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Module 1.4 Definite Integral

The document defines the definite integral as an integral expressed with specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable. It states the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which relates the definite integral of a function to the antiderivative of that function evaluated between the limits. It provides examples of using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate definite integrals of various functions over given intervals by taking the antiderivative and evaluating it at the limits. It also discusses properties of the definite integral and provides exercises to evaluate definite integrals.

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Tonton Sipagan
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50 views

Module 1.4 Definite Integral

The document defines the definite integral as an integral expressed with specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable. It states the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which relates the definite integral of a function to the antiderivative of that function evaluated between the limits. It provides examples of using the Fundamental Theorem to evaluate definite integrals of various functions over given intervals by taking the antiderivative and evaluating it at the limits. It also discusses properties of the definite integral and provides exercises to evaluate definite integrals.

Uploaded by

Tonton Sipagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definite Integral is an integral expressed as the difference between the values of the integral at
specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

If the function 𝑓(𝑥) called the integrand is continuous on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏

then
𝐛
∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐅(𝐛) − 𝐅(𝐚)
b
where: F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) on 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 ]> F(x ) = F(b) – F(a)

a
a and b are called the lower limit and b the upper limit of integration, respectively

NOTE:

The definite integral is a specified number while the indefinite integral is a family of functions.

Remember to compute both F(b) – F(a) , even when a = 0

Properties of the Definite Integral. The following properties are easy to check:
Theorem. If f (x) and g(x) are defined and continuous on [a, b], then we have the following
linearity principle for the integral:
𝐛 𝐛
1. ∫𝐚 𝐤𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐤 ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 . k is constant
𝐛 𝐛 𝐛
2. ∫𝐚 [(𝐱) + 𝐠(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + ∫𝐚 𝐠(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)
𝐛 𝐛 𝐛
3. ∫𝐚 [(𝐱) − 𝐠(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 − ∫𝐚 𝐠(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)
𝐚
4. ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎
𝐛 𝐚
5. ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = − ∫𝐛 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
𝐛 𝐜 𝐛
6. ∫𝐚 𝒇(𝐱)]𝐝𝐱 = ∫𝐚 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + ∫𝐜 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱)

EXAMPLES: Evaluate the following definite integral


𝟒
1. ∫𝟏 (4𝑥 + 7)dx
SOL’N: The antiderivative of 4x + 7 is 2x2 + 7x
𝟒
∫𝟏 (4𝑥 + 7)dx = [ 2x2 + 7x ] = [2(4)2 + 7(4)] - [2(1)2 + 7(1)] = 51
𝟎
2. ∫−𝟏(3 − 2𝑥)dx
SOL’N: The antiderivative of 3 - 2x is 3x - x2

𝟎
∫−𝟏(3 − 2𝑥)dx = [3x - x2 ] = [3(0) - (0)2 ] - [3(-1) - (-1)2 ] = 4

2
3. ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥

SOL’N

= 23/3
2
∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 23/3

4. VERIFY THAT
5 5 3 5
4.1 ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 78 AND ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 78

5
4.2 ∫5 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

EXERCISES:
3
1. ∫2 4(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 85

2
2. ∫0 3(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 66

8 4
3. ∫1 3 𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 18
√x

4
4. ∫1 −2(𝑥 −1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: 42 – ln16

ᴫ/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
5. ∫0 1−sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ANSWER: ᴫ/2 + 1
AREA PROBLEM
FINDING THE AREA USING THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM

Find the area of the region under the line y = 2x over the interval 0 < x < 2

SOL’N:
2
The area A is given by the definite integral A = ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Since an antiderivative of f(x) = 2x is F(x) = x2 + C , then


2
A = ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x2 = [ 22 ] - [02 ] = 4

A = 4 sq.units

THE figure shows the region bounded by the GRAPH OF y = 2x x-axis and the vertical line x=2 .

Note that this is the area of the triangle (A=bh/2) where b = 2 and h = 4 .

WHAT is the area of the region under the line y = 2x Over the interval 1 < x < 2?

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