SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE.

UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS 2017-2018

3. SOIL

STUDY
SYSTEM: CONDITIONS CHARACTERISTICS MATERIALS
TOOLS CASES
According to its FUNCTION
Among the many TECHNICAL Which must be considered to ensure
REQUIREMENTS to be that the building (or building element)
considered in each case, special has an appropriate level of
attention will be given to those PERFORMANCE to withstand the Construction
derived from: stresses it is subjected to. (Comparative behavior study) drawing
Various TYPOLOGY will be studied
in each case.
Mechanical Actions Properties of soils: Earth Materials: Site plan
Soil soil pressure + water pressure Particle Size bouldes, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt, clay
earthquakes Gradation stone, brick, concrete/mortar, ceramics
Water content

SOIL
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3. SOIL

1. SOIL is in contact with buldings and urbanization works EL TERRENO está en contacto con los edificios y obras de urbanización:
- as support of the buildings como apoyo de los edificios
- attached to one / several faces adosado a una/varias de sus caras
- embedding in the soil some constructive elements alojando en el terreno algunos elementos constructivos: conductos de instalaciones, cimientos, etc.
Ducts, foundations, etc.

2. The soil is able to have very different and variable characteristics, according to:
Physical and geological properties:
particle size,  rock / soil (any earth material that is particulate): boulder, cobble, gravel and sand (coarse-grained soils), silt and clay (fine-grained soils)
strength of the individual soil particles and the friction between them (cohesionless). (lateral sliding resistance & coefficient of friction)
sensibility to moisture content. e.g. clays are generally cohesive when dry, and plastic when moist (moldability). Expansive clays change size under changing subsurface moisture conditions.
stability during seismic events (liquefaction)
loadbearing capacity (allowable foundation pressure & lateral bearing)
stability
Chemical properties  presence of organic content, gypsum, etc.
Surface and sub-surface geometric characteristics  topography, strata, etc.
Los terrenos pueden ser de características muy diferentes y variables:
Características físicas – geológicas
Tamaño de las partículas: roca; materiales granulares: gravas, arenas, limos y arcillas.
Cohesión entre las partículas
Contenido de humedad (Hay suelos especialmente sensibles a las variaciones en el contenido de agua, p. ej. Las arcillas expansivas).
Estabilidad ante sismos (licuefacción)
Resistencia a compresión (ante las cargas que llegan a la cimentación o los empujes laterales)
Estabilidad.
Características químicas  presencia de materia orgánica, yeso, etc.
Características geométricas superficiales y en el subsuelo  topografía, posición de los estratos…

3. According to the properties of the soil, they can be produced:

Loads caused by soil and hydrostatic pressure (lateral soil pressure loads, horizontal pressures of earth + groundwater, buoyant uplift forces)
Water penetration into basements.
Chemical damage in constructive elements (buried or in contact with the ground)
Decrease of soil bearing capacity
Ground deformations  uniform settlement / differential settlement
Loss of ground stability
Según las características del terreno, se pueden producir:
Empujes simultáneos del terreno + agua freática (laterales e incluso de flotación)
Filtraciones de agua en los sótanos
Destrucción química de elementos constructivos enterrados o en contacto con el terreno
Pérdidas de capacidad portante del terreno
Deformaciones excesivas y/o diferenciales del terreno (asentamientos)
Pérdida de estabilidad del terreno

SOIL
© Joaquín Torres-Ramo, Marina Vidaurre-rbizu, Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Fernández. Department of Building Construction, Services and Structures. School of Architecture. University of Navarra 2
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE. UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS 2017-2018

4. The design of any building and urbanization work (especially their foundations and their structure) will be conditioned by these circumstances.
Estas circunstancias condicionan las características de los edificios y obras de urbanización (especialmente los cimientos y su estructura).

5. In order to assess geological hazards, a Geotechnical Report must be required during the design period, and usually completed across construction period.
Necesario realizar un estudio geotécnico del terreno antes de la ejecución.
Comparar y completar al excavar, en obra.

 Geotechnical report: Subsurface exploration and soils testing (by digging test pits or making test borings + Laboratory testing procedures).
(Excavando catas o realizando sondeos mediante perforaciones + ensayos de laboratorio)
.

EARTHWORK ACTUACIONES SOBRE EL TERRENO

Adequate conditioning of the natural soil Acondicionamiento adecuado del terreno natural

1. Earthmoving
Excavation (benched excavation at an angle of repose / sheeted excavation)  excavation support (shoring, soil mixing, slurry walls, bracing)
Fillings
1. Movimientos de tierras
1.1 Excavaciones y desmontes (ataluzadas según el ángulo de rozamiento interno (o ángulo de
reposo) propio del material del terreno / con elementos de contención)
 Entibaciones (por apuntalamiento, estabilización de suelos (mezclas de suelo), pantallas de
lodos tixotrópicos, arriostramientos)
1.2 Rellenos y compactaciones

2. Waterproofing and Drainage (dewatering) 2. Drenajes (extracción/evacuación del agua de la excavación/terreno)

SOIL
© Joaquín Torres-Ramo, Marina Vidaurre-rbizu, Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Fernández. Department of Building Construction, Services and Structures. School of Architecture. University of Navarra 3
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE. UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS 2017-2018

Z3.REFERENCES

Allen, Edward; Iano, Joseph. Fundamentals of Building Construction. Materials and Methods. 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons. New Jersey, 2009. ISBN 9780470074688.

http://www.northstareng.com/what-is-a-geotechnical-report/

SOIL
© Joaquín Torres-Ramo, Marina Vidaurre-rbizu, Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Fernández. Department of Building Construction, Services and Structures. School of Architecture. University of Navarra 8