Enhancing Teaching Style to Improve Learning Process through

Discovering Student’s Learning Styles

Cebu Technological University- Danao Campus

College of Education Department
Jiah Nicole Lato | BSED ENGLISH 4D

Abstract To help our students learn more effectively, we are constantly looking for the greatest
instructional strategies to employ. Students each have a unique way of learning. A mismatch between the
two compromises the teaching and learning processes. As a result, in order to improve the effectiveness
of the teaching-learning process, teachers must be aware of the diverse learning styles of their students
and implement appropriate teaching tactics. Three fundamental learning styles—visual, auditory, and
kinaesthetic—have been discovered. Later, numerous researchers campaigned for and recognized more
learning styles. Currently, Fleming and Mills propose that student learning style preferences (LSPs) exist.
There are aspects that affects how can a teacher identify their student’s learning style. Information
processing tests student’s comprehension and application of knowledge. varies how pupils recognize
problems, approach them, and solve them, as well as how they may organize and remember knowledge.
Personality, it looks at how a student's personality influences how they learn. Additionally, it values the
way in which pupils react in diverse academic circumstances. And either multifaceted or educational This
evaluates the pupils' favorite learning environment. The Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Inventory uses a
full learning style paradigm. The inventory assesses how choices in the environment, emotions, society,
physiology, and psychology affect learning. It is one of the best learning style inventories you can use to
focus on the learning preferences of your students.
Key Words: Learners, teachers, LSPs, learning style, learning preference.

enhance their own teaching techniques, and they

constantly inform the students of different
Introduction learning strategies, such as how to strengthen
In the learning process of students, word power, increase reading proficiency, and
learning styles are always crucial. In today's alike. They overlooked the most crucial detail,
schools, there is a growing division between the one that best suits them. If the teacher's
teachers and students as well as between suggested method won't be adopted by the
instructor and learning. The learning process students and used in their learning activities, as a
itself suffers as a result, and teachers frequently result, there might be an expectation coming
mistake new students' normal variances in from the teacher that the student didn’t meet but
learning styles for shortcomings. The preferred the certain process has already been done and
teaching methods of the teachers and the cannot be redo. That is why, the teachers must
learning preferences of the students may, identify their students' preferred learning styles
therefore, be fundamentally "mismatched." It is beforehand so that their teaching methods can be
crucial that teachers convey this to their students congruent with those preferences.
at all times. Teachers make every effort to
Similar to this, we can only determine a suggested that knowing that students are
student's learning style by studying his overt different people with different learning
conduct. Since a constant way of operating that preferences is one of the things educators should
represents the underlying factors influencing be aware of in the learning process. Different
learning behavior is called a learning style learning styles indeed exist, as almost all
(Keefe, 1987), students acquire knowledge in educators are aware of; nevertheless, there has
various ways (Price, 1977). Learning styles do not been much success in incorporating this into
exist, according to Talmadge and Shearer the classroom. The way a student performs may
(1969). They found that correlations between be related to how they want to learn. The
learner attributes and instructional approaches teacher's comprehension of the students' learning
are significantly influenced by the features of the preferences plays a role in their success. The
"content of a learning experience." According to main principles of VARK are described in the
Reiff (1992), learning styles have an impact on book Learning Styles Again: VARKing up the
how students learn, teachers teach, and how they right tree (Fleming and Baume, 2006).
interact. Even if each person is born with a
According to Busilaoco et al. (2014), learning
certain predisposition for a particular style,
styles play a crucial role in how teachers
culture, experience, and development all have an
demonstrate their students' understanding of the
impact on this taste.
material. Rezaeinejad (2015) conducted a study
The simplest way to describe 'learning styles' is on learning styles and how they relate to
that it’s the different ways of learning or academic success among Iranian high school
understanding new knowledge, the way a person students, and he discovered that by being aware
takes in, understands, expresses, and recalls of the students' learning preferences, teachers
information. The premise that people digest can deliver lessons in a way that makes it easier
information differently is the foundation of for them to understand, use a variety of teaching
theories explaining why students learn and study techniques, and help students achieve academic
in different ways. Researchers categorize new success. The initial distinguishing characteristic
sets of learning styles based on the and guiding concept of the Philippines' DepEd K
predominated LS from the prior study, but they to 12 Basic Education Program (2012) lends
continue to take into account the fact that validity to these investigations. The entire
students can learn in a variety of ways. One educational structure exists for the benefit of the
strategy to design a classroom, where kids learner. Its main focus is on the learner's overall
perform better than in the past, is to understand development and growth. When an instructor
these different learning styles. creates a learning environment, students are
more likely to enjoy learning, engage in
Information processing-based, personality-
worthwhile learning activities, and succeed
based, and multidimensional or instructional-
because they feel accepted, valued, and secure—
based groups were created from these (Mokhtar,
even when they make mistakes while learning
Majid, & Foo, 2008). The four most common
something new. He or she is given the freedom
learning modes are visual, auditory, read/write,
to decide how to take charge of their education
and kinaesthetic. While most of us have a basic
both in the classroom and throughout their lives.
concept of how we learn best, it is frequently
surprising to realize what our primary learning According to a group of psychologists, there is
style is. In a related review of the article insufficient evidence to support integrating
"Learning Styles and Preferred Learning learning type assessments into routine
Modalities in the New Normal" written educational practice. As a result, the limited
by Reynaldo Abrea Cabual, published by Open education resources would be used to embrace
Access Library Journal, Vol.8 No.4, 2021 other educational approaches that would result
in a significant increase in student numbers. Riding & Cheema, 1991; Rayner & Riding,
Assuming that all possible learning styles have 1997). Without a doubt, the selection process
been researched may be erroneous, according to did not focus on finding models that were
Rohrer and Pashler (2012), given the dearth of distinctive enough from one another to offer
methodologically sound investigations of different viewpoints. Instead, the goal is to draw
learning styles. In some circumstances, more attention to documented commonalities between
research into the use of learning style testing in various models in order to make the necessity of
the classroom may be required, but it must be rationalization in research and practice obvious
done carefully. and to inspire readers to find other parallels.
Even while it is theoretically feasible to create
Aristotle noted that young infants were different
an entire list of instruments, it is likely that this
from one another and that "each youngster held
list would include many derivatives, adaptations,
unique traits and capacities." One of the first
instruments without an empirical foundation,
learning style ideas was created by observational
and instruments with no reliability or validity
psychologist Carl Jung and is known as the
data.
psychological type hypothesis (Cherry, 2019).
The different learning styles were assessed and Behaviorist Theory. Abstract, tangible,
classified by Jung. Bipolar people represent two random, and sequential tendencies are four
broad-spectrum extremes, such as reflective vs unique and observable behaviors that Gregorc
impulsive learning patterns or random versus (1982) identifies. An individual's style can be
sequential learning styles. A learner who falls on characterized by a combination of these
the spectrum, however, is value-neutral because tendencies. These characteristics, according to
each height offers benefits and drawbacks Gregorc, are a reflection of innate proclivities,
(Drnyei, 2005). but people must be able to perform outside of
their natural style. There are four distinct
According to a study titled Learning Styles and
learning styles: concrete sequential, which
Students' Achievement in Science, how
emphasizes direct, step-by-step, orderly,
something is taught has a greater influence on
sensory-based learning; concrete random, which
students' achievement than how it is presented.
emphasizes trial-and-error, intuitive, and
In order for pupils to easily understand what is
independent learning; abstract sequential, which
being taught, the teacher's approach to teaching
emphasizes analytic, logical approaches and a
must take into account the students' preferred
preference for verbal instruction; and abstract
learning styles. (Busilaoco and colleagues,
random, which emphasizes holistic, visual,
2014) Rezaeinejad (2015) assessed Iranian high
experiential, and unstructured learning. A 40-
school students' learning styles and their
item self-report questionnaire called the Style
relationship to academic achievement in a
Delineator involves ranking groupings of words.
separate study. He discovered that a teacher can
deliver a lesson more effectively, use a variety Experiential Theory. Kolb (1976, 1984)
of teaching techniques, and help students suggests a possible four-stage learning cycle.
succeed in school by being aware of their Learning is viewed as a continual, dynamic
learning preferences. process, with different stages being preferred by
or handled more easily by different people. The
The following review of learning style
four stages of the ELM are described as follows:
models and tools is by no means thorough, as is
concrete experience (CE; experiencing), which
typically the case. However, it is fairly thorough
favors experiential learning; abstract
and contains descriptions of the most of the
conceptualization (AC; thinking); active
models at least mentioned in recent and
experimentation (AE; doing); and reflective
important review studies (De Bello, 1990;
observation (RO; reflecting), where extensive
consideration is given to the task and potential style and management as well as the creation of
solutions before there is any action taken. Two their Learning Styles Questionnaire, but Loo
orthogonal bipolar learning dimensions are (1997) is cautious about them because she thinks
formed by the four learning orientations. When that unsuitable statistical techniques may be
someone takes a convergent approach, active masking individual changes in style in favor of
experimentation is motivated by abstract group effects.
conceptualization. Action is based on a
conceptual knowledge of the task and projected
approaches for completing it successfully. Methodology
Divergers develop an often original answer by
fusing contemplative observation with practical This study used a quantitative approach.
experience. Divergers are frequently referred to It is designed as an expository method as its
as creative learners due to their inclination to primary research tool. A brief review and
take into account a variety of possible learning digging a deep analytical profound articles that
serves a good amount of information to support
and problem-solving approaches. Assimilators
this study that will also serves as the basis for
favor abstract conceptualization and reflective
the data collection. The information that will be
observation because they are most interested in gathered should have contained all the necessary
the explanation of their observations. As a pointers to attest the weight of the importance of
result, assimilators focus more on improving this study. The information to be gathered and
abstract theories than on creating practical plans discover should contain the relevance to the core
of action. Kolb describes the accommodator basis of this study which is the Learning style
lastly. These people clearly prefer experiential theory by Maizu. All of the analysis and
learning through active experimentation and supporting approaches will be included in this
tangible experience. According to a number of method to create a more founded and strong
studies, the styles described by Kolb will be technique. There should be enough information
related to student achievement. For instance, to be gathered that will connect to this theory
convergers perform better on traditional exams and must be from a legitimate sources such as
research articles, blogs, published books, and
with specific answers (Lynch et al., 1998).
other primary sources.
Despite this backing, investigations looking at
the LSI's psychometric characteristics have
raised questions about its validity and reliability We might also consider culture as a
(Freedman & Stumpf, 1981; Geiger, Boyle, & factor in determining a student's choice of
Pinto, 1992; Geller, 1979; Newstead, 1992; learning style. Teachers are discovering that
Sims, Veres, Watson, & Buckner, 1986). their classrooms are crowded with students from
various cultures in the "flat" world of the
The focus on experiential learning and the twenty-first century (Friedman, 2006). Many
formative character of learning by Kolb raises people have noticed that the learning process is
the possibility of a change in approach (Rayner significantly impacted by these kids' cultural
& Riding, 1997). A mixed picture emerges from diversity. For instance, Asian students appear
studies that used the LSI to investigate stability quiet and reflective in the extroverted, high
and change. Sims et al. (1986) reported low test- participation American classroom, whereas
retest reliability statistics and changes in style students from high power distance cultures
classification, whereas Veres, Sims, and frequently appear uncomfortable with instructors
Locklear (1999) discovered extraordinarily high who want to be addressed by their first name.
test-retest reliability of 0.99. (1991). The ELM Workers from various cultures also seem to have
served as the foundation for Honey and diverse working and problem-solving techniques
Mumford's (1986) work in the area of learning in organizations. But let us focus on the personal
relativity of a factor. If we will only widely look people understand their personality types
into it there are millions of indications but we’ll according to C. G. Jung is simple to understand
have to center our attention to the characteristics and practical in people's lives. The fundamental
of the student as a human being and an tenet of the idea is that people's seemingly
individual. Just like knowing the three important random conduct is actually quite structured and
guide on discovering student’s learning styles. consistent because of fundamental variations in
how they prefer to employ perception and
Information Processing evaluates how well
judgment. Knowing which of the four
students are able to understand and apply
temperaments best describes you will also help
information. Varies the ways in which students
you understand your personality and how to use
detect, see, and solve problems, as well as how
it to improve your learning as a learning style. A
they may organize and retain information.
person's temperament is made up of their
Learning is described as "the process whereby
observable personality qualities, such as their
knowledge is formed through the transformation
communication styles, their behavior patterns,
of experience" according to the experiential
and their defining attitudes, values, and
learning theory (ELT). The result of grasping
aptitudes. Personal needs, the kind of
and transforming experience is knowledge
contributions people make at work, and the
(Kolb, 1984: 41). Bernice McCarthy created the
responsibilities they play in society are all
4MAT method in 1972. She claims that there are
included. Each temperament has its own distinct
four main learning types that everyone should
advantages and drawbacks, advantages and
possess. Most likely, she discovered that a
difficulties. The four primary temperaments of
person only concentrates on using one, in
people, according to Dr. David Keirsey, are the
addition to her research. Whatever they were,
Artisan, the Guardian, the Idealist, and the
they were all integrated into information-based
Rational.
learning. There are numerous models for how
individuals learn. Kolb's concept has been Lastly is the Multidimensional or Instructional.
expanded upon by Honey and Mumford (1992) This assesses the preferred learning environment
using more common terminology. According to for students. A thorough learning style paradigm
Honey and Mumford, there are four distinct is employed by the Dunn and Dunn Learning
learning styles, each of which corresponds to a Styles Inventory. The inventory evaluates how
particular phase of the learning process. Actor, learning is influenced by environmental,
Reflector, Theorist, and Pragmatist are these. emotional, sociological, physiological, and
Mumford and Honey's concept views learning psychological preferences. It is one of the
styles as a continuum that a person progresses greatest learning style inventories you can use to
through over time. But eventually, people tend concentrate on your student’s learning
to favor and rely more on one or more styles preferences. In Emotional Domain, consider
than the others. According to research, there is your student's level of motivation, task
no proof that one preference is superior more perseverance, conformity, and desire for a
than the other. In fact, the variety of our learning structured setting when assessing their
preferences enhances teamwork and emotional needs. However, consider if your
organizational performance. student prefers to study alone, in pairs, with
classmates, in a team setting, with an adult
Results and Discussion In Personality,
acting as a teacher, or in a number of other
it examines how the personalities of the student
social contexts while answering the sociological
affect how they take in knowledge. It also
domain questions. You take into account your
valuates how students respond in various
student's desire for the learning modes in the
educational contexts. The Myers-Briggs Type
VAKT model when you are in the Physiological
Indicator personality test is designed to help
Domain (auditory, visual, tactile, and so that they can concentrate on it and hear how
kinesthetic). You also take into account the the words sound. Discussions are crucial for
optimal time of day for learning activities for the these learners. On the other hand, readers and
student and observe his preference for ways to writers gain knowledge through reading and
learn knowledge as well as his inclination for writing. Due to the abundance of text books and
activity. In the psychological domain, you study materials available, university-style
should take into account if the student has a courses are therefore a good fit for these types of
more analytical/global thinking style or a more learners. After the lecture, they typically go back
impulsive/reflective style of learning. to their notes to evaluate them, read them over,
and then write a fresh set of condensed study
Learning styles have a significant impact on
notes. A listing can be a very effective tool.
how information is processed, how exercises are
Lastly, Kinaesthetic learners pick up information
designed, how teachers choose to teach, and how
by doing. Students may find this to be the most
performance is evaluated. In addition to the
difficult learning method because there aren't
more traditional abilities of analysis, reason, and
always many possibilities for hands-on learning
sequential problem solving, educators must
during lectures. Because of this, laboratories and
place a strong focus on intuition, feeling,
lectures are much more crucial for these
perceiving, and imagination. Teachers should
students. They will attempt to use all of their
use a variety of approaches that include
senses when learning; the more of this, given
experience, reflection, conceptualization, and
that you'll have several cues, the more they can
experimentation in their lesson plans to connect
accomplish, the better they'll remember.
with all learning preferences. There are many
different experiential components that teachers Relatively, Lujan et al VARK's study on medical
might use in the classroom, including talking, as students at Wayne State University School of
well as sound, music, pictures, movement, and Medicine in Michigan revealed that the majority
other experiences. Different assessment methods (63.8%) preferred multimodal learning, while
should be used by teachers, with a focus on just 36.1% preferred unimodal learning. 5.4% of
learning the fundamental language skills. people with unimodal preferences selected
Cognitive learning styles, sensory learning visual, 4.8% preferred auditory, 7.8% preferred
styles, and personality learning styles are the printed words, and 18.1% preferred kinesthetic
three broad categories into which learning-style mode; auditory learners made up a very small
studies can be broadly subdivided. Styles can minority (4.8%) of people with unimodal
and do alter occasionally; your learning preferences. Of the 63.8% of students who chose
environment or the passage of time can have an more than one mode of knowledge delivery,
impact on this. 24.5% liked bimodal, 32.1% preferred trimodal,
and 43.4% selected quadrimodal. Another study
For those who learn best visually, resources like
on medical students conducted by the
diagrams, flowcharts, photographs, and
Department of Medical Education in Erciyes,
understanding new concepts can sometimes
Turkey revealed that 63.9% of students preferred
depend on symbols. Rearranging the writing on
multimodal learning, whereas 36.1% preferred
the page such that it is more descriptive of the
unimodal learning. Samarakoon et al. discovered
relationship rather than writing across it
a significant shift in postgraduate medical
horizontally is another tip for those who learn
practitioners' preferred learning styles, with
best visually. Learning occurs through listening
"Kinesthetic (K)" learning dominating. The
for auditory learners. As a result, for these
growing exposure to "clinical teaching," where
students, attending lectures, tutorials, and group
the emphasis shifts from didactic lecture
discussions is crucial. For an auditory learner,
presentations to patient-oriented bedside clinics
reading the text aloud to themselves is important
where one develops their practical kinesthetic and are problem solvers. are kills-oriented
clinical examination abilities, is credited as the people that enjoy experimenting and working on
cause. Additionally, there might be lesser hours actual challenges. Dynamic learners: actively
of didactic lectures and more patient-focused process information after concretely perceiving
instruction, which would lead to the it. They apply their prior learning and draw on
development of self-learned abilities. trial-and-error learning to make progress. People
that enjoy change are frequently passionate
Researchers categorize new sets of learning
about new things and adaptable. They are
styles based on the predominated LS from the
adaptable and make accurate judgments even
prior study, but they continue to take into
when there is no supporting evidence. They look
account the fact that students can learn in a
for their interests in other ways since they find
variety of ways. Information processing-based,
school to be dull and overly linear.
personality-based, and multidimensional or
instructional-based groups were created from The aforementioned research, collectively
these (Mokhtar, Majid, & Foo, 2008). Behavior demonstrate the need for a variety of
and learning have a significant impact on the information presentation modes in order to
students' instructional techniques, and the properly accommodate student learning
effective learning modalities should be preferences. A shift from the traditional large-
associated with effective learning strategies. The group teacher-centric lecture method to an
access to data through students' use of their interactive, small-group student-centric
favored method of treatment shows a rise in approach incorporating various teaching-
their levels of understanding and motivation, learning strategies is necessary in light of
and metacognition. students' awareness of their preferred learning
styles. A learning preference is defined as the
In 1972, Bernice McCarthy created the 4MAT
most "effective and efficient modality," in which
system of learning and based it on this approach,
a learner naturally prefers to "perceive, process,
she identified four primary learning types. She
store, and recall new information." Our medical
added that imaginative learners take in the
school's students have benefited greatly from
knowledge concretely and then reflect to digest
using the e-learning platform, getting early
it. As a result, they integrate the experience with
clinical experience with patients in wards and
themselves. For them to learn about social
operating rooms, an integrated basic science
justice and principles, they must actively
learning curriculum, and more readily available
participate in the action. They are drawn to
models and plastinates. Other effective teaching
people and different cultures. They may find it
techniques include the distribution of lecture
tough to decide because they can see every side
handouts, audio recordings of PowerPoint
of the issue. Analytical learners are those that
presentations, more frequent discussions and
take in information in an abstract form and then
seminars, and the use of mp3 recordings of
process it through thought. They incorporate
lectures. Teachers should integrate several
their findings and develop original theories.
instructional tactics to cater to the diverse
They need to understand the opinions of experts
learning preferences of pupils because they have
as they consider their ideas. Such pupils like
a wide range of learning styles.
learning in a regular classroom setting. They
read voraciously and have excellent Researchers have undertaken investigations in
communication skills. Common Sense Learners: an effort to connect concepts across minds. The
These individuals actively process information results show that the most popular
after abstractly perceiving it. They combine programs/majors among second-year students
theoretical and practical concepts, test theories are the Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood
by putting them to the test with common sense, Education and the Bachelor of Industrial
Education. The college's Guidance and Testing preferred learning styles and are adaptable when
office, which reclassified the students in it comes to using others. Teachers can assist
accordance with their preferences or inclinations students in using the right learning strategies by
in the specific curriculum, supports this. The understanding these variations in learning styles.
Commission on Higher Education also places a Not relying on a single LS is the best learning
limit on the variety of non-priority courses and strategy. To meet the needs of students with
programs that can be offered in a given different LSPs, teachers should use a variety of
institution of learning. In order to adhere to teaching techniques, such as gestures, visuals,
certain requirements, the university gave the talks, tales, etc. Teachers need to be conscious of
college the instruction to limit the number of what kind of instruction they enjoy.
blocks or components. Due to this, there are now Additionally, they ought to make an effort to
only two blocks dedicated to industrial and comprehend how most of the students in the
technology education. class want to learn. Teachers should aim to
employ various teaching strategies to meet the
This finding also reveals that, despite the
needs of students with various LSPs because
curriculum appearing to be designed with male
classes often contain a mixture of students with
students in mind, female students predominate
different preferred learning styles. In addition,
in secondary education, industry, technical, and
teachers should encourage, direct, and assist
livelihood programs. Additionally, students
students in adopting alternative learning
select the program or course they think will lead
strategies by raising awareness of individuals'
to a prospective career while selecting a course
preferred learning styles.
or class.
However, Felder & Solomon (2007) explained
that visual learners retain information best when
it is presented to them in the form of images,
diagrams, flow charts, timelines, films, and
demonstrations, and the study's results showed
that the students' group is "visual." The
remaining students were divided among the References
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