MEKDELA AMBA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE

DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ANDAGRICULTURA

EXTENSION

SINER RESEARCH PROPSAL ; DETRMINATE OF WOMEN

PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVCSES; IN
THE CASE OF LEGAMBO DISTRICT, SOUHE,WOLLO
ZONE ,AMAHRA REGION, ETHIOPIA.

PREPARED BY

NAME ID NO

1. TAMIRU MIHRET…………………………… MAU R /1201208/12

2 .MANAYSHE BAYE ……………………………MAUR / 1200867/12

3. YSHENAT ENDALEKACHEW…………….. MAUR 1201371 /12

Research proposal summated to department of rural development and

agricultural extension services

Name of adviser, mulugeta A. (MSc )

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................................................2
LISET OF ABRVATION............................................................................................................................3
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................5
1. ITRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................5
1.1 BACK GROUND..................................................................................................................................5
1. 2 Statement of the problem....................................................................................................................7
1.3. Objectives of the study.........................................................................................................................8
1.3. 1 General objective...........................................................................................................................8
1.3.2. Specific objective..........................................................................................................................8
1.4 research question...................................................................................................................................8
1.5. Significance of the................................................................................................................................8
1.6 Scope and limitation............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TOW.......................................................................................................................................10
2. Literature review...................................................................................................................................10
2.1. Theoretical Literatr...........................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Concept or definition of Agricultural Extension services.............................................................10
2.1.2 importance of agricultural extension services...........................................................................11
2. 2 women participation in agricultural extension services....................................................................12
2.3 Empirical studies on determinants of women’s participation in agricultural extension services........13
1.4 Conceptual frame work......................................................................................................................15
3. THREE: METH DOLOGY...................................................................................................................16
3.1. Description of the study area..............................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Types and source of data..............................................................................................................18
3.3 Methods of data collection...................................................................................................................19
3.4. Sampling techniques and procedures..................................................................................................19
3.5. Method of data analysis......................................................................................................................20
3.6 Econometric Analysis......................................................................................................................20
3.7 Descriptive Analysis............................................................................................................................20
3.8 Variable Descriptions..........................................................................................................................21
3.9. 1 Dependent Variable.....................................................................................................................21

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 3.9.2. Independent Variables.................................................................................................................21
4. BUDGET PLAN..................................................................................................................................22
5. work plan.............................................................................................................................................23
6. REFERENEC........................................................................................................................................24

Acknowledgment

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First and for most we will like to thank God which always became our potential in all of our life
success. Next, we will like to thankMulgetaamesalu (MSC), oursener research proposal , for his
constructive teaching and outstanding help on how to write this research proposal. We will also
want to thank MandelaAmeba University, college of agriculture and natural resource, and
department of rural development and agricultural extension for this opportunity, encouragement
and valuable contributions.

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 LISET OF ABRVATION

AES Agricultural Extension Services

DAs DevelopmentAgents

FAO FoodAgriculturalOrganization

FMoAD Federal Minster of Agricultural Development

GTP-I Growth Transformation Plane –I

MERET Managing EnvironmentalResources Enable Transition

PASDEP Plane for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End

Poverty

WFP World Food Program

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 Abstract
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Ethiopia by contributing
between 40-60 per cent of labour to agricultural production. Despite this, rural women farmers
in Ethiopia including Leganebo district rarely enjoy extension services and have little contact
with extension service organizations. The low participation of women farmers in agricultural
extension services in Leganebo district is the main reason for conducting this study. The general
objective of the study is to investigate the determinant factors of women’s participation in
agricultural extension services in leganebo district. The study will be used primary data that
mean quantitative data collect through household by preparing interview and questioner
schedule and the study will use secondary data.

This interview schedule will design and formulate to collect information about socio-economic
and demographic determinants of women participation agricultural extension services.the
secondary data will be collected gathered through reviewing of documents, reports and records
of published and unpublished documents from the chero Keble administration office. The study
will adopt a multi-stage sampling method using random sampling techniques for selection of
desired sample respondents. At the first stage leganeboworeda will be select purposively due to
save time and cost. Secondly chiro kebele will be selected purposively due to nearest to our
capus to save money and time. thirdly stratify the household in participant and non partcicpant.
final simple rondom sampling will be employed to sample household.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. ITRODUCTION

1.1 BACK GROUND

Women being an integral part of a farming household provide 60 to 80 per cent of all agricultural
labor. However, their contribution is often overlooked Various researches conducted on the
contribution of women to agricultural development in the developing countries (FAO 2011a)
suggest that women’s contribution to the farm work is as high as between 50 and 75 per cent of
the total farm task performed and 79 per cent of women in least developed countries who are
economically active report that agriculture is their primary economic activity (Doss, 2011). The
contribution of the women ranges from tasks such as land preparation, planting, weeding,
fertilizer application, harvesting, threshing, storing, food processing, milling, transportation and
marketing as well as the management of livestock (World Bank, 2010, Rahman& Ibrahim,
2007).

due to some social barriers and gender bias. Rural women in Ethiopia play a dominant and
important role in agricultural production in the country. In Ethiopia, women take the leading role
in agricultural activities, making up to 60-80 per cent of the labour force (FAO, 2010a; Cohen
and Lemma, 2011; CSA, 2014). Rural women are intimately involved in all aspects of
agricultural production such as land preparation, hoeing, weeding, harvesting, threshing,
transportation and usage (Cohen and Lemma, 2011; CSA, 2014). This contributes to ensure food
security, suppress inflationary pressure and supply inputs for industry (CFGB, 2015). They are
however accorded little attention. Consequently, there are some constraints facing the rural
women’s adoption of agricultural innovation which include failure of extension workers to reach
them, lack of incentive for adoption of innovation, limited access to credit inputs and lack of
access to membership in cooperatives and other rural organizations (Ogundiran, 2013; FAO,
2010b).

The role of extension today is not only technology transfer and training of farmers but also
includes food security, empowering farmers, dealing with marketing issues, addressing resource

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conservation and nutrition issues. Moreover, the extension system should tackle the hurdles that
women face in agricultural production, as these services provide a means for women to learn
new or improved production techniques, empower them to receive training and advice, to
organize themselves ( Ogundiran, 2013; Ijeoma&Adesope, 2015; apantaku&Oyegunle, 2016).
However, women rarely enjoy extension services and have little contact with extension service
organizations. Empirical studies revealed that women received only five per cent of the total
extensionresources all over the world dedicated to programs for female farmers. Women form
just 15 per cent of extension personnel in the world and their roles also remain largely
unrecognized and they have been virtually ignored by agricultural intervention programs (World
Bank, 2010; Ogundiran, 2013).

The failure to recognize the different roles of males and females is costly because it results in
misguided projects and programs, foregone agricultural output and incomes, and food and
nutrition insecurity (FAO, 2010b; Apantaku&Oyegunle, 2016). The National Policy of Ethiopia
on women, formulated in 1993, ensures gender equality in programme implementation at all
levels of government. The government introduced PASDEP (Plan for Accelerated and Sustained
Development to End Poverty). Annual progress report 2007/8 states that PASDEP aims to reach
all female headed households and 30 per cent of married females in agricultural extension
programs. However, according to the Growth and Transformation Plan-I (GTP-I) document of
the Ethiopian government, increasing extension services to female farmers in rural areas remains
challenging.

In rural Ethiopia in general rural women farmers in the study areas in particular have limited
participation in agricultural extension services (Quisumbing et al. 2014). That is why,
traditionally women are not considered as “farmers” which is a predominant problem in many
developing countries (World Bank, 2010; Cohen and Lemma, 2011). Even if females do
participate in extension services, they may not be given equal recognition for their
responsibilities and skills.

of Agricultural Extension Management Vol. XX No. (1) 2019 by planners and agricultural
service deliverers, thereby ignoring the important and increasing role females play in agriculture.
Moreover, technology packages delivered by extension services sometimes reinforce stereotypic
divisions of labour (Manfre et al. 2013).

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1. 2 Statement of the problem
In rural Ethiopia in general rural women household farmers in the study areas have inadequate
participation in different agricultural extension services. Even if females do participate in
extension services, they may not be given equal recognition for their responsibilities and skills
with male households. They are also restricted and marginalized in terms of providing equal
responsibilities, decision making power and access and control over resources.

Moreover, most of the time the technology packages delivered by extension services do not
consider female farmers. Agricultural planning and development are crucial to human survival,
but they usually. Limited consideration of the importance of gender issues at the production
level. Empiricalevidences reveal that women, who constitute approximately half of the rural
labor force, are economically active in each sub-sector of the rural economy (Commonwealth
Secretariat, 2001).The problem of women participation in agricultural extension services lake of
in frastrscture and low income Investment Lake of kwnwloage.

The main difficulties identified women participation agricultural extension agents regarding to
technical services providing to farmers were lack of resources, poor knowledge regarding
improved agricultural technologies, illiteracy among the women farmers and communication
problem. The agricultural extension services have been largely designed, crafted and
implemented with the male head of household as the intended client, and fail to recognize that
women are active, productive and engaged economic agents with their own financial needs and
constraints “lake of market accessibility. Land Holding Size: The effect of land holding size
significantly influences the probability of participation. In agricultural extension services as
compared to households who have less land. Various studies were conducted on determinant of
women participation on agricultural extension service in different part of the country (Birhane
Anagram Abebe In 2020 ) . However the previous study conducted in different area did not
address the knowledge on determinants of women participation on agricultural extension service
in the study area.on the researchers knowledge there is no research conducted on determinant of
womens participation on agricultural extension service in the study area. Hence our study
designed to assess the determinant factors that affect women participation tn the study area., Sex
of the Household Head, Farming experience, Sex of Development Agents, Time spent on
domestic activities, Mobility constraints.

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1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3. 1 General objective

The general objective Determinates of women’s participation in agricultural extension services
in the study area

1.3.2. Specific objectives

To assess the extent of women participation in agricultural extension services in the study area

To identify source of information where women’s access agricultural extension service

To identify determinant factors of women participation in agricultural extension services

1.4 research question

What are the extents of women participation in agricultural extension services? What
are the determinant factors of women participation in agricultural extension services in the study
area?

What are the source of information where women’s access agricultural extension service?

1.5. Significance of the study

The study of factors that affect women’s participation in agricultural extension service in the
study area is important in providing information that will enable to take effective measures by
government and policy makers to encourage women’s to participate in agricultural extension
service The study provides empirical evidences about the role of women, and women’s
participation in agricultural extension activities and its link with household production and
nutrition.

In order to support women’s extensive and multifaceted roles in agriculture and to enable them
to respond to market incentives more efficiently, women need effective agricultural extension
services. The result of this study will help to understand the flows and activities of agricultural
practices, implementation sources that rural women use, factors influencing farm women’s
production and the different constraints and opportunities of extension service in reaching out to

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women. The findings of this study can also be used in guiding policy makers and development
planners who are concerned about gender issue while designing agricultural projects within the
region and elsewhere in the country.

1.6. Scope and limitation

The limitation of the study, some of the farmers will reluctant to frankly respond to some of the
questions, and also as farmers do not keep records and due to memory lapse, some of the
questions lack exact answers. The study aims at identifying determinant factors that affect
women’s participation in agricultural extension service in the study area. The scope of the study
will be limited to leg ambo District South Wollo in Tulu awlya kebela. This is mainly because of
limited availability of resources and time to undertake the study on a wider scale.

CHAPTER TOW

2. Literature review

2.1. Theoretical Literature

2.1.1 Concept or definition of Agricultural Extension services

Different authors define agricultural extension in different ways (for example, Maunder, 1972;
Asiabaka, 2002), however, all having a common understanding as it is to dealing with the
improvement of the standard of living of the rural farmers. In this study agricultural extension
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service is used to refer agricultural services that include, input, access to credit, access to
agricultural agents, and knowledge and attitude of farmers towards agricultural extension
services to improved income and nutrition as provided by Ethiopian governments. In Ethiopia
agriculture is central to the federal government’s national development plan through the ADLI
policy (MoFED, 2006).

To implement its strategy, in the 1990s the federal government commenced a big push to
disseminate agricultural technology packages that include fertilizer, improved seeds, credit, and
the provision of related extension services (EEA and EEPRI, 2006). In order to affect these
services decentralized administrative structures has been implemented through the Federal
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMoARD) to regional bureaus, zonal and
district offices so as to implement this development strategy. In this decentralized structure
woreda (district) agriculture and rural development (WoARDs) offices are assumed to provide
all agricultural extension services of the government (Gebremedhin et al., 2006; Cohen et al.,
2008). In this decentralized structure, until 2006, each Keble had access to the extension services
by only a single development agent (DA) that was based in the WoARD office., while only
selected kebeles were accessed by larger extension team under specialized projects such as the
Managing Environmental Resources to Enable Transitions to More Sustainable Livelihoods
(MERET) soil and water conservation project supported by the World Food Programme (Cohen
et al., 2008).

Since 2006, as part of extensive good governance reform of Ethiopia (Dom and Mussa, 2006),
the federal government assigned at least three extension agents to all districts in its four regions
(Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and BenishangulGumuz) to expand extension services dramatically
(IFPRI, 2011). 12 However, it has been voiced that at present most Ethiopian farmers do not
have full access and to the level required to modern agricultural technology and extension
services (Lemma, 2007). Provision of AES has been further criticized for the fact that extension
service works through “model” or “progressive” farmers, who tend to be better off and male
(Buchy and Basaznew, 2005; EAA and EEPRI, 2006; Lemma, 2007; Dercon et al., 2009

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2.1.2 Importance of agricultural extension services

The agricultural extension service is still conceptualized as a diffusion support process, starting
from public-funded technology generation and ending with the adoption in the farm, and.
consequently suffers from being treated as a linear process that is supply-driven or top-down by
Sohng SSL. 1995. Participatory research and community organizing. it has the means to transfer
technology, support rural adult learning, assist farmers in problem-solving and getting farmers
actively involved in the agricultural knowledge and information system.

Agricultural extension can play a role by ensuring that efforts towards increasing productivity
are sustainable. Sustainable agricultural production ensures that current production activities do
not compromise the production chances in the future. Agricultural Advisory services are play an
important role in the livelihood activities of rural communities. also Agricultural extension
services had a pivotal role in ensuring that the clientele (farmers) have access to improved the
technologies, such as improve the level of qualifications of farmers and rural inhabitants,
assistance in the creation of production groups. Delivering information on new technologies
and innovations to agricultural manufacturers without their assessment. Agricultural extension
services and programs aims to strengthen the farmer’s capacity to innovate by providing access
to knowledge and information. in Poland there are two kinds of the Agricultural Extension
services: the first is a public advisory services this kind of service is playing dominating role in
Poland, it is available for all farmers and is realized by Regional Agricultural Advisory Centers.
And the second is a private advisory services which mainly help farmers to formulate plans and
obtain resources for farm development from public and commercial institution (Oakley P.
1991. Projects with people)

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2. 2 women participation in agricultural extension services
Rural women make significant contribution to and are the ministry of the farm labor. The work
in all aspects of agriculture, in addition to active engagement in agriculture, women are
responsible for all household chores.

The role of women in agricultural development has been very well recognized in the last couple
of decades by international development agencies, national governments and researchers (FAO,
1993). The same document further indicated that while the contributions of both female and male
farmers are substantial and essential to agricultural development; the gender division of
agricultural activities has constrained women’s access to extension services and hence the
achievement of agricultural development goals has been slowed down because agricultural
extension services in developing countries is predominantly focusing to male farmers only.
Particularly in Ethiopia, while one can observe that in most parts of the rural area, women are
intimately involved in most aspects of agricultural production and household nutrition, it is
widely viewed that “women do not farm” (EEA and EEPRI, 2006).

We noted that agricultural extension programs that ignore women's farming roles in agriculture,
affect negatively agricultural production and consequently failure to achieve development
objectives (FAO, 1993). The roles of women farmers have been strongly obscured by the cultural
perception remains strong even though numerous agricultural tasks are deemed “women’s
work,” including crop and animal husbandry in the field, preparing storage containers, managing
all aspects of home gardens and poultry raising, transporting farm inputs to the field, and
procuring water for household use and some on-farm uses.

Crop marketing, and the control over revenues from these sales, are often gender differentiated,
and in some cases vary by crop type. Many female farmers bring the vegetables and fruits, the
production of which they manage, to the market, and may retain these incomes to pay for
household needs. In contrast, the marketing and income from cash crops grown by the household
in larger scale, such as coffee, tiff, and khat, are controlled by the household head 13 (who is
nearly always male in households where the head has a spouse in the household), though there
are many cases where small quantities of these important crops may be sold by the head’s
spouse.

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Tending to livestock is most commonly performed by boys and young men. For the livestock
types kept near the home, women are frequently responsible for providing feed and water for the
livestock and for dairy production, and in some areas are involved in collecting animal dung
from grazing lands. Sole cattle ownership by women is not common in Ethiopia, whereas joint
ownership between spouses is found in many World Bank (2007)

As is the case with many spheres in agriculture, control over the sale of and proceeds from
livestock and livestock products is generally gender differentiated, with women tending to
market small livestock and poultry, as well as dairy products and eggs. The sale of cattle and
other large livestock is for the most part in the male domain. Horticultural production and the
raising of poultry and small ruminants has been considered a part of “home economics” until
quite recently, leaving women excluded from other kinds of extension advice, training, and
credit. Recent extension packages tailored for women have emphasized sheep and goat
husbandry and poultry.

A study by IFPRI (2011) documented that substantial institutional barriers to women farmers
exist in obtaining access to extension services; DAs access male heads of household (in
husband–wife households), provide advice to the husbands, even on women’s activities such as
home gardening and poultry raising implying that DAs rely on the husband to pass the advice on
to his wife.

The same document further indicated that female household heads have been accessed by DAs
only when they come to see them to contribute labor to maintenance of community soil and
water conservation works. In principle it is believed that the productivity and welfare of rural
households can be maximized when both female and male farmers participate in extension
activities that are relevant to their roles as agricultural producers (FAO, 1993).

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2.3 Empirical studies on determinants of women’s participation in
agricultural extension services
Twelve of the variables were significantly related to level of participation of women farmers in
Agricultural extension service programme. The variables were level of education, Extension
contact, Access to market, marital status and Age of farmers. Lack of Tanning Cultural Practice
Cultural norms, values, custom of the rural society hindered women from participating in
agricultural extension service. Especially women are not allowed to plough the land and harvest
crop.sex of the Household Head: The coefficient of this variable is negative and significant at less than
5 per cent probability level towards participation. The result indicates that, women in male- headed
households were Time spent on domestic activities : As expected, the beta coefficient for time
spent on domestic activities is negative and significant at less than 1 per cent probability level.
The relationship is negative, which means that the women who spent more time in domestic
activities, are less likely to participate as compared to women who have leisure time. (Birhane
Anagaw Abebe In 2020 )

Mobility constraints The coefficient of mobility constraints is negative and significant at less
than 10 per cent level of probability. As mobility constraint decreases by one unit, it is 0.326
times more likely that the women participate in agricultural extension. This implies that as
mobility constraints decrease by one unit the odd ratio increases by the factor of .326. Those
women who have no mobility constraints can participate in any association, Training is one
factor that affected the extension activity.

As the study observed, extension workers had contact with male farmers rather than female farmers.
Husbands directly got information from experts They significantly affect level of women participation at
1 per cent, 5 per cent and 10 percent level of significance respectively. This is plausible because older
farmers would tend to stick to farming, reflecting on their occupation and would work hard to improve on
their output. Any new agricultural programethat would bring this improvement, the farmer wants to be
associated with it and have greater desire to participate in it. With regards to education level, the
positive coefficient (0.054) implies that as level of education increases, level of participation in
Women’s in agricultural extension service programme decreases which is expected The higher
the educational level of the farmer, higher the chances of getting better paying jobs or the higher
the tendency to be involved in politics and less increased participation in AES programmes. In
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general, this study re-affirms the position of many other studies, including that of Chukwu
(2014) that age and educational level are the factors affecting women participation in urban
agriculture. The coefficient for marital status was positive and significant at 10 per cent level of
significance suggesting that women’s marital status influence their level of participation of
Women’s in Agricultural extension service programmes. Most of the successful women’s’
participants in Agricultural extension service programme opined that they have a good
understanding, support and encouragement from their husbands in terms of advice and funding.
This could have stimulated such farmers to increase their level of participation in AES
programmes.

This study is in agreement with Sabo (2006) which showed significant relationship between
marital status and participation of Women’s in Agricultural extension activities programme
inDendi district. Coefficients for household size, farming experience and farm size were however
not significant with level of participation. One possible explanation with regard to household size
for this relationship with level of participation might be that most of the participants now
discourage the over reliance on family labour on the farm in order to enable their children have
access to formal education.

In the case of farming experience, it might be that most of the experienced farmers tend to invest
their resources and incomes into other ventures instead of increasing their level of participation
in Agricultural extension service programmes. Multiple Regression Estimates of Socio-
Economic and Institutional Determinants of Women Participation in Agricultural Extension
service Programme. Farming experience: It reflects the number of years since the farm operator
first began farming. Farming experience was positive and significant at less than 1% level of
significance. With increasing experience, a woman farmer may be able to better assess benefits
of agricultural extension service. Land Holding Size: The effect of land holding size significantly
influences the probability of participation. The coefficient of this variable is positive and
significant at less than 5 per cent probability level towards participation Access to credit:

Access to credit helps them by easing financial constraints to purchase farm inputs such as
seeds, fertilizers etc. The coefficient of access to credit is positive and significant at less than 5
per cent probability level., women who had better access to credit were .205 times more likely to

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participate in agricultural extension services than women who had no credit access. This implies
that women who have access to credit have a better possibility of getting farm inputs.

1.4 Conceptual frame work

Demographic factor
Ruralgende in  age

Sex of the Household

Head

Level of education

Sex extension agent

Sex of Development
Agents:

Socio-economic Institutional factors

variables; In furasturactur
Farming Women’s participation in (rode, electricity )
agricultural extension
experience
service( your dependent income
Access to input variabl)
Acese to ceradit
marital status
Land Holding Acess to market
Cultural Communication factor or
Practice others factor it may be
Mobility constraints
Extension contact

Lack of Tanning

Time spent on domestic 18 |

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 3. METH DOLOGY

3.1. Description of the study area

Legambo (Amharic:) is a woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. This woreda is named for one of
the "Houses" or subgroups of the south  WolloAmhara, who was located there.[2] Part of
the DebubWollo Zone, Legambo is bordered on the south by Legahida and Kelala, on the
southwest by Wegde, on the west by DebreSina, on the northwest by Sayint, on the north
by Tenta, on the northeast by DessieZuria, and on the southeast by Were Ilu. Towns in Legambo
include Akesta and Embacheber.whom 81,268 are men and 83,758 women;total popelation
165,026 in(2008) Area 1017.35km sq (892.80sq mi ) Ttotale popelation In(2012 ) 178,817
In( 7,327 or 4.44%) are urban inhabitants. Density180/km sq (460/sq mi )In( 2012)

The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 92.99% of the population having reported
they practiced that belief, while 6.82% of the population said they professed Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity. Legambo has a population density of 162.21, which is greater than the Zone
average of 147.58 persons per square kilometer

Elevations in this woreda range from 1500 to 3700 meters; the highest point in this woreda, as
well as the Debub Wollo Zone, is Mount AmbaFerit, which lies on the border with Sayint.[ This
study will be conducted in South Wello Zone leganiboWoreda. leganiboWoreda is located 501
km away from Addis Ababa. The study woreda is found at distance of 85 km far from the
capital city of South Wello Zone (Dessie). leganboworeda to bahirdartowen 532 km leganebo
woreda to akeseta towen 15 km.

There are three agro ecological zones in leganiboWereda namely Dega 13% , weynadega 72%
and kola 15%... Out of the total area of the woreda flat covers 31 %, while 14 % is plateau,
valley 8 % and the remaining 47% is mountainous. The total size of the woreda is 46572 hectare
and has two crop seasons (mher and belg ). Leganiboeworeda is well known for its recreational
place of two Lake such as Logo and Ardibo Lakes (TWARDO, 2022). Administratively, the

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woreda has 19 rural kebele , one town administration and two small rural town kebele. From
which 15 rural kebele have been their own FTC constructed since 2002 and all started
functioning of teaching-learning process. The main economic activities ofthe study area are
animal production cropp roduction industrial row materials and manufacturing goods. The major
wome participation in agricultural extension services types that women are engaged in stock
retailer, injuria retailer, grocery, small restaurants and barber (Survey for 2012)

Location map of Leg ambo Wereda in south wollo zone Amhara region in
Ethiopia 

Source publication

3.1.2 Types And source of data

The study will be used primary data that mean quantitative data collect through household by
preparing interview and questioner schedule and the study will use secondary data. This
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interview schedule will design and formulate to collect information about socio-economic and
demographic determinants of women participation agricultural extension services

Both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected from primary and secondary data
sources. The primary source of data mainly consists of interview schedule direct observation
information about demographic, socio-economic and institutional aspects are obtained through
semi structured questioner interview.

3.3 Methods of data collection

In order to collect the data, questionnaire which consists of structure questions and interview will
prepare to collect Information on socio economic and demographic characteristics of the
respondents. The questionnaires originally prepare in English and for ease of Understanding by
the enumerators and respondents will translate in to Amharic.The translate version of the
questionnaires will test in a pilot survey conduct in Tuluawulia and Akesta. It helps to assess the
content, clarity, and logical flow ofthe questions and the time need on average to fill out a single
questionnaire. Depending on the results of the pilot survey, the data collection instruments will
be finalized after making the necessary corrections and reorganizations.

The primary data will be collected from sample household by using observation, key informant
interview and interview schedule. Before the formal data collection started; interviews are
conduct with randomly select women participation in order to pre-test the questionnaire to point
out the forgotten issues and to review the content of questionnaire. Secondary data will be
gathered through reviewing of documents, reports and records of published and unpublished
documents from the chero Keble administration office

3.4. Sampling techniques and procedures

The study will adopt a multi-stage sampling method using random sampling techniques for
selection of desired sample respondents. At the first stage leganeboworeda will be select
purposively due to save time and cost. Secondly chio kebele will be selected purposively due to
nearest to our capus to save money and time. thirdly stratify the household in participant and non
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partcicpant. final simple rondom sampling will be employed to sample household. participation
people 120 Non participate 180 then total population N =300 inoreder to thise formula
caleculated

N
n
1  N (e) 2

Where: n = statistically acceptable sample size

N = Total size of target population

e = level of precision (error level) at100%- 90% =10 % /100 =0.01 confidence level 0.01=

n= 300/1+300(0.01) =99.6 approximately 100

The reasons why we will try to use this sample selection formula are:

a) It is simple to calculate

b) Usually this formula used to select small sample size and we also need to select small sample.

3.5. Method of data analysis

3.6 Descriptive Analysis

The analyses for the study will be based on the survey of a sample of enterprises undertaken. The
study will be employed both qualitative and quantitative analysis so as to produce a good
researcher document. The descriptive statistics that is going to be used in this study include
tabular analysis, mean, standard deviation, percentages and frequency of occurrence. Chi-square
and t-tests will be used to test for the significance of the discrete (Dummy) and continuous
variables, respectively

3.7 Econometric Analysis

At the multivariate analysis, since the dependent variable is dichotomous, binary logistic
regression model will be fitted. Binary Logistic regression will applyto examine the relationship
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between detriment of women participation agricultural extension services and a set of predictor
variables. The logistic regression model willbe explained:-

log(P(i)/1-P(i))=ln(odds)= B0+B1X1+B2X2+B3X3+B4X4+……+BnXn

The corresponding multiplicative model for the odds is:-

P(i)/1-P(i)) = expB0+B1X1+B2X2+B3X3+B4X4+…………+BnXn

Where, P (i) is the probability that ith respondent is non-participation and (1-P(i)) is the
probability that the ith respondent is participant employed at the time of the survey, Bi’s are the
regression coefficients and the Xi’s are the set of independent variables.

From the Bi’s the odds ratio is estimated as exp (B). The odds ratio is the factor by which the
odds of non-participation change per unit change in the i th independent variables, controlling the
effects of other variables (Johnson and Wichern, 2007; Walker, 2010).

3.8 Variable Descriptions

3.9. 1 Dependent Variable

The dependent variable in this study is women participation agricultural extension

service. In the regression analysis, it will be denoted by 1 if the respondent will be
participant, otherwise 0. The dependent variable influenced by different independent
variables.

3.9.2. Independent Variables

N Independent Type of Description of variable Effect

O variable variable

1 level of education Dummy Literate/ Illiterate Positive

2 farming Continues Number of involved in Positive

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 experience vegetable production
(museared in year )

3 Mobility Dummy Tasks valve of one 1 if a Positive

constraints women had mobiles
consentient and 0other wise

4 sex of the Dummy Male handed /female handed negative

Household Head:

5 Time spent on Continues Total time devoted by the Negative

domestic activities women in doing household
activities

6 Land Holding Size Continues Measured as land size owned Negative

/rented in hectares

7 Access to credit Dummy Tasks 1if the respondent had Positive

access to credit and 0ather wise

8 Age of respondent Continues Age of household head in Negative

year

9 Access to mass Dummy If hade access to mass media Positive

media 1;other wise 0

4. BUDGET PLAN
Any budget expenditure should be considered under the budget line Every works requires money
budget in to perform order to complete the paper efficiently and effectively.

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Table2. Budget requirement of the proposal

Number Item Unit Amount Price Total price

in birr

1 Paper Ream 2 160 320

2 Pen Number 6 5 30

3 cd-rw Number 1 30 30

4 Flash Number 1 400 250

5 Printing Pocket 1 90 90

6 Ruler Number 2 5 5

7 Binder Number 1 25 25

8 Copy Number 50 1 50

9 Transportation 200

10 Miscellaneous 150
cost

11 Administration 100
cost

12 Total 1250
estimated cost

13 Contingence 400

14 Total 1650

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5. work plan
Every activity in the research need time to Due to time constraints one of the factors which limit
the research work. To make the research meaningful and to maintain a good result on the
problem and to efficiently complete the work the following activity versus time allocation is
planned.

Table time schedule of the work plan

NO. Activities Months of years(2014 )

1 Title selection Julie1-3

2 Proposal preparation July 6-9

3 Proposal submission July19-20

4 Proposal defense July 25-27

5 Collection of data July 11-12

6 Analyze and interpreted July13-14

row data

7 Writing and duplicating July13-15

the research paper

8 Submission of research July 16-20

paper

9 Presentation of the July 25-28

research

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 6. REFERENEC
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Berger, M., DeLancey, V. andMellencamp, A. (2014). Bridging the Gender Gap in

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FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2010b). Gender dimensions of agricultural and
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 doi:10.5539/jas.vol 5no.12p65 Quisumbing, A., Meinzen-Dick, R., Raney, T. L.,
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A., Behrman, J. A., & Peterman, A. (Eds.) (2014). Gender in Agriculture: Closing the
Knowledge Gap, Springer, Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4, ISBN 978-94-
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Rahman, S. A., & Ibrahim, H. (2007). Socio-economic study of gender role in farm production
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(Birhane Anagaw Abebe In 2020 ) Journal of Agricultural Extension · November 2020

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