SECURE WIRELESS CONTROLLER FOR HAND HELD REMOTE

OPERATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS IN PEAK HOURS

Abstract:

Traffic in metropolitan cities have increased enormously. Due to increase in population and the
increased use of automobiles it has become a huge challenge for emergency vehicles like
ambulance to pass through in emergency situations. The Proposed system electronic device to
communicate between themselves to serve the purpose of the human. The one of the major field
that concentrate on the automation is Internet of Things creatively called as IoT. This project is
based on the IoT and cloud to save the human life at critical situation. This project is to establish
the communication between the traffic signals and the ambulance so that the traffic signal can
respond to the arrival of the ambulance and respond according to that. When the traffic signals
are changes its states according to the position of the ambulance it can able to make a free way
for the ambulance. Thus, this project will act as a life saver. In this way it acts like a lifesaver
project as it saves time during emergency by controlling the traffic lights.

Introduction:
Now a days we all face the traffic problems as a major drawback of urban cities. It may lead to
lose life of anybody in a critical situation. So, we have to think to provide a solution to this
problem to tackle the critical or emergency situations without the major traffic jams. The main
aim of this project is to build a system in which the signaling time at traffic signaling junction
will be controlled according to the movement of ambulance. The purpose of this project is to
implement an automated system for clearing the traffic for ambulance to help the people who
met with accidents or the people who are in emergency conditions without any disturbance or
delay. By this project we can implement an automatic traffic clearing system for ambulance and
can provide medical support to the people with in time who are in critical conditions and can
save their lives.
 Embedded system implementation
Introduction:

An embedded system is one kind of a computer system mainly designed to

perform several tasks like to access, process, and store and also control the data in various
electronics-based systems.  Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software
where software is usually known as firmware that is embedded into the hardware. One of its
most important characteristics of these systems is, it gives the o/p within the time limits.
Embedded systems support to make the work more perfect and convenient. So, we frequently use
embedded systems in simple and complex devices too. The applications of embedded systems
mainly involve in our real life for several devices like microwave, calculators, TV remote
control, home security and neighborhood traffic control systems, etc.

User interface

Embedded system

Software Hardware
Inputs
Output

Link to other systems

Fig: Overview of embedded system

Embedded system:

Embedded system includes mainly two sections, they are

1. Hardware
2. Software

Input devices interfacing and driver circuits

Timers Memory

Power
Application
supply and Processor Serial specific
oscillator communication circuits
circuits ports

Interrupt Parallel
controller ports

Output devices interfacing

Block diagram of embedded system

Embedded System Hardware:

As with any electronic system, an embedded system requires a hardware platform on

which it performs the operation. Embedded system hardware is built with a microprocessor or
microcontroller. The embedded system hardware has elements like input output (I/O) interfaces,
user interface, memory and the display. Usually, an embedded system consists of:

 Power Supply
 Processor
 Memory
 Timers
 Serial communication ports
 Output/Output circuits
 System application specific circuits

Embedded systems use different processors for its desired operation. Some of the processors
used are

1. Microprocessor

2. Microcontroller

3. Digital signal processor

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor

• CPU on a chip.
• We can attach required amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
• Expensive due to external peripherals.
• Large in size
• general-purpose
Microcontroller

• Computer on a chip
• fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• Low cost.
• Compact in size.
• Specific –purpose

Embedded System Software:

The embedded system software is written to perform a specific function. It is

typically written in a high level format and then compiled down to provide code that can be
lodged within a non-volatile memory within the hardware. An embedded system software is
designed to keep in view of the three limits:

 Availability of system memory

 Availability of processor’s speed
 When the system runs continuously, there is a need to limit power dissipation for events
like stop, run and wake up.

Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system:

To make software to work with embedded systems we need to bring software and
hardware together .for this purpose we need to burn our source code into microprocessor or
microcontroller which is a hardware component and which takes care of all operations to be done
by embedded system according to our code.

Generally we write source codes for embedded systems in assembly language, but the processors
run only executable files. The process of converting the source code representation of your
embedded software into an executable binary image involves three distinct steps:

1. Each of the source files must be compiled or assembled into an object file.
2. All of the object files that result from the first step must be linked together to produce a
single object file, called the re-locatable program.

3. Physical memory addresses must be assigned to the relative offsets within the re-
locatable program in a process called relocation.

The result of the final step is a file containing an executable binary image that is ready to run on
the embedded system.

Source code

Assembler

Linker

Locator

Executable file

Processor

Flow of burning source code to processor

Applications:
Embedded systems have different applications. A few select applications of embedded
systems are smart cards, telecommunications, satellites, missiles, digital consumer electronics,
computer networking, etc.

Embedded Systems in Automobiles

 Motor Control System

 Engine or Body Safety
 Robotics in Assembly Line
 Mobile and E-Com Access

Embedded systems in Telecommunications

 Mobile computing
 Networking
 Wireless Communications

Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

 Banking
 Telephone
 Security Systems

Implementation flow:

Stage 1:

Considering the problems of existing methods and giving solution to that problem by considering
the basic requirements for our proposed system

Stage 2:

Considering the hardware requirement for the proposed system

For this we need to select the below components:

1. Microcontroller
2. Inputs for the proposed system (ex: sensors, drivers etc..,)

3. Outputs (ex: relays, loads)

Stage 3:

After considering hardware requirements, now we need to check out the software requirements.
Based on the microcontroller we select there exists different software for coding, compiling, debugging.
we need to write source code for that proposed system based on our requirements and compile, debug the
code in that software .

After completing all the requirements of software and hardware we need to bring both together to
work our system. For this we need to burn our source code into microcontroller, after burning our source
code to microcontroller then connect all input and output modules as per our requirement.

Existing System:

The Project is designed to check the density of traffic in particular place and the information is
conveyed to traffic control station. The main purpose here is to make the ambulance to move
faster even in heavy dense traffic to save the life. This project is designed with AT89S52
microcontroller. Three pairs of IR Tx-Rx are used here to indicate the density of the traffic. The
module consists of an IR emitter and TSOP receiver pair. The high precision TSOP receiver
always detects a signal of fixed frequency.

Drawbacks:

No communication Protocol is established

Due to this, errors due to false detection of ambient light are significantly reduced.

This System is Wired System

Proposed System:

In this proposed system we are using NodeMCU which is WIFI connectivity microcontroller
used to control the lights when any ambulance is on the way. Adafruit is used to control the
traffic signals. Whenever light is controlled by server then corresponding green light will be ON
until it is switched OFF again in server. RFID reader are represent the emergency vehicle,
whenever the emergency vehicle detected at that side the green light will ON.

Block Diagram:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Power supply:
A power supply is a component that provides at least one electrical charge with power. It
typically converts one type of electrical power to another, but it can also convert a different
Energy form in electrical energy, such as solar, mechanical, or chemical.

A power supply provides electrical power to components. Usually the term refers to devices built
into the powered component. Computer power supplies, for example, convert AC current to DC
current and are generally located along with at least one fan at the back of the computer case.

Most computer power supplies also have an input voltage switch that, depending on the
geographic location, can be set to 110v/115v or 220v/240v. Due to the different power voltages
supplied by power outlets in different countries, this switch position is crucial.
Some basic components used in the supply of power:

Transformer:

A transformer is a static electrical gadget that exchanges control between at least two circuits. A
fluctuating current creates a changing attractive motion in one transformer curl, which thus
actuates a differing electromotive power over a second loop twisted around a similar center.

Without a metallic association between the two circuits, electrical vitality can be exchanged
between the two loops. The enlistment law of Faraday found in 1831 portrayed the impact of
prompted voltage in any curl because of the changing attractive flux surrounded by the coil.

Circuit of transformer
 Transformer

Rectifier:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current.

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found to serve as components of DC power supplies and
direct power transmission systems with high voltage. Rectification can be used in roles other
than direct current generation for use as a power source.

Circuit of rectifier

Rectifier
Capacitors:

Capacitors are used to attain from the connector the immaculate and smoothest DC voltage in
which the rectifier is used to obtain throbbing DC voltage which is used as part of the light of the
present identity. Capacitors are used to acquire square DC from the current AC experience of the
current channels so that they can be used as a touch of parallel yield.

Capacitor

Voltage regulators:
The 78XX voltage controller is mainly used for voltage controllers as a whole. The XX speaks to
the voltage delivered to the specific gadget by the voltage controller as the yield. 7805 will
supply and control 5v yield voltage and 12v yield voltage will be created by 7812.

The voltage controllers are that their yield voltage as information requires no less than 2 volts.
For example, 7805 as sources of information will require no less than 7V, and 7812, no less than
14 volts. This voltage is called Dropout Voltage, which should be given to voltage controllers.
 7805 voltage regulator with pinout

7812 voltage regulator with pinout

Arduino:

Arduino Uno is a very valuable addition in the electronics that consists of USB interface, 14
digital I/O pins, 6 analog pins, and Atmega328 microcontroller. It also supports serial
communication using Tx and Rx pins.
There are many versions of Arduino boards introduced in the market like Arduino Uno, Arduino
Due, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Mega, however, most common versions are Arduino Uno and
Arduino Mega. If you are planning to create a project relating to digital electronics, embedded
system, robotics, or IoT, then using Arduino Uno would be the best, easy and most economical
option.
It is an open-source platform, means the boards and software are readily available and anyone
can modify and optimize the boards for better functionality.

The software used for Arduino devices is called IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
which is free to use and required some basic skills to learn it. It can be programmed using C and
C++ language.

Some people get confused between Microcontroller and Arduino. While former is just an on
system 40 pin chip that comes with a built-in microprocessor and later is a board that comes with
the microcontroller in the base of the board, bootloader and allows easy access to input-output
pins and makes uploading or burning of the program very easy.
While learning microcontroller requires some expertise and skills.

Nevertheless, we can say every Arduino is basically a microcontroller but not every

microcontroller is an Arduino.

Introduction to Arduino

 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc which is an open-source

electronics platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328.

 First Arduino project was started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2003 by David
Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi with the intention of providing a cheap and flexible way to
students and professional for controlling a number of devices in the real world.

 The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6 analog input pins, 14 I/O
digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits. Out of 14 I/O ports, 6
pins can be used for PWM output.

 It allows the designers to control and sense the external electronic devices in the real world
 This board comes with all the features required to run the controller and can be directly
connected to the computer through USB cable that is used to transfer the code to the
controller using IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software, mainly developed to
program Arduino. IDE is equally compatible with Windows, MAC or Linux Systems,
however, Windows is preferable to use. Programming languages like C and C++ are used in
IDE.

 Apart from USB, battery or AC to DC adopter can also be used to power the board.

 Arduino Uno boards are quite similar to other boards in Arduino family in terms of use and
functionality, however, Uno boards don’t come with FTDI USB to Serial driver chip.

 There are many versions of Uno boards available, however, Arduino Nano V3 and Arduino
Uno are the most official versions that come with Atmega328 8-bit AVR Atmel
microcontroller where RAM memory is 32KB.

 When nature and functionality of the task go complex, Mirco SD card can be added in the
boards to make them store more information.

Features of Arduino

 Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is added on the board to develop
serial communication with the computer.
  Atmega328 microcontroller is placed on the board that comes with a number of features
like timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and based on a 16MHz clock that
helps in producing more frequency and number of instructions per cycle.

 It is an open source platform where anyone can modify and optimize the board based on the
number of instructions and task they want to achieve.

 This board comes with a built-in regulation feature which keeps the voltage under control
when the device is connected to the external device.

 Reset pin is added in the board that reset the whole board and takes the running program in
the initial stage. This pin is useful when board hangs up in the middle of the running program;
pushing this pin will clear everything up in the program and starts the program right from the
beginning.

 There are 14 I/O digital and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the external
connection with any circuit with the board. These pins provide the flexibility and ease of use
to the external devices that can be connected through these pins. There is no hard and fast
interface required to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the external device into the
pins of the board that are laid out on the board in the form of the header.
 The 6 analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These pins
measure from 0 to 5V, however, they can be configured to the high range
using analogReference() function and AREF pin.

 13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of instructions in the form of code.

 Only 5 V is required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port or
external adopter, however, it can support external power source up to 12 V which can be
regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V based on the requirement of the project.

Arduino Pinout

 Arduino Uno is based on AVR microcontroller called Atmega328. This controller comes
with 2KB SRAM, 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM. Arduino Board comes with
14 digital pins and 6 analog pins. ON-chip ADC is used to sample these pins. A 16 MHz
frequency crystal oscillator is equipped on the board. Following figure shows the pinout
of the Arduino Uno Board

Pin Description:

There are several I/O digital and analog pins placed on the board which operates at 5V. These
pins come with standard operating ratings ranging between 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-up
resistors are used in the board that limits the current exceeding from the given operating
conditions. However, too much increase in current makes these resisters useless and damages the
device.

LED. Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin 13. Providing
HIGH value to the pin will turn it ON and LOW will turn it OFF.
Vin. It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. It is different than 5 V supplied
through a USB port. This pin is used to supply voltage. If a voltage is provided through power
jack, it can be accessed through this pin.
5V. This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is used to provide
output regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the
board or DC power jack.
USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges between
7V to 20V. It is recommended to operate the board on 5V. It is important to note that, if a
voltage is supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they result in bypassing the voltage regulation that
can damage the board if voltage surpasses from its limit.

GND. These are ground pins. More than one ground pins are provided on the board which can be
used as per requirement.
Reset. This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running on the board.
Instead of physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature of resetting the board through
programming.
IOREF. This pin is very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is used to
read the voltage across this pin which then select the proper power source.
PWM. PWM is provided by 3, 5, 6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to provide 8-bit
output PWM.
SPI. It is known as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO),
13(SCK) provide SPI communication with the help of SPI library.
AREF. It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a reference voltage to the
analog inputs.
TWI. It is called Two-wire Interface. TWI communication is accessed through Wire Library. A4
and A5 pins are used for this purpose.
Serial Communication. Serial communication is carried out through two pins called Pin 0 (Rx)
and Pin 1 (Tx).
Rx pin is used to receive data while Tx pin is used to transmit data.

External Interrupts. Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An interrupt is
called by providing LOW or changing value.

Arduino Uno Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

Communication and Programming:

Arduino Uno comes with an ability of interfacing with other other Arduino boards,
microcontrollers and computer. The Atmega328 placed on the board provides serial
communication using pins like Rx and Tx.

The Atmega16U2 incorporated on the board provides a pathway for serial communication using
USB com drivers. Serial monitor is provided on the IDE software which is used to send or
receive text data from the board. If LEDs placed on the Rx and Tx pins will flash, they indicate
the transmission of data.

Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino Software which a cross-platform application called
IDE is written in Java. The AVR microcontroller Atmega328 laid out on the base comes with
built-in boot loader that sets you free from using a separate burner to upload the program on the
board.

Applications:

Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are using
Arduino boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific
research. Following are some main applications of the board.

 Embedded System
 Security and Defense System

 Digital Electronics and Robotics

 Parking Lot Counter

 Weighing Machines

 Traffic Light Count Down Timer

 Medical Instrument

 Emergency Light for Railways

 Home Automation

 Industrial Automation

There are a lot of other microcontrollers available in the market that are more powerful and
cheap as compared to Arduino board. So, why you prefer Arduino Uno?

Actually, Arduino comes with a big community that is developing and sharing the knowledge
with a wide range of audience. Quick support is available pertaining to technical aspects of any
electronic project. When you decide Arduino board over other controllers, you don’t need to
arrange extra peripherals and devices as most of the functions are readily available on the board
that makes your project economical in nature and free from a lot of technical expertise.

NodeMCU:

Introduction to NodeMCU

NodeMCU is an open-source firmware and development kit that plays a vital role in designing
your own IoT product using a few Lua script lines.

Multiple GPIO pins on the board allow you to connect the board with other peripherals and are
capable of generating PWM, I2C, SPI, and UART serial communications.

 The interface of the module is mainly divided into two parts including both Firmware and
Hardware where former runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC and later is based on the ESP-12
module.
The firmware is based on Lua – A scripting language that is easy to learn, giving a simple
programming environment layered with a fast scripting language that connects you with a well-
known developer community.

And open source firmware gives you the flexibility to edit, modify and rebuilt the existing
module and keep changing the entire interface until you succeed in optimizing the module as per
your requirements.

 USB to UART converter is added on the module that helps in converting USB data to UART
data which mainly understands the language of serial communication.

Instead of the regular USB port, MicroUSB port is included in the module that connects it with
the computer for dual purposes: programming and powering up the board.

 The board incorporates status LED that blinks and turns off immediately, giving you the
current status of the module if it is running properly when connected with the computer.

The ability of module to establish a flawless WiFi connection between two channels makes it an
ideal choice for incorporating it with other embedded devices like Raspberry Pi.

NodeMCU Pinout:
NodeMCU comes with a number of GPIO Pins. Following figure shows the Pinout of the board.

 There is a candid difference between VIN and VU where former is the regulated voltage that
may stand somewhere between 7 to 12 V while later is the power voltage for USB that must
be kept around 5 V.

Features:

 Open-source

 Arduino-like hardware

 Status LED

 MicroUSB port

 Reset/Flash buttons

 Interactive and Programmable

 Low cost

 ESP8266 with inbuilt wifi

 USB to UART converter

 GPIO pins
As mentioned above, a cable supporting micro USB port is used to connect the board. As you
connect the board with a computer, LED will flash. You may need some drivers to be installed
on your computer if it fails to detect the NodeMCU board. You can download the driver
from this page.
Note: We use Arduino IDE software for programming this module. It is important to note that
the pin configuration appearing on the board is different from the configuration we use to
program the board on the software i.e. when we write code for targeting pin 16 on the Arduino
IDE, it will actually help is laying out the communication with the D0 pin on the module.
Following figure the shows the pin configuration to use in Arduino IDE.

How to Power NodeMCU

You can see from the pinout image above, there are five ground pins and three 3V3 pins on the
board. The board can be powered up using the following three ways.

USB Power. It proves to an ideal choice for loading programs unless the project you aim to
design requires separate interface i.e. disconnected from the computer.
Provide 3.3V. This is another great option to power up the module. If you have your own off-
board regulator, you can generate an instant power source for your development kit.
Power Vin. This is a voltage regulator that comes with the ability to support up to 800 mA. It
can handle somewhere between 7 to 12 V. You cannot power the devices operating at 3.3 V, as
this regulator unable to generate as low as 3.3V.
Applications:

NodeMCU V3 is mainly used in the WiFi Applications which most of the other embedded
modules fail to process unless incorporated with some external WiFi protocol. Following are
some major applications used for NodeMCU V3.

 Internet Smoked Alarm

 VR Tracker

 Octopod

 Serial Port Monitor

 ESP Lamp

 Incubator Controller

 IoT home automation

 Security Alarms

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDS):

The Light emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. In 1962, Nick Holonyak has
come up with an idea of light emitting diode, and he was working for the general electric
company. The LED is a special type of diode and they have similar electrical characteristics of a
PN junction diode. Hence the LED allows the flow of current in the forward direction and blocks
the current in the reverse direction. The LED occupies the small area which is less than
the 1 mm2. The applications of LEDs used to make various electrical and electronic projects. In
this article, we will discuss the working principle of the LED and its applications.
What is a Light Emitting Diode?
The lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped diode and made up of a
special type of semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased, then it is called as a
light emitting diode.

How does the Light Emitting Diode work?

The light emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. When the diode is forward biased, then the
electrons & holes are moving fast across the junction and they are combining constantly,
removing one another out. Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type
silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears. Hence it makes the complete atom & more
stable and it gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny packet or photon of light.
Schematic:

 A Light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a pn junction diode. When carriers are injected
across a forward-biased junction, it emits incoherent light.

 Most of the commercial LEDs are realized using a highly doped n and a p Junction.

LED Materials:

A critical class of business LEDs that cover the unmistakable range. Ternary composites in view
of alloying GaAs and GaP which are signified by GaAs1-yPy. InGaAlP is a case of a quarternary
(four component) III-V compound with an immediate band crevice. The LEDs acknowledged
utilizing two diversely doped semiconductors that are the same material is known as a
homojunction. When they are acknowledged utilizing diverse bandgap materials they are known
as a heterostructure gadget heterostructure LED is brighter than a homoJunction LED.

LED Structure:

The LED structure assumes a vital part in radiating light from the LED surface. The LEDs are
organized to guarantee the majority of the recombinations happens at first glance by the
accompanying two ways. • By expanding the doping grouping of the substrate, so that extra free
minority charge transporters electrons move to the top, recombine and emanate light at the
surface. • By expanding the dissemination length L = √ Dτ, where D is the dispersion coefficient
and τ is the bearer life time. In any case, when expanded past a basic length there is a possibility
of re-retention of the photons into the gadget. The LED must be organized so that the photons
produced from the gadget are transmitted without being reabsorbed. One arrangement is to make
the p layer on the top, sufficiently flimsy to make an exhaustion layer. Taking after picture
demonstrates the layered structure. There are diverse approaches to structure the vault for
proficient transmitting.

LEDs are normally based on a n-sort substrate, with a terminal joined to the p-sort layer saved on
its surface. P-sort substrates, while less basic, happen too. Numerous business LEDs, particularly
GaN/InGaN, likewise utilize sapphire substrate. Driven productivity: A vital metric of a LED is
the outside quantum proficiency next. It measures the efficiency of the transformation of
electrical vitality into transmitted optical vitality. It is characterized as the light yield isolated by
the electrical information power.

It is likewise characterized as the result of Internal radiative proficiency and Extraction

productivity. ηext = Pout(optical)/IV For backhanded band gap semiconductors ηext is for the
most part under 1%, where concerning an immediate band hole material it could be generous.
ηint = rate of radiation recombination/Total recombination The interior effectiveness is an
 element of the nature of the material and the structure and arrangement of the layer.

Applications:

LED have a lot of applications. Following are few examples.

• Devices, medical applications, clothing, toys

• Remote Controls (TVs, VCRs)

• Lighting

• Indicators and signs

• Optoisolators and optocouplers

• Swimming pool lighting

Advantages of using LEDs

• LEDs deliver more light per watt than radiant knobs; this is valuable in battery fueled or vitality
sparing gadgets.

• LEDs can radiate light of a planned shading without the utilization of shading channels that
customary lighting techniques require. This is more effective and can bring down introductory
expenses.

• The strong bundle of the LED can be intended to center its light. Glowing and fluorescent
sources frequently require an outside reflector to gather light and direct it in a usable way.
• When utilized as a part of utilizations where darkening is required, LEDs don't change their
shading tint as the present going through them is brought down, not at all like radiant lights,
which turn yellow.

• LEDs are perfect for use in applications that are liable to visit on-off cycling, not at all like
fluorescent lights that copy out all the more immediately when cycled much of the time, or High
Intensity Discharge (HID) lights that require quite a while before restarting.

• LEDs, being strong state segments, are hard to harm with outer stun. Fluorescent and radiant
globules are effectively broken if dropped on the ground.

• LEDs can have a moderately long valuable life. A Philips LUXEON k2 LED has an existence
time of around 50,000 hours, though Fluorescent tubes commonly are appraised at around 30,000
hours, and brilliant lights at 1,000–2,000 hours.

• LEDs generally fall flat by darkening after some time, as opposed to the unexpected wear out
of brilliant globules.

• LEDs illuminate rapidly. A run of the mill red marker LED will accomplish full brilliance in
microseconds; Philips Lumileds specialized datasheet DS23 for the Luxeon Star states "under
100ns." LEDs utilized as a part of specialized gadgets can have significantly quicker reaction
times.

• LEDs can be little and are effortlessly populated onto printed circuit sheets.

• LEDs don't contain mercury, not at all like conservative fluorescent lights.

Buzzer:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Buzzer is an integrated structure
of electronic transducers, DC power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms,
electronic toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic
products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly connected to a
continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module and the board in combination,
can complete a simple circuit design, to "plug and play.

Buzzer Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Description

Number Name

1 Positive Identified by (+) symbol or longer terminal

lead. Can be powered by 5V DC

2 Negative Identified by short terminal lead. Typically

connected to the ground of the circuit

Buzzer Features and Specifications

 Rated Voltage: 6V DC
 Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
 Rated current: <30mA
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep
 Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz 
 Small and neat sealed package
 Breadboard and Perf board friendly

 How to use a Buzzer

A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our project/system. It is
very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used on breadboard, Perf Board and
even on PCBs which makes this a widely used component in most electronic applications.

There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown here is a simple
buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp.... sound, the other type is
called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than this and will produce a Beep. Beep.
Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is
most widely used because it can be customized with help of other circuits to fit easily in our
application.

This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging from 4V to 9V.
A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V or +6V DC
supply. The buzzer is normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the
buzzer at required time and require interval.

 Applications of Buzzer

 Alarming Circuits, where the user has to be alarmed about something

 Communication equipment’s
 Automobile electronics
 Portable equipment’s, due to its compact size

RFID reader and Tag:

A brief note on RFID Technology

RFID represents ID of radio frequencies. RFID labels are little chips (more often than not as a
keen card or a meeting card) that are utilized in our day by day lives to open lodgings, enter
autos, and so on. These little chips structure the RFID framework together with a RFID reader.

During the Second World War, RFID technology was first used to identify enemy aircraft. RFID
technology has evolved since then and is now being used in many different industries. A clean
example is a smart warehouse where RFID technology is used to automate the warehousing
process.

Two parts of an RFID system are 1) RFID Reader and 2) RFID Tag. Data is stored electronically
in the RFID tag. The reader collects this data using electromagnetic waves. Tags can only store a
few kilograms of data bytes.

What is an RFID Reader?

The image given below is that of an RFID reader module.

RFID module

RFID module The RFID reader has a radio transmitter and recipient inside. It is likewise called
as an investigative specialist. The reader transmits radio recurrence flags persistently after
controlling. At the point when a RFID tag is set inside the range region of a reader, it invigorates
the tag through electromagnetic enlistment and gathers the data from it.
What is an RFID Tag

The picture given is that of a RFID tag (brilliant card molded tag). RFID labels are accessible in
various sorts of size and shapes. The Tag contains an IC for putting away the information, a
reception apparatus for transmitting and accepting, and furthermore a modulator. Tags are very
small in size and they can hold only few bits of data.

RFID Tags

Working of RFID

RFID has a place with the Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) innovation
gathering. AIDC strategies consequently distinguish objects, gather information on them, and
straightforwardly enter this information into PC frameworks with next to zero human mediation.
To accomplish this, RFID techniques utilize radio waves.

RFID frameworks are comprised of three segments at a straightforward dimension: a RFID tag
or brilliant mark, a RFID reader, and a radio wire. RFID labels contain a coordinated circuit and
recieving wire for transmitting information to the RFID reader (otherwise called the examiner).
The reader then changes the radio waves into an information structure that is progressively
usable. Data assembled from the labels is then exchanged to a host PC framework by means of a
correspondence interface, where information can be put away in a database and broke down at a
later date.
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino IDE:

Arduino IDE where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment – An official software

introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading the code in
the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this software that is an
open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the code on the go.

Introduction to Arduino IDE:

 Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module.

 It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.

 It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, and Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for
debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

 A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

 Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and

accepts the information in the form of code.

 The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate
a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
 The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is
used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the given Arduino Module.

 This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

How to install Arduino IDE:

You can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the software is
available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you are
downloading the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating system.

 If you aim to download Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or Windows
10, as app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this operating
system.

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

 1. Menu Bar
 2. Text Editor
 3. Output Pane
As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.
The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as
follow

 File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. Following
table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.
As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will
show the code compilation as you click the upload button.
And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent
sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.

 Edit – Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
 Sketch – For compiling and programming
 Tools – Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
 Help – In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from
getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follow.

 The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this once
you have written your code.

 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.

 The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.

 The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.

 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A separate pop-up
window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and receiving
the Serial Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing
Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug
the written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your
Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate
the Serial Monitor.
 You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my
Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial Monitor,
the output will show as the image below.

The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the
required code.
The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the
compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors occurred in
the program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your
Arduino Module.

More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any
embedded system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for calling
and executing specific functions on the board.

Libraries:
Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino Module. There is a
list of libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to Include
Library.

As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will on the top of the sketch
with a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor as

#include <EEPROM.h>.

Most of the libraries are preinstalled and come with the Arduino software. However, you can
also download them from the external sources.

Making pins Input and output:

The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino
pins as an input and output respectively.
These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are
given like digitalWrite starting with small “d” and write with capital “W”. Writing it down with
Digitalwrite or digitalwrite won’t be calling or addressing any function.

How to select the board:

In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports
for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the figure below.

 Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1,
COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You can
look for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager.
Following figure shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno
with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.

 After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload button
appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the Sketch
section and press verify/compile and then upload.

 The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.

It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile
and press the upload button the IDE software, however, older version may require the physical
reset on the board.

 Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the desired
program is running successfully.

Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above is dedicated for Windows operating system
only, you can check this Guide if you are using MAC or Linux.
 The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of mess is
required to install this software, you will be writing your first program within 2 minutes after
the installation of the IDE environment.

BootLoader:

As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very helpful to burn
the code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn
the required code.
When you buy the new Arduino Module, the bootloader is already installed inside the
controller. However, if you intend to buy a controller and put in the Arduino module, you need
to burn the bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section and selecting
the burn bootloader.

ADVANTAGES
• Increases road safety
• Improves traffic flow.
• Gives the way when emergency occurs
APPLICATIONS
• Ambulances
• Fire extinguishing vehicles
• Police vans in emergency

CONCLUSION
As human life is very valuable, people should be conscious and follow the security measures. In
this paper, we have presented an efficient traffic signal system by which, we will manage the
ambulance to succeed in the destination by avoiding much traffic. Our system is meant to realize
lower vehicular waiting time than the prevailing ones. The most contribution of our proposed
system is that, it is often used to select the simplest possible options for changing the green light
and control the traffic system, such that the waiting time is minimized. Moreover, the
implementation cost is reduced, because it does not involve any complex hardware installation.
REFERENCES
1.Tanvi Tushar Thakur, Ameya Naik, Sheetal Vatari, Manjiri Gogate, “Real Time Traffic
Management using Internet of Things” International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, pp.6-8, 2016,
2. Adel H. Alhamedi, Hamoud M. Aldosari, Vaclav Snasel, Ajith Abraham, “ANALYSIS AND
CONTROL OF TRAFFIC CONDITION BASED ON IOT TECHNIQUE”, Sixth International
Conference on Computational Aspect of Social Networks (CASoN) 2014, PP: 61-65
3. Ninad Lanke, Sheetal Koul,” Smart Traffic Management System” International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 75– No.7, August 2013
4. Shabbir Bhusari, Sumit Patil, Mandar Kalbhor, “TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING
RASPBERRY-PI” Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies Volume 4, Issue 4-
2015
5. K.Vidhya, A.Bazila Banu, Density Based Traffic Signal System", Volume 3, Special Issue 3,
March 2014 6. Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabito, “The Internet of Things: A
survey” journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet, pp.1-19,31 May 2010
7. Sheela. S, Shivaram. K.R , Sunil Gowda.R , Shrinidhi.L , Sahana.S , Pavithra.H.S, “Innovative
Technology for Smart Roads by Using IOT Devices” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,pp.1-4 Vol. 5, Special Issue 10, May 2016