System Verilog Constraint interview Questions

1) What is the most common reason why bugs are missed during the testing of
the RTL design?

2) What is Randomization explain briefly?

3) Write a constraint to generate a random value for a ver1 [7:0] within 50

and var2 [7:0] with the non repeated value in every randomization?

4) What is the maximum range of randc variable most of the simulator can
support? (Note:- some simulator support more)

5) Write a constraint without an inside function to generate vari value within

the range of 34 to 43?

6) Why curly braces used in below constraint?

Constraint c1 {a==110; b==3;}

7) When the randomize function will give return value as zero?

8) How to randomize variable which is not labeled rand?

9) What is constraint solver?

10) Which are data type are randomized

· 2-state, 4-state, integer, string, bit vector, logic, real, enum

11) Write a single constraint to generate a random value for bit [8:0] variable
in the below range,

1-34, 127, 129-156, 192-202,257-260

12) What is wrong with the below code? What is the correct process to write the
constraint?

Class const;

rand bit [7:0] low, mid, high;

constraint Const_1 {low <mid<high;}

end class

13) What is the use of weighted distribution constraint and how to use it and
what are the different types?

14) Write some sample code to using weighted constraint such as it should provide
the same value and range value with weight using different types.?

15) Modify the constraint using only one operator so that var value will be var <
low or var > high

class seques;

rand bit [7:0] var;

bit [7:0] low,high;

 constraint var_range{var inside {[low:high]}; } // low <= var && var <= high;

endclass

16) Is constraint are procedural code?

17) There is two constraints is applied to same variable one will generate the
value within the range of [25:50] and another expression say variable value should
be greater than 40. What should be the value generated, and what is the reason?

18) What is implication operator write a sample code/

19) What is equivalence operator explain briefly, write sample code?

20) What is solve before constraint, explain below code result?

class solvebefore;

rand bit ;

rand bit [1:0] b;

constraint SB_ab { (a==0) -> y==0;

solve a before b; }

endclass

21) How to control the multiple constraint blocks?

22) What are in-line constraints?

23) How to add an extra constraint without affecting existing?

24) Explain the below function

$random

$urandom

$urandom_range

$dist_exponential

$dist_normal

$dist_poisson

$dist_uniform

25) Randomize the below variable such as

class randvari;

rand bit [7:0] var1, var2, var3, var4;

endclass
 i) Randomize all variable.

ii) Randomize only var2.

iii) Randomize var1, var4
iv) Randomize var1,var3,var4.
26) What is the problem using signed variables in constraint?
27) How to restrict the array size by using constraint write a code?
28) Write a constraint to create ascending array value ?
29) How to create an array of random unique values?
30) Create a unique array value with the a randc and help of class?
31) What is randcase?
32) In an initial block, construct an exercise object and randomize it, check the
status from randomization?
33) What are bidirectional constraint?

UVM Interview Questions.

Updated: Jun 6, 2022

1) What is UVM factory?

Ans:- UVM Factory is used to manufacture (create) UVM objects and components.
Apart from creating the UVM objects and components the factory
concept essentially means that you can modify or substitute the nature of the
components created by the factory without making changes to the testbench.
For example, if you have written two driver classes, and the environment
uses only one of them. By registering both the drivers with the factory, you can
ask the factory to substitute the existing driver in the environment with the other
type. The code needed to achieve this is minimal and can be written in the test.

2) What is the difference between new() and create?

Ans:- We all know about new() method that is used to allocate memory to an
object instance. In UVM (and OVM), the create() method causes an object instance to
be created from the factory. This allows you to use factory overrides to replace
the desired object with an object of a different type without having to recode.

3) What is uvm_config_db? What is difference between uvm_config_db &

uvm_resource_db?

Ans:- uvm_config_db is a parameterized class used for configuration of the

different type of parameter into the uvm database So that it can be used by any
component in the lower level of a hierarchy.
uvm_config_db is a convenience layer built on top of uvm_resource_db, but that
convenience is very important. In particular, uvm_resource_db uses a "last write
wins" approach. The uvm_config_db, on the other hand, looks at where things are in
the hierarchy up through end_of_elaboration, so "parent wins." Once you start
start_of_simulation, the config_db becomes "the last write wins". All of the
functions in uvm_config_db#(T) are static, so they must be called using the::
operator It is extended from the uvm_resource_db#(T), so it is a child class of
uvm_resource_db#(T)

4) What is the advantage and difference of `uvm_component_utils() and

`uvm_object_utils()?

Ans:- The utils macros define the infrastructure needed to enable the
object/component for correct factory operation.

The reason there are two macros is that the factory design pattern fixes the
number of arguments that a constructor can have. Classes derived from uvm_object
have constructors with one argument, a string name. Classes derived from
uvm_component have two arguments, a name, and a uvm_component parent.

The two `uvm_*utils macros insert code that gives you a factory create a ()
method that delegates call to the constructors of uvm_object or uvm_component. You
need to use the respective macro so that the correct constructor arguments get
passed through. This means that you cannot add extra constructor arguments when you
extend these classes in order to be able to use the UVM factory.

3. Difference between `uvm_do and `uvm_rand_send ?

Ans:- `uvm_do perform the below steps:

1. create
2. start_item()
3. randomize
4. finish_item()
5. get_response (optional)

while `uvm_rand_send perform all the above steps except create. User needs to
create sequence / sequence_item.

4) Difference between uvm_transaction and uvm_seq_item?

Ans:- class uvm_sequence_item extends uvm_transaction uvm_sequence_item extended

from uvm_transaction only, uvm_sequence_item class has more functionality to
support sequence & sequencer features. uvm_sequence_item provides the hooks for
sequencer and sequence So you can generate transaction by using sequence and
sequencer, and uvm_transaction provide only basic methods like do_print and
do_record etc.

5) Can we have a user-defined phase in UVM?

Ans:- In addition to the predefined phases available in uvm, the user has the
option to add his own phase to a component. This is typically done by extending the
uvm_phase class the constructor needs to call super.new which has three arguments
Name of the phase task or function top down or bottom up phase task or function.
The call_task or call_func and get_type_name need to be implemented to complete
the addition of the new phase.

Example:-

class custom_phase extends uvm_phase;

function new();
super.new(“custom”,1,1);
endfunction

task call_task ( uvm_component parent);

my_comp_type comp;
if ( $cast(comp,parent) )
comp.custom_phase();
 endtask

virtual function string get_type_name();

return “custom”;
endfunction
endclass

6) What is UVM RAL model? why it is required?

Ans:- In a verification context, a register model (or register abstraction layer)

is a set of classes that model the memory mapped behavior of registers and memories
in the DUT in order to facilitate stimulus generation and functional checking (and
optionally some aspects of functional coverage). The UVM provides a set of base
classes that can be extended to implement comprehensive register modeling
capabilities.

7) What is the difference between new() and create?

Ans:- We all know about new() method that is used to allocate memory to an object
instance. In UVM (and OVM), the create() method causes an object instance to be
created from the factory. This allows you to use factory overrides to replace the
desired object with an object of a different type without having to recode.

8) What is the analysis port?

Ans:- Analysis port (class uvm_tlm_analysis_port) — a specific type of transaction-

level port that can be connected to zero, one, or many analysis exports and through
which a component may call the method to write implemented in another component,
specifically a subscriber.

port, export, and imp classes used for transaction analysis.

uvm_analysis_port
Broadcasts a value to all subscribers implementing a uvm_analysis_imp.
uvm_analysis_imp
Receives all transactions broadcasted by a uvm_analysis_port.
uvm_analysis_export
Exports a lower-level uvm_analysis_imp to its parent.

9) What is TLM FIFO?

Ans:- In simpler words, TLM FIFO is a FIFO between two UVM components, preferably
between Monitor and Scoreboard. Monitor keep on sending the DATA, which will be
stored in TLM FIFO, and Scoreboard can get data from TLM FIFO whenever needed.

// Create a FIFO with depth 4

tlm_fifo = new ("uvm_tlm_fifo", this, 4);

10) How the sequence starts?

Ans:- start_item starts the sequence

virtual task start_item ( uvm_sequence_item item,
int set_priority = -1,
uvm_sequencer_base sequencer = null )

start_item and finish_item together will initiate operation of a sequence item. If

the item has not already been initialized using create_item, then it will be
initialized here to use the default sequencer specified by m_sequencer.

11) What is the difference between UVM RAL model backdoor write/read and front door
write/read?

Ans:- Front door access means using the standard access mechanism external to the
DUT to read or write to a register. This usually involves sequences of time-
consuming transactions on a bus interface.

Backdoor access means accessing a register directly via hierarchical

reference or outside the language via the PLI. A backdoor reference usually in 0
simulation time.

12) What is the objection?

Ans:- The objection mechanism in UVM is to allow hierarchical status communication

among components which is helpful in deciding the end of the test. There is a
built-in objection for each in-built phase, which provides a way for components and
objects to synchronize their testing activity and indicate when it is safe to end
the phase and, ultimately, the test end.

The component or sequence will raise a phase objection at the beginning of an

activity that must be completed before the phase stops, so the objection will be
dropped at the end of that activity. Once all of the raised objections are dropped,
the phase terminates.

Raising an objection: phase.raise_objection(this);

Dropping an objection: phase.drop_objection(this);

13) What is p_sequencer ? OR Difference between m_sequencer and p_sequencer?

Ans:- m_sequencer is the default handler for uvm_vitual_sequencer and p_sequencer

is the hook up for child sequencer. m_sequencer is the generic uvm_sequencer
pointer. It will always exist for the uvm_sequence and is initialized when the
sequence is started.

p_sequencer is a type-specific sequencer pointer, created by registering the

sequence to the sequencer using macros (`uvm_declare_p_sequencer). Being type
specific, you will be able to access anything added to the sequencer (i.e. pointers
to other sequencers, etc.). p_sequencer will not exist if we have not registered
the sequence with the `uvm_declare_p_sequencer macros.

The drawback of p_sequencer is that once the p_sequencer is defined, one cannot run
the sequence on any other sequencer type.

14) What is the difference between Active mode and Passive mode with respect to the
agent?

Ans:- An agent is a collection of a sequencer, a driver and a monitor.

In active mode, the sequencer and the driver are constructed and stimulus is
generated by sequences sending sequence items to the driver through the sequencer.
At the same time, the monitor assembles pin level activity into analysis
transactions.

In passive mode, only the monitor is constructed and it performs the same function
as in an active agent. Therefore, your passive agent has no need for a sequencer.
You can set up the monitor using a configuration object.

15. What are the types of sequencer? Explain each?

Ans:-

There are two types of sequencer:

uvm_sequencer #(REQ, RSP) :

When the driver initiates new requests for sequences, the sequencer selects a
sequence from a list of available sequences to produce and deliver the next item to
execute. In order to do this, this type of sequencer is usually connected to a
driver uvm_driver #(REQ, RSP).

uvm_push_sequencer #(REQ, RSP) :

The sequencer pushes new sequence items to the driver, but the driver has the
ability to block the item flow when it's not ready to accept any new transactions.
This type of sequencer is connected to a driver of type uvm_push_driver #(REQ,
RSP).

System Verilog Data Types interview Questions

> What is the difference between a reg, wire and logic in SystemVerilog?

> What is the difference between a bit and logic data type?

> What is the difference between logic[7:0] and byte variable in SystemVerilog?

> What is difference between int and interger?

> What is difference between 2-state and 4-state data types?

> What is chandle data type?

> Explain structure and union ?