ANODISATION

METHODOLOGY

The anodization process is typically done using a two-step process. First, the implant surface is cleaned to remove any
contaminants. Then, the implant is placed in an electrolytic bath and an electric current is applied to the implant surface. This
causes the surface of the implant to oxidize, creating a thin oxide layer. The thickness of the oxide layer can be controlled by
adjusting the current, time, and other parameters.

Main Advantage:

The main advantage of anodization as a surface modification technique is that it can improve the biocompatibility and
osseointegration of the implant. The oxide layer created on the implant surface is biocompatible and can promote cell
attachment and proliferation, which can improve the implant's ability to bond with the surrounding bone.

Main Disadvantage:

One of the main disadvantages of anodization is that it is a complex process that requires specialized equipment and training.
Additionally, the anodization process can be difficult to control, which can lead to inconsistencies in the oxide layer and poor
results. Additionally, the technique is not widely available and may not be suitable for all implant cases.

RECENT UPDATES SHOWED THAT Anodized surface in terms of clinical success rate in cases of compromised bone and
immediately extracted sockets has shown favorable success.

HYDROXYAPATITE

Next will be discussing on hydroxyapatite coating , Hydroxyapatite (HA) surface modification is a technique used to coat the
surface of dental implants with a thin layer of hydroxyapatite, a biocompatible material that is similar in composition to natural
bone. The goal of hydroxyapatite surface modification is to improve the implant's ability to bond with the surrounding bone,
known as osseointegration, and thus to reduce the risk of implant failure. 

Similarities to alveolar bone

1. Composition: Hydroxyapatite has a similar chemical composition to natural bone, which can promote
osseointegration, the process by which the implant bonds to the surrounding bone.
2. Surface topography: The surface topography of hydroxyapatite crystals is similar to that of natural bone, which can
promote cell attachment and proliferation, and thus, improve osseointegration.
3. Biocompatibility: Hydroxyapatite has a high biocompatibility, which means that it is well-tolerated by the body and
does not cause any adverse reactions. This can help to reduce inflammation and promote healing around the implant
site.
4. Osteoconductivity: Hydroxyapatite crystals can promote osteoconductivity, which means that they can facilitate the
growth of new bone around the implant site. This can improve the stability and long-term success of the implant.
5. Mechanical properties: Hydroxyapatite has mechanical properties similar to natural bone, which can make it a good
choice for dental and orthopedic applications.

The advantages and the disadvantages are as follow but one main advantage about hydroxyapatite coating is it has increase
corrosion resistance compare to titanium , more biocompatible and has ability to promote osseointergration,
The main disadvantage of hydroxyapatite coating as a surface modification technique for dental implants is the cost. The
process of applying the hydroxyapatite coating can be more expensive than other surface modifications, such as sandblasting
and acid etching and becomes brittle easily

In the past decade , hydroxyapatite coating is usually done by plasma spraying and its a common method for applying
hydroxyapatite coating to dental implants because it allows for a consistent and uniform coating of the implant surface. The
plasma spray method uses a high-temperature plasma torch to melt the hydroxyapatite powder and then sprays the melted
powder onto the implant surface. This method allows for a controlled and precise application of the coating, which can improve
the biocompatibility and osseointegration of the implant. ( next slide)

However, plasma spraying is also avoided by some researchers and dental professionals due to some of its limitations as One
of the main disadvantages of plasma spraying is that the high-temperature process can cause damage to the implant surface,
which can negatively affect the biocompatibility and osseointegration of the implant. Additionally, the plasma spray method
can be complex and difficult to control, which can lead to inconsistencies in the coating and poor results.

Another reason why plasma spraying is avoided is that it's not widely available in many countries, and it requires specialized
equipment and training.

The type of hydroxyapatite crystal that we would use in a plasma spray

Next slide

In a recent study Nano-HA is a relatively novel material with outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical and biological
properties that makes it suitable for multiple interventions .It has outperformed most of the classic materials used in
implantology and surgery.

Zircornia

Zirconia implants are a type of dental implant that are made of zirconium oxide, a biocompatible and biostable material
that is similar in strength to titanium. They are an alternative to traditional titanium dental implants.Zirconia implant
were first proposed in the late 1980s, as an alternative to titanium dental implants. However, it took several years for
the technology to develop and for zirconia implants to be widely available. In recent years, the development and
research on Zirconia implant have been progressed and it's been gaining more popularity.

 Zirconia is a biocompatible and biostable material, which means that it is well-tolerated by the body and does not
cause any adverse reactions and is the main advantage
 It is a strong and durable material, which can make it a good choice for dental and orthopedic applications.
 Zirconia also does not have the same risk of corrosion or allergic reactions as titanium.
 And finally it can provide a natural-looking and aesthetic result.

However there are times zircornia can lead to failure and the reasons are :

 Brittle nature of zirconia implants can lead to fracture, which can cause implant failure.
 Improper placement or poor oral hygiene can lead to implant failure.
 Zirconia implant's surface is more prone to wear and abrasion than titanium implants, which can lead to implant failure
over time.

Recent update ,Zirconia implants are a promising alternative to titanium with a superior soft-tissue response, biocompatibility,
and aesthetics with comparable osseointegration. However, further long-term longitudinal and comparative clinical trials are
required to validate zirconia as a viable alternative to the titanium implant.