$ under is $F=Q(\sqrt{5})$ . Moreover, considering as an element in

$\rho$
$f$

in \S 1, the condition
$S_{2}(\Gamma)$
is satisfied. Thus we obtain a system , $(*)$ $\{(A, \theta)$

$K/F$ } in \S 1, with $k=Q(\sqrt{5})$ corresponding to . Let

$\eta,$
$k,$
denote the ring $\chi$
$0_{k}$

of all algebraic integers in . In the present case we see that $b_{0}=b=$ $k$

$(\sqrt{4+\sqrt{5}}),$ $\mathfrak{c}=(4+\sqrt{5})$
. Therefore the condition $(**)$ in \S 1
$\chi(-1)\cdot 5\equiv e^{2}(mod (4+\sqrt{5})$
 On the Hecke operatOrs for $\Gamma_{0}(N)$
635

is satisfied with . . $e=4$ . $e$ $g$

REMARK 2.1. It was indicated by Shimura [3, \S 7.7], [5, p. 148] that in
the Neben “-type case,
“
and $Tr_{k/Q}(u)$ have a non-trivial common factor, $N(\mathfrak{c})$

where is a corresponding real quadratic field and the fundamental unit

$k$
$u$

of . Here we remark that in the present case there is still some relation
$k$

among these, namely, take the fundamental unit $u=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$

in $k=Q(\sqrt{5})$ ,

then the table of part II shows that and consist of the same $N(\mathfrak{c})$ $Tr_{k/Q}(u^{5})$

prime factor 11. This fact will be used in the later discussion.
Now let us consider the structure of the extension especially, $k(t))/k$ $k(\mathfrak{x})/k,$

in \S 1, for the present and $(A, \theta),$ $\mathfrak{b}=(\sqrt{4+\sqrt{5}}),$ $\mathfrak{c}=(4+\sqrt{5})$

$\mathfrak{x}=\{t\in A|\theta(\mathfrak{b})t=0\}$

$\mathfrak{y}=\{t\in \mathfrak{x}|(\eta-\theta(e))t=0\}$
.
We use the same notation as that of [5] in the following discussion, except
for a minor obvious change. As mentioned at the end of \S 1, from the action
of Gal on we obtain an injective homomorphism
$(k(\mathfrak{y})/k)$ $y$

$r^{\prime}$

: Gal $(k(\mathfrak{y})/k)\rightarrow(0_{F}/\mathfrak{c})^{\times}\cong(Z/11Z)^{\times}$

and put . $r(\mathfrak{a})=r^{\prime}((\frac{k(t))/k}{\mathfrak{a}}))$

PROPOSITION 2.2. The field is the maximal ray $k(\mathfrak{y})$

class field over of $k$

nductor 5
$co$ with a prime factor of 11 in . The$\cdot q\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$ $q$
$k$
archimedean prime $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

of is uniquely
$k$
determined for by the condition that $q$ $v<0$ at for every $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

$v\in 0_{k}^{\times}$
such that $N_{k/Q}(\iota)=-1$ and $v\equiv 1$
(mod q). Moreover, one has

$ r((\alpha))=(\frac{\alpha}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})\cdot\varphi(\alpha)\cdot\mu$ ( $\alpha$
mod q) ,

for every prime to 5 where

$\alpha$
in $k$ $\cdot$

$q$ $\mu$is the isomorphism of onto $0_{k}/(q)$ $0_{F}/\mathfrak{c}$

and $\varphi$
is a homomorphism (character) of onto of order 10 such
$(\mathfrak{o}_{k}/(5))^{\times}$ $(0_{F}/\mathfrak{c})^{\times}$

that
$\varphi(m)=x(m)$

for $m\in Z$ .
It should be noted that in the present case, the invariant subfield under $F$

coincides with the field corresponding to .

$\rho$
$k$ $\chi$

PROOF. It is known that every finite prime factor of the conductor $\mathfrak{p}$
$\mathfrak{f}$

of divides (see [3, \S 7.5, p. 181 and Prop. 7.23]). Put

$k(\mathfrak{y})/k$
in the $N(\mathfrak{c})\cdot N$ $\mathfrak{f}$

following form
$\mathfrak{f}=\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}^{a}\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}^{\epsilon b}\cdot\prod_{\mathfrak{p}}\mathfrak{p}^{f_{\mathfrak{p}}}$ , $0\leqq a,$ $b\leqq 1$ ,

with the prime factors of 5 in . APplying [3, (7.5.1)] for the present $\mathfrak{p}$
$\cdot 11$ $k$

and by the same argument as in the proof of [5, Th. 2.3], we first obtain
$\Gamma$
636 K. DOI and M. YAMAUCHI

(2.2) $ r((m))=(\frac{m}{p_{\infty}})\chi(m)\cdot$ ( $m$ mod q) for every $m\in Z$ prime to 5 , where $\cdot q$ $p_{\infty}$

is the archimedean prime of $Q$ .

Therefore $[k(\mathfrak{y}):k]=5$ or 10, and so q-exponent (in ) $=1$ by [3, Lemma $f_{q}$ $t$

7.32]. For the determination of , we can use the following fact which is $f_{\mathfrak{q}^{\epsilon}}$

nothing but [5, Th. 2.8] for the present case.

(2.3) Let be the finite part of . Let be a rational prime which divides
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}$
$f$
$q$

but not $N=5^{3}$ . Supp0se that $\chi(q)=1$ , and

$N(\mathfrak{f}_{0})$
is prime to $a_{q}$ $\mathfrak{c}=$

$(4+\sqrt{5})$ . Then is divisible by only one of the two prime factors of $t_{0}$

$q$ in . Moreover, if denotes that factor of , then

$k$
$q$ $q$

$r(q^{\epsilon})\equiv a_{q}$
(mod c).

Take $q=11$ . From the table (a), $a_{11}=2$ . Therefore one has . Hence $f_{q^{\epsilon}}=0$

is of the form
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}$$\sqrt{5}mq$
. By means of Hasse’s conductor ramification theorem
$1\leqq m\leqq 2$ . On the other hand, we can easily check
and (2.2) we know that
that the smallest exponent which satisPes mod { is a multiple of 5, $n$ $u^{n}\equiv 1$ $C$

where $u=(1+\sqrt{5})/2$ is the fundamental unit of $k=Q(\sqrt{5})$ . Then if one

consider the degree of the maximal ray class field over mod (as mentioned $k$ $t$

before, this must be divisible by 5), one can not have $m=1$ . Hence . $\mathfrak{f}_{0}=5\cdot q$

By the same argument as in [5, Prop. 2.5], we know that is divisible by $\mathfrak{f}$

exactly one of the two archimedean primes of , say . Thus . $k$ $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$ $t=5q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

Therefore one has

$ r((\alpha))=(\frac{\alpha}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})\varphi(\alpha)\cdot\mu$ ( $\alpha$
mod q)

for every in prime to 5 , with a homomorphism $\alpha$

of into $k$ $\cdot$

$q$ $\varphi$
$(0_{k}/(5))^{\times}$ $(0_{F}/\mathfrak{c})^{\times}$

and the isomorphism of onto . Our next task is to determine $\mu$

$0_{k}/q$ $\mathfrak{o}_{F}/\mathfrak{c}$

the order of . Let us take again $q=11$ . By (2.3), one has $\varphi$
$r(q)^{\epsilon}\equiv a_{11}=2$

mod $(4+\sqrt{5})$ . Hence mod $(4+\sqrt{5})$ . Hence . On the other $\varphi(q^{\epsilon})\equiv 3$ $\varphi(q^{\epsilon})^{5}=1$

hand, $\varphi(m)=\chi(m)$ for $m\in Z$. Therefore the order of is 10. If , $\varphi$
$v\in \mathfrak{o}_{k}^{\times}$

$N_{k/Q}(v)=-1$ and mod then $v=\pm u^{5n}$ with an odd integer . Obviously $v\equiv 1$ $q$ $n$

one has $\varphi(v)=\varphi(\pm(\frac{11+5\sqrt{5}}{2}))^{n}=\varphi(\pm 3)^{n}=(-1)^{n}=-1$

. We have $\varphi(v)$ .
$(\frac{v}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})=1$ , so that $v<0$ at $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

. Note that $r(q^{\epsilon})\equiv a_{11}=2$

mod $(4+\sqrt{5})$
. There-
fore the order of is 10. Thus one sees that the extension is the $r$ $k(\mathfrak{y})/k$

maximal ray class field of conductor by considering its degree. $\mathfrak{f}=5\cdot q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

This completes the proof.

REMARK 2.3. As a direct consequence of this proposition and [5, Th. 2.3],
we have the following fact. Let be a rational prime such that $\chi(p)=1$ , $p$

.$i$
decomposes into two distinct primes
$e.,$ $p$
and in $k=Q(\sqrt{5})$ . $\mathfrak{p}=\gamma 0_{k}$ $\mathfrak{p}^{\epsilon}=\gamma^{\epsilon}0_{k}$
 On the Hecke operat0rs for $\Gamma_{0}(N)$ 637

It is easily seen that $\gamma$

can be so chosen as is totally positive and $p=\gamma\cdot\gamma^{\epsilon},$ $\gamma$

mod (5), if
$\gamma\equiv\pm 1$ $p\equiv 1$
mod 5 or mod (5) if $p\equiv-1$ mod 5. Then $\gamma\equiv\pm 2$

mod , if
$a_{p}\equiv\gamma+\gamma^{\epsilon}$ $\mathfrak{c}$
$p\equiv 1$
mod 5 or mod , if $p\equiv-1$ mod 5. $a_{p}\equiv-(\gamma+\gamma^{\epsilon})$ $\mathfrak{c}$

Now let us consider the endomorphism algebra $End_{Q}(A)$ of the abelian

variety $A$ . Define an abelian subvariety of $A$ by $B$

$B=(\theta(\sqrt{5})+\eta)A$ .
Then $B$ is rational over $A=B+B^{\epsilon},$ , and $B\cap B^{S}$ is a $k,$ $B^{\epsilon}=(\theta(\sqrt 5^{-})-\eta)A$

finite group annihilated by . Denote by the restriction of $\theta(2\sqrt{5})$ $\theta_{F}(a)$ $\theta(a)$

to for every
$B$ $a\in F$ . Then is an isomorphism of $F$ into $End_{Q}(B)$ . We $\theta_{F}$

can also define an isomorphism of $F$ into by . $\theta_{F}^{\epsilon}$

$End_{Q}(B^{\epsilon})$ $\theta_{F}^{\epsilon}(a)=\theta_{F}(a)^{\epsilon}$

PROPOSITION 2.4. The abelian variety is simple, and $End_{Q}(B)=\theta_{F}(F)$ . $B$

PROOF. We consider the p-th power Frobenius endomorphism of $\varphi_{p}$

$B$

completes the proof by the same argument as that of [3, Th. 7.39].
As the second example, let us consider the case $N=7^{3}$ . We have
dim and dim . Each eigen-function which belongs
$S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma_{0}(7^{3}))=24$ $S_{2}^{0}(\Gamma^{*}(7^{3}))=9$

to the columns I in and IV in corresponds to the zeta-function of $(b_{1})$ $(b_{2})$

$Q(\sqrt{-7})$ with a Gr\"ossen-character as was shown in [4]. The remaining

6-dimensional part III (in ) also satisfies $(*)$ in \S 1 as the part II in the $(b_{2})$

case $N=5^{3}$ . We fix our attention to this part III. In the present case the
field $k$
which corresponds to $\chi$

is $Q(\sqrt{-7})$ . Let $F_{7}$

be the maximal real
subfield of
$Q(e\frac{2\pi i}{7})$
. Put
$\alpha_{0}=e\frac{2\pi i}{7}\frac{-2\pi i}{7}+e$
Let us fix an eigen-function $f(z)$

$=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}e^{2\gamma_{\vee}^{\sim}imz}$
, and fix the field $K$ generated over $Q$ by one of the roots
$X^{6}-20X^{4}+124X^{2}-232=0,$ $e$
. . we take
$g$
$a_{3}=\sqrt{2(3-\alpha_{0})}$
, and $K=F_{7}(\sqrt{2(3-\alpha_{0})})$
.
The field has the non-trivial automorphism
$K$ of order 2 with the fixed $\rho$

subfield $F=F_{7}$ . In the present case we have “ “

, the odd part $\mathfrak{b}_{0}=(\sqrt{2(3-\alpha_{0})})$

and . The condition $(**)$ is satisfied

$\mathfrak{b}=(3-\alpha_{0}, \sqrt{2(3-\alpha_{0})})$ $\mathfrak{c}=(3-\alpha_{0}),$ $N(\mathfrak{c})=29$

with . $e=14$ . As was shown in the examples of M. Yamauchi [7], we

$e$ $g.,$

can make the following observation, although we do not know to what extent
this is true in general. Observe that is one of the fundamental unit of . $\alpha_{0}$
$F_{7}$

We have . Therefore and have the common

$N_{F_{7}/Q}(\alpha_{0}^{7}-1)=8\cdot 29$
$N\mathfrak{c}$
$N_{F_{7}/Q}(\alpha_{0}^{7}-1)$

prime factor 29.

Using the same notation as the preceding case, let us consider the ex-
tension . $k(\mathfrak{y})/k$

PROPOSITION 2.5. The field is a ray class field over of conductor $k(\mathfrak{y})$ $k$
638 K. DOI and M. YAMAUCHI

$7\cdot \mathfrak{q}$
with a prime factor $\mathfrak{q}$

of 29 in $k$
, and one has
$ r((\alpha))=\varphi(\alpha)\cdot\mu$ ( $\alpha$
mod q)
for every prime to 7$\alpha$
in $k$ $\cdot$

$q$ where $\mu$ is the isomorphism of onto $0_{k}/q$ $0_{F}/(3-\alpha_{0})$

and $\varphi$
is a homomorphism of $(\mathfrak{o}_{k}/(7))^{\times}$
into of order 14 such that
$(0_{F}/(3-\alpha_{0}))^{\times}$

$\varphi(m)=x(m)$

for .
$m\in Z$

PROOF. By the same reasoning as in the preceding case, we have

(2.4) $ r((m))=\chi(m)\cdot$ ( $m$ mod q) for every $m\in Z$ prime to 7 $\cdot$

$q$
.
From the table $(b_{2})$
and the numerical observation about several $a_{m}$ (not given
here), one has Hence $(a_{29},3-\alpha_{0})=1$ .
$a_{29}=\alpha_{0}(3-\beta_{0})$
with $\beta_{0}=e\frac{4\pi i}{7}\frac{-4\pi i}{7}+e$

Therefore the same assumption as in the preceding (2.3) is satisfied. Thus

the conductor is of the form $\sqrt{-7}mq$ . By (2.4), if we consider $r((10))$ , then
$t$

we know the order of is 28. Hence $m=2$ (by the same argument as in the $r$

proof of Proposition 2.2). This proves the first assertion. Using the same
fact as (2.3) in the present case, one has mod , hence $r(q^{\epsilon})\equiv a_{29}$ $(3-\alpha_{0})$ $\varphi(q^{\epsilon})\equiv 23$

mod . Therefore $(3-\alpha_{0})$

. Thus, on account of (2.4) we know that $\varphi(q^{\epsilon})^{7}=1$

the order of is 14. This completes the proof of our proposition.$\varphi$

REMARK 2.6. Let be a rational prime such that $\chi(p)=1,$ . de- $p$ $i$
$e.,$ $p$

composes into two distinct primes and in $k=Q(’-7)$ . can $\mathfrak{p}=\gamma \mathfrak{o}_{k}$ $\mathfrak{p}^{\epsilon}=\gamma^{\epsilon}\mathfrak{o}_{k}$
$\gamma$

be so chosen as . Observe that . Let

$p=\gamma\cdot\gamma^{\epsilon},$ $\chi(\gamma+\gamma^{\epsilon})=1$ $\varphi(\gamma^{7})=x(\gamma+\gamma^{\epsilon})=1$

and
$\pi$
be the solutions of $X^{2}-a_{p}X+p\equiv
$\pi^{\prime}$
0$ mod . Then again by [5, Th. $\mathfrak{c}$

2.3] we have mod . $\pi^{7}+\pi^{\prime 7}\equiv\gamma^{7}+\gamma^{\epsilon 7}$ $\mathfrak{c}$

Let us consider the endomorphism algebra $End_{Q}(A)$ in the present case

$N=7^{3}$ . Put . It can easily verified that (where$\delta=\sqrt{2(3-\alpha_{0})}$
) $\eta$ $\eta^{2}=(-7)\cdot id_{A}$

and generate an indefinite quaternion subalgebra

$\theta(\delta)$
of $End_{Q}(A)$ over $\mathfrak{U}$

$F=F_{7}$ . Observe that $\delta^{2}=2(3-\alpha_{0})\in N_{F(\prime-7)/F}(F(\sqrt{-7}))$

. Therefore is iso- $\mathfrak{U}$

morphic to $M_{2}(F)$ . Denote by ’ the quaternion conjugation of . Then we can $\mathfrak{U}$

find an element of such that and with$\xi$

$\mathfrak{U}$

. $\xi\cdot\xi^{\prime}=0$ $\xi^{2}=e\xi$ $e\in\theta(\mathfrak{o}_{F})\cap End(A)$

Moreover we can put in the form with $\xi$

$\xi=a+b\cdot\theta(\delta)+c\eta+d\theta(\delta)\cdot\eta$ $a,$ $b,$ $c,$
$d$

. Define an abelian subvariety of by

$\in\theta(\mathfrak{o}_{F})\cap End(A)$ $A$ $B$

$B=\xi A$ .
Then $B$
is rational over $k,$ $A=B+B^{\epsilon},$ $B^{\epsilon}=\xi^{\epsilon}A$
. Applying (1.2) to $\xi^{\epsilon}$

, one
has $\xi^{\epsilon}=a+b\theta(\delta)-c\eta-d\theta(\delta)\eta$
and $\xi\cdot\xi^{\prime}=\xi^{\epsilon}\cdot\xi^{\prime\xi}=0$
. Take an element $\xi t=\xi^{\epsilon}t^{\prime}$

$\in B\cap B^{\epsilon}$

. Then
$0=(\xi^{\epsilon})^{\prime}\cdot(\xi^{\epsilon})t^{\prime}=(\xi^{\epsilon})^{\prime}\cdot\xi t=(\xi-2b\theta(\delta))\xi t=(e-2b\theta(\delta))\xi t$
.
Therefore $B\cap B^{\epsilon}$
is a finite group annihilated by $(e-2b\theta(\delta))$ . Here we can
 On the Hecke operators for $1_{0}^{\tau}(N)$
639

also define an isomorphism of into $End_{Q}(B)$ as in Proposition 2.4. $\theta_{F}$ $F$

PROPOSITION 2.7. The notation being as above, the abelian variety is $B$

simple and $End_{Q}(B)=\theta_{F}(F)$ .

PROOF. Here again, we consider the p-th power Frobenius endomorphism
of
$\varphi_{p}$
modulo where is a prime ideal in $k=Q(\sqrt{-7})$ such that
$B$ $\mathfrak{p}$

, $\mathfrak{p}$
$N\mathfrak{p}=p$

$\chi(p)=1$ . Take $p=2$ and 11. By the table , we know that $(b_{2})$ $F(\varphi_{2})\not\cong F(\varphi_{11})$

by considering each discriminant of . Therefore, by the same argument $F(\varphi_{p})$

of Proposition 2.4, $End_{Q}(B)$ is isomorphic to $F$ , so that is simple. $B$

\S 3. The case of “
Neben ”-type of level $4M,$ $M\equiv 1(mod 4)$ .
Throughout this section, we assume that $M$ is a prime and $\equiv 1(mod 4)$ .
We shall use freely the same notation and terminology in [5, \S 2]. Let
denote the ” essential part of
$S_{2}^{0}(4M, (^{\underline{M}}))$
(see [2], [5, \S 1]).
”
$S_{2}(4M, (^{\underline{Jf}}))$

Now consider $B,$ $K,$ , etc. in [5, \S 2] for a fixed eigen-function

$(A, \theta),$ $F,$ $\mathfrak{b},$
$\mathfrak{c},$ $r$

$f(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}e^{2\pi imz}$
of $S_{2}^{0}(4M, (^{\underline{M}}))$
. The table (c) (resp. $(d)$ ) gives the Fourier
coefficients $a_{p}$for $M=29$ (resp. $M=53,61,101$ ). Let denote the quadratic $k$

extension of $Q$ corresponding to , namely $k=Q(\sqrt{M})$ . Then the funda- $(^{\underline{M}})$

mental unit $u$

of $k=Q(\sqrt{M})$ is given by $u=\frac{5+\sqrt{29}}{2},$ $\frac{7+\sqrt{53}}{2}\frac{39+5\sqrt{61}}{2}$
,
$10+\sqrt{101}$
for $M=29,53,61,101$ , respectively. Here we can make an empirical
observation that $N(c)$ and $N_{k/Q}(u^{3}-1)$ consist of the same prime factors, if we
disregard 2 and 3 except for the case $M=101$ . (In the case $M=101,$ and $N(\mathfrak{c})$

$N_{k/Q}(u-1)$ have the same prime factor 5). From these data, it seems that
and $N_{k/Q}(u^{l}-1)$
$N(\mathfrak{c})$
( depends on the square factor of the level) have a non-
$l$

trivial common factor. Let and denote the rings of all algebraic integers $0_{k}$ $\mathfrak{o}_{F}$

in and in . Now we are interested in the field

$k$ $F$
generated over by $k(\mathfrak{y})$ $k$

the coordinates of the points of (see [5, (2.7), (2.8)]). Let us now discuss $\mathfrak{y}$

a special case $M=29$ which seems to be typical.

(c) level $=4\cdot 29$

640 K. Doi and M. YAMAUCHI

(c) level $=4\cdot 29$ (continued)

In this case, we have $K=Q(\sqrt{-7}),$ $F=Q,$ $k=Q(\sqrt{29})$ $\dim S_{2}^{0}(4\cdot 29, (^{\underline{29}}))=2,$

and .
$\mathfrak{c}=(7)$

PROPOSITION 3.1. The field is the maximal ray class field over of $k(\mathfrak{y})$ $k$

conductor with a prime factor of 7 in . The archimedean prime

$2q\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

of $q$
$k$ $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

is uniquely determined for by the condition that $v>0$ at

$k$
for every $q$ $\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$ $v\in 0_{k}^{\times}$

such that $N_{k/Q}(v)=-1$ and (mod q). Moreover one has $v\equiv 1$

$ r((\alpha))=(\frac{\alpha}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})\cdot\lambda$ ( $\alpha$
mod (2)) $\cdot\mu$ ( $\alpha$
mod q)

for every prime to , where is a homomorphism of

$\alpha$
in $k$
into $2q$ $\lambda$
$(0_{k}/(2))^{\times}$

, and is the isomorphism of

$(Z/(7))^{\times}$ onto $Z/(7)$ . $\mu$
$\mathfrak{o}_{k}/q$

The following method of proof is the same as that of [5, Prop. 7.1].
PROOF. First we observe that the finite part of $t(r)$ is divisible by the
prime factors of 2 . As the table (c) shows, $a_{7}=-2$ is prime to . $\cdot 7$ $\mathfrak{c}=7$

Therefore, on account of [5, Th. 2.8, Prop. 2.4 and Prop. 2.5] is of the $\mathfrak{f}(r)$

form where is a prime factor of 7 in , and one has

$2^{c}\cdot q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$
$q$
$k$

$ r((\alpha))=(\frac{\alpha}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})\lambda$ ( $\alpha$
mod $2^{c}$
) $\cdot\mu$ ( $\alpha$
mod q)

with characters of and of (both with values in

$\lambda$

.
$(0_{k}/(2)^{c})^{\times}$
$\mu$
$(\mathfrak{o}_{k}/q)^{\times}$ $(Z/(7))^{\times}$

Let $U$
be the group of all (2)-units in the (2)-completion of , and let $k$

$U_{n}=$ { $u\in U|u\equiv 1$ mod (2) } for every integer . Define a -valued $n\geqq 0$ $(Z/(7))^{\times}$

character of $U$ by $\pi$

( mod (2) ). Then is the smallest integer $\pi(\alpha)=\lambda$ $\alpha$ $c$ $n$

such that $U_{n}\subset Ker(\pi)$ . Since is of order 6, we have $\pi^{6}=1$ . Now it $(Z/(7))^{\times}$

can easily be verified that

$U_{3}\subset\{u^{6}|u\in U\}$ .
Therefore $c\leqq 3$
.
Observe that for any element $z\in U_{1}$ , , so that $z^{4}\in U_{3}$

$\pi(z^{4})=1$ . Since $\pi(z^{6})=1$ , we have $\pi(z^{2})=1$ , so that $U_{1}^{2}=\{u^{2}|u\in U\}\subset Ker(\pi)$ ,

 On the Hecke operat0rs for $I_{0}(N)$ 641

Now is generated by a positive integer $m\equiv 5(mod 8)$ . Take $m$ so

)
$ U_{2}/U_{1}\lrcorner$

that . By [5, Th. 2.2], we have $1=r((m))=\pi(m)$ . This proves

$m\equiv 1(mod 7)$

that $U_{2}\subset Ker(\pi)$ . Observe that $71=N_{k/Q}(\alpha_{0})$ with $\alpha_{0}=10\pm\sqrt{29}\in U_{1}$ . By

[5, Th. 2.2], satisfies the congruence $r((\alpha_{0}))$

$X^{2}-a_{71}X+71\equiv 0(mod 7)$ .

Since we see easily that . On the other hand, we have
$a_{71}=-8$ , $r((\alpha_{0})^{\mathfrak{Z}})=1$

mod with a suitable choice of

$\alpha_{0}^{8}\equiv 1$ $\alpha_{0}=10+\sqrt{2}$ $q$

. Now it can easily be verified that

$1=r((\alpha_{0})^{3})=\pi(\alpha_{0})$
is generated by $U_{1}/U_{2}$

and a positive integer $m=3$ mod 4. Take

$\alpha_{0}^{3}$

so that mod 7. We $m$ $m\equiv 1$

have $1=r((m))=\pi(m)$ , which shows that . Now observe that $U/U_{1}$ $U_{1}\subset Ker(\pi)$

is isomorphic to $(\mathfrak{o}_{k}/(2))$
Take $13=N_{k/Q}(\beta_{0})$ with $\beta_{0}=\frac{49\pm 9\cdot\sqrt{29}}{2}$
. Then
satisfies
$r((\beta_{0}))$

$X^{2}-a_{13}X+13\equiv 0$ mod 7.
Since $a_{13}=5$ , we see that the order of $r((\beta_{0}))$
is 3 or 6. We have, on
the other hand, $\beta_{0}\equiv 1$
mod $q$
with $\beta_{0}=\frac{49+9\sqrt{29}}{2}$
or $\frac{49-9\sqrt{29}}{2}$
Therefore
$\pi(\beta_{0})=r((\beta_{0}))\neq 1$ . Clearly, $\beta_{0}\not\equiv 1$
mod 2. Hence is generated by
$U/U_{1}$ and $\beta_{0}$

so $Uf$ Ker $(\pi)$

. Thus we have $c=1$ . If $v\in \mathfrak{o}_{k}^{\times},$
$N_{k/Q}(v)=-1$ and mod , $v\equiv 1$ $q$

then $v=\pm u^{3n}$ with an odd integer $n$ , where $u=\frac{5+\sqrt{29}}{2}$

is the fundamental

unit of . Obviously $k$ $v\equiv 1$

mod 2 so that $1=r(v)=(\frac{v}{\mathfrak{p}_{\infty}})$ . Let $E$
be the group
of all units of and the subgroup of $E$ consisting of all elements $u_{0}\in E$ $\mathfrak{o}_{k}$
$E_{0}$

such that mod 2 . It can easily be verified that $[E:E_{0}]=6$ . Thus

$u_{0}\equiv 1$ $\cdot q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

one sees that the extension is the maximal ray class field of conductor $k(\mathfrak{y})/k$

2 by considering its degree. This completes the proof of our proposition.

$\cdot$

$q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

REMARK 3.2. As a direct consequence of Proposition 3.1, we have the

following fact. Let $p$
be a rational prime such that $(\frac{29}{p})=1,$ $P=N_{k/Q}(\gamma)$ ,
$\gamma\in \mathfrak{o}_{k}$
. It is easily seen that $\gamma$
can be so chosen as $\gamma\equiv 1$
mod (2) and $\gamma$
is
totally $p0sitive$ . Then mod (7). $a_{p}\equiv\gamma+\gamma^{\epsilon}$

By the same argument as above and referring to the following table (d),
one can obtain the maximal ray class field over $k=Q(\prime M)$ for each $k(\mathfrak{y})$

$M=53,61$ and 101, of conductor 2 with $N_{k/Q}(0)=13$ , 127 and 5, respectively. $\cdot$

$q\cdot \mathfrak{p}_{\infty}$

The verification for these cases is left to the reader as an exercise. The
authors have also found a few more examples of the same nature for
$S_{2}(4M, \psi)$ with a positive prime integer $M\equiv 3$
mod (4) and a non-trivial real
character of , which will not be discussed here. $\psi$ $(Z/4M)^{\times}$
642 K. DOI and M. $YAM\Lambda UClI1$

(d) The table for $S_{2}^{0}(4M, (^{\underline{M}}))$

$41014614534.\cdot.\cdot M$

$|$

References
[1] H. Hijikata, Explicit formula of the traces of Hecke operators for , to $\Gamma_{0}(N)$

appear in J. Math. Soc. Japan.

[2] T. Miyake, On automorphic forms on and Hecke operators, Ann. of Math.,
$GL_{2}$

94 (1971), 174-189.
[3] G. Shimura, Introduction to the arithmetic theory of automorphic functions,
Publ. Math. Soc. Japan, No. 11, Iwanami Shoten and Princeton University Press,
 On the Hecke operators for $\Gamma_{0}(N)$ 643

1971.
[4] G. Shimura, On elliptic curves with complex multiplication as factors of the
jacobians of modular function fields, Nagoya Math. J., 43 (1971), 199-208.
[5] G. Shimura, Class fields over real quadratic fields and Hecke operators, Ann
of Math., 95 (1972), 130-190.
[6] G. Shimura, On the factors of the jacobian variety of a modular function field,
to appear
[7] M. Yamauchi, On the traces of Hecke operators for a normalizer of , to
$\Gamma_{0}(N)$

appear in J. Math. Kyoto Univ.

Koji DOI Masatoshi YAMAUCHI

Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Science College of General Education
Kyoto University Kyoto University
Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Yoshida, Sakyo-ku
Kyoto, Japan Kyoto, Japan