Lecture Skin Depth Power Flow
Lecture Skin Depth Power Flow
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Skin Depth & Power Flow
Lecture Outline
• Skin Depth 𝛿
• Power Flow
Slide 2
1
3/5/2020
Skin Depth
Slide 3
Skin Depth
Waves in good conductors attenuate very quickly. The distance over which they decay by a
factor of 1⁄𝑒 is called the skin depth 𝛿.
E0
e z
E0 e
z
Definition of Skin Depth Relation to Impedance
1 j 2
1 m
45
In Terms of Fundamental Parameters
2 1
f
Slide 4
2
3/5/2020
Skin Depth for Various Materials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect
Slide 5
DC Resistance, RDC
Current density is uniform throughout
the conductor so the entire conductor
contributes to current flow.
J
3
3/5/2020
AC Resistance, RAC
Current density is NOT uniform throughout
the conductor so only part of the
conductor contributes to current flow.
J
Conductor Area for AC Resistance
Area Described by
AAC r 2 r
2
r 2 r 2 2r 2
r 2 r 2 2 r 2
2 r 2 for r
4
3/5/2020
Notes on Skin Depth and AC Resistance
• High frequencies experience so much loss that they do not penetrate
very far into a conductor.
• The depth of penetration is called skin depth .
• Due to the skin depth at high frequencies, only part of the conductor
contributes to current flow. This makes resistance increase as a
function of frequency.
• Drawbacks
• High frequencies experience more loss.
• Signals get distorted
• Benefits
• Conductors can be made hollow – cheaper, lighter, etc.
• Can make inner part of conductor out of a different material.
Slide 9
Power Flow
John Henry Poynting
1852 – 1914
Academic Advisor: James Clerk Maxwell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hen
ry_Poynting
Slide 10
10
5
3/5/2020
Poynting’s Theorem
Poynting’s theorem is a conservation of power equation.
The total power leaving a volume must be equal to the rate of decrease of the total energy
stored in the field plus the energy lost due to heat (or something else).
Power leaving
Power entering
Ohmic Loss
Stored Stored
magnetic electric
energy energy
E H ds 2 t H
S
1
V
2
V
22
E dv E dv
Total power Rate of decrease of stored Ohmic power
leaving volume electric and magnetic energy dissipated
Slide 11
11
Poynting Vector
From Poynting’s theorem, the term responsible for power leaving the volume is identified.
E H ds 2 t H
S
1
V
2 2
2
E dv E dv
V
Here flux is being integrated to get total power. The
argument must be power density (W/m2). This term is called
the instantaneous Poynting vector.
t E t H t
Due to the cross product, the Poynting vector ℘ is
perpendicular to both 𝐸 and 𝐻. For LHI materials, the
Poynting vector is in the same direction as the wave vector.
Ek H E H || k
Slide 12
12
6
3/5/2020
Instantaneous Poynting Vector ℘ 𝑡
Recall the electric and magnetic field components of a plane wave travelling in the +z
direction can be written in the time‐domain as
E
E z , t E0 e z cos t z aˆ x H z , t 0 e z cos t z aˆ y
Substituting these expressions into the definition of the instantaneous Poynting vector gives
t E t H t
E
E0 e z cos t z aˆ x 0 e z cos t z aˆ y
E2 E2
t 0 e 2 z cos aˆ z 0 e 2 z cos 2t 2 z aˆ z
2 2
Constant power Rapidly oscillating fluctuation in
flow power flow
Slide 13
13
Animation of Instantaneous Power Flow
E2 E2
t 0 e 2 z cos aˆ z 0 e 2 z cos 2t 2 z aˆ z
2 2
Constant power Rapidly oscillating fluctuation in
flow power flow Slide 14
14
7
3/5/2020
Average Poynting Vector ℘
The instantaneous power flow is rarely of interest because the rapidly fluctuating term does
not transport any net power. The more practical and useful quantity is the time‐average
Poynting Vector ℘ .
To obtain the time‐average Poynting vector ℘ , integrate over one wave cycle 𝜏.
1
avg t dt Integrating cosine over one wave cycle equals zero
0
because cosine is both negative and positive equally.
1 E02 2 z 1 E2
e cos aˆ z dt 0 e 2 z cos 2t 2 z aˆ z dt
0 2 0
2
E2
avg 0 e2 z cos aˆ z
2
Slide 15
15
Complex Poynting Vector ℘
For time‐harmonic signals, the frequency‐domain Poynting vector is complex.
E H*
The field expressions for the plane wave are
E
E z E0 e z aˆ x H z 0 e z e j aˆ y
Substituting these into the definition of complex Poynting vector gives
*
E
E0 e z aˆ x 0 e z e j aˆ y
E*
E0 e z e j z aˆ x 0 e z e j z e j aˆ y
E
2
E2
0 e 2 z e j aˆ x aˆ y 0 e 2 z e j aˆ z
Slide 16
16
8
3/5/2020
RMS Poynting Vector ℘
The complex Poynting vector ℘ is like the instantaneous Poynting vector ℘ 𝑡 and contains
the rapidly varying fluctuations in power flow.
A more meaningful quantity is the root‐mean‐square (RMS) power flow that is easily
calculated from the complex Poynting vector.
1 1
avg Re Re E H *
2 2
1
avg Re
2
1 E2 E2
avg 0 e 2 z cos aˆ z
Re 0 e 2 z e j aˆ z
2 2
2
E
0 e 2 z cos aˆ z
2
Slide 17
17
Total Power
The Poynting vector is a power density with units of W/m2.
To calculate total power flow through some area, integrate the Poynting vector over that
area.
P t t ds
S
The average power flow is simply calculated from the average Poynting vector.
Pavg avg ds
S
Slide 18
18
9
3/5/2020
Index Ellipsoids and Power Flow
Isotropic Materials Anisotropic Materials
y y
P
P
k k
x x
Power propagates in the direction of the Poynting vector ℘ which is always normal to the surface of the index ellipsoid.
From this, we can define a group refractive index 𝑛 and group velocity 𝑣⃗ .
Slide 19
19
10