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Discovery of Atom PDF

1) Greek philosophers first proposed that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2) Scientists including Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, and Bohr developed atomic models that helped reveal the internal structure of atoms. 3) Atoms are composed of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals at varying distances from the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.

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62 views12 pages

Discovery of Atom PDF

1) Greek philosophers first proposed that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 2) Scientists including Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, and Bohr developed atomic models that helped reveal the internal structure of atoms. 3) Atoms are composed of a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals at varying distances from the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element.

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Samantha Ellaine
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Discovering the Structure of the Atom

In the fifth century BC, the Greek


Philosopher Leucippus and his pupil
Democritus first made the proposal that
matter is composed of tiny particles that
cannot be subdivided. Democritus gave these
ultimate particles the name atoms, which
literally means “uncuttable” in Greek.
Dalton’s Model-
John Dalton proposed a different
theory of matter that was based on
the original thoughts of Democritus. He
began the modern atomic theory. The
scanning tunneling microscope, where
images of atoms of the heavier
elements were produced. The images
are somewhat fuzzy but they indicate
that an element like gold is composed
of spherical atoms packed closely
together.
Thompson’s Model-
He proposed the plum pudding model
which suggests that atoms are primarily
composed of a very massive, positively charged
blob that embeds negatively charged electrons.

Rutherford’s Gold-foil Experiment- may be


called sometimes the Nuclear model which
proved that most of an atom’s mass is found in
a very small volume called nucleus.
Bohr’s Model – he theorized that electrons
had several possible orbits at different distances
from the nucleus and that electron can be in
one specific orbit (energy level). This model is
also called the planetary model and he was
famous for his discovery of the line spectrum.
Structure of Atom
An atom is an electrically neutral,
spherical entity composed of a positively
charged central nucleus surrounded by one or
more negatively charged electrons. The
electrons move rapidly through the available
atomic volume, held there by the attraction of
nucleus. The nucleus is incredibly dense that it
contributes 99.97 % of the atom’s mass but
occupies about 1 ten-trillionth of its volume.
The Subatomic Particles
Electron- electrically charged particle that has
a mass of 9.110 X 10-28.
Proton-positively charged particle that has a
mass of 1.673 X10-24 g. This was first observed
by Eugen Goldstein when he conducted his
experiment called the cathode-ray tube
experiment.
Neutron- this particle bears neither positive
or negative charge and has a mass of 1.673
X10-24 g discovered by James Chadwick.
Atomic Number = number of protons = number
of electrons
Mass Number = number of protons + number of
neutrons

Examples:
How many protons and electrons are there in the
element Boron?
Answer: Boron has an atomic number of 5,
therefore Boron has 5 protons and electrons since
the atomic number is also equal to the number of
protons and electrons of an atom.
What is the number of neutrons of Gold?
Solution: Mass of Gold= 197
Atomic Number = Number of Protons= 79
Formula:
# neutrons = mass # - # protons = 197 -79 =
118 neutrons

What is the mass number of Iron?


Solution: # protons= 26 ; # neutrons = 30
Mass Number = # protons + # neutrons = 56
Isotopes
Atoms of the element that has the same
number of protons but have different number of
neutrons and therefore has different mass. Given
below are the three isotopes of Hydrogen:

Protium Deuterium Tritium

Atomic mass = 1 Atomic mass = 2 Atomic mass = 3


Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Number = 1
Neutrons = 0 Neutrons = 1 Neutrons = 2
The Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table puts the elements in order of
increasing atomic number, into seven horizontal
rows, called periods. The elements’ properties
show regular trends going up or down these
periods. In 1869 the Russian Chemist, Mendeleev,
published the original periodic table. The Periodic
Table is Divided into 7 Periods and 18 Groups. The
metals appear in the large lower left portion of the
table. About three quarters of the elements are
metals. They are generally shiny solid at room
temperature (mercury is the liquid metal) that
conducts heat and electricity well and can be tooled
into sheets and wires (Shipman, 2010).
Metals & Nonmetals
Another way of classifying the elements is into – metals
and nonmetals. A metal is an element whose atoms tend
to lose electrons during chemical reactions (+). A
nonmetal is an element whose atoms tend to gain (or
share) electrons (-). The metallic character of the
elements increases as one goes down a group, and
decreases across (left to right) a period. Generally,
metallic elements are found at the left side of the periodic
table of elements. Those few elements on the far right
side of the periodic table of elements are non-metals.
Between the metals and the non-metals is a third
category of elements known as the metalloids or
semimetals (Shipman, 2010).

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