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Unit-4 2

Boiling and condensation are heat transfer processes that occur at the interface between a liquid and a solid surface. [1] Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated above its saturation temperature, resulting in bubble formation on the surface. [2] There are different types of boiling depending on factors like bulk fluid flow and the liquid's temperature relative to saturation. [3] Condensation is the opposite process where a vapor cools and changes phase to a liquid on a surface.

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33 views

Unit-4 2

Boiling and condensation are heat transfer processes that occur at the interface between a liquid and a solid surface. [1] Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated above its saturation temperature, resulting in bubble formation on the surface. [2] There are different types of boiling depending on factors like bulk fluid flow and the liquid's temperature relative to saturation. [3] Condensation is the opposite process where a vapor cools and changes phase to a liquid on a surface.

Uploaded by

karan sihag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-4

BOILING & CONDENSATION


Boiling Heat Transfer
Boiling occurs at the solid–liquid interface when a liquid is brought into
contact with a surface maintained at a temperature sufficiently above the
saturation temperature of the liquid
Pool Boiling
• Boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow.
• Any motion of the fluid is due to natural
convection currents and the motion of the
bubbles under the influence of buoyancy. Pool Boiling Flow Boiling
Flow Boiling
• Boiling in the presence of bulk fluid flow.
• In flow boiling, the fluid is forced to move in a
heated pipe or over a surface by

Subcooled Boiling
• When the temperature of the main body of
the liquid is below the saturation temperature.

Saturated Boiling
• When the temperature of the liquid is equal
to the saturation temperature. 2
Pool Boiling
Boiling takes different forms, depending on the ΔTexcess=Ts-Tsat

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Natural Convection (to Point A on the Boiling Curve)
•Bubbles do not form on the heating surface until the liquid is heated a few degrees above
the saturation temperature (about 2 to 6°C for water) the liquid is slightly superheated in
this case.
•The fluid motion in this mode of boiling is governed by natural convection currents.
•Heat transfer from the heating surface to the fluid is by natural convection.

Nucleate Boiling
•The bubbles form at an increasing rate at an increasing number of nucleation sites as we
move along the boiling curve toward point C.
•Region A–B ─isolated bubbles. Region B–C ─ numerous continuous columns of vapor in
the liquid.
•In region A–B the stirring and agitation caused by the entrainment of the liquid to the
heater surface is primarily responsible for the increased heat transfer coefficient.
•In region A–B the large heat fluxes obtainable in this region are caused by the combined
effect of liquid entrainment and evaporation.
•After point B the heat flux increases at a lower rate with increasing ΔTexcess, and reaches a
maximum at point C.
•The heat flux at this point is called the critical (or maximum) heat flux, and is of prime
engineering importance.

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Transition Boiling
• When ΔTexcess is increased past point C, the heat flux decreases.
• This is because a large fraction of the heater surface is covered by a vapor film,
which acts as an insulation.
• In the transition boiling regime, both nucleate and film boiling partially occur.

Film Boiling
• Beyond Point D the heater surface is completely covered by a continuous
stable vapor film.
• Point D, where the heat flux reaches a minimum is called the Leidenfrost
point.
• The presence of a vapor film between the heater surface and the liquid is
responsible for the low heat transfer rates in the film boiling region.
• The heat transfer rate increases with increasing excess temperature due
to radiation to the liquid.

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Nucleate Boiling

Transition Boiling

Film Boiling

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CONDENSATION
• Condensation occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced
below its saturation temperature.
• Only condensation on solid surfaces is considered in this chapter.
• Two forms of condensation:
– Film condensation,
– Dropwise condensation.

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Dropwise Condensation
•One of the most effective mechanisms of heat transfer, and
extremely large heat transfer coefficients can be achieved.
•Small droplets grow as a result of continued condensation,
coalesce into large droplets, and slide down when they
reach a certain size.
•Large heat transfer coefficients enable designers to
achieve a specified heat transfer rate with a smaller
surface area.
•The challenge in dropwise condensation is not to achieve it,
but rather, to sustain it for prolonged periods of time.
•Dropwise condensation has been studied experimentally
for a number of surface–fluid combinations.

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