0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views

Lecture Skin Depth Power Flow

1) The document discusses skin depth and power flow in electromagnetic fields. 2) Skin depth is the distance over which an electromagnetic wave decays by a factor of 1/e in a conductor. It depends on frequency and material properties. 3) At high frequencies, only the region within one skin depth carries significant current, increasing resistance. This allows for lighter, hollow conductors.

Uploaded by

Bill White
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views

Lecture Skin Depth Power Flow

1) The document discusses skin depth and power flow in electromagnetic fields. 2) Skin depth is the distance over which an electromagnetic wave decays by a factor of 1/e in a conductor. It depends on frequency and material properties. 3) At high frequencies, only the region within one skin depth carries significant current, increasing resistance. This allows for lighter, hollow conductors.

Uploaded by

Bill White
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

3/5/2020

Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory

Skin Depth & Power Flow

Lecture Outline

• Skin Depth 𝛿
• Power Flow

Slide 2

1
3/5/2020

Skin Depth 

Slide 3

Skin Depth 
Waves in good conductors attenuate very quickly.  The distance over which they decay by a 
factor of 1⁄𝑒 is called the skin depth 𝛿.

E0
e  z
E0 e
z

 Definition of Skin Depth Relation to Impedance
1 j 2
 1   m 



 45

In Terms of Fundamental Parameters

2 1
 
  f 
Slide 4

2
3/5/2020

Skin Depth for Various Materials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect

Slide 5

DC Resistance, RDC
Current density is uniform throughout 
 the conductor so the entire conductor 
contributes to current flow.

 
J

Conductor Area  ADC   r 2


r
 
RDC  
 ADC  r 2
Slide 6

3
3/5/2020

AC Resistance, RAC
Current density is NOT uniform throughout 
 the conductor so only part of the 
conductor contributes to current flow.

 
J

Conductor Area  AAC  2 r


r
 
RAC   for   r
 AAC 2 r
Slide 7

Conductor Area for AC Resistance

Area Described by 
AAC   r 2    r   
2

  r 2    r 2  2r   2 
  r 2   r 2  2 r   2
 2 r   2 for   r

 2 r Effective Conductor Area


AAC  2 r for   r
Slide 8

4
3/5/2020

Notes on Skin Depth and AC Resistance
• High frequencies experience so much loss that they do not penetrate 
very far into a conductor.
• The depth of penetration is called skin depth .
• Due to the skin depth at high frequencies, only part of the conductor 
contributes to current flow.  This makes resistance increase as a 
function of frequency.
• Drawbacks
• High frequencies experience more loss.
• Signals get distorted
• Benefits
• Conductors can be made hollow – cheaper, lighter, etc.
• Can make inner part of conductor out of a different material.

Slide 9

Power Flow
John Henry Poynting
1852 – 1914 
Academic Advisor: James Clerk Maxwell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hen
ry_Poynting

Slide 10

10

5
3/5/2020

Poynting’s Theorem
Poynting’s theorem is a conservation of power equation.
The total power leaving a volume must be equal to the rate of decrease of the total energy 
stored in the field plus the energy lost due to heat (or something else).
Power leaving

Power entering
Ohmic Loss

Stored  Stored 
magnetic  electric 
energy energy

  E  H   ds   2 t    H


S

   1 


V
2

 

V
22
  E dv    E dv
 
  
Total power  Rate of decrease of stored  Ohmic power 
leaving volume electric and magnetic energy dissipated
Slide 11

11

Poynting Vector
From Poynting’s theorem, the term responsible for power leaving the volume is identified.

  E  H   ds   2 t    H

S
   1 
V
 2 2
 2
  E dv    E dv
V
 
Here flux is being integrated to get total power.  The 
argument must be power density (W/m2).  This term is called 
the instantaneous Poynting vector.

  
 t   E  t   H  t 
Due to the cross product, the Poynting vector ℘ is 
perpendicular to both 𝐸 and 𝐻.  For LHI materials, the 
Poynting vector is in the same direction as the wave vector.
       
Ek H E   H  || k

Slide 12

12

6
3/5/2020

Instantaneous Poynting Vector ℘ 𝑡
Recall the electric and magnetic field components of a plane wave travelling in the +z
direction can be written in the time‐domain as
  E
E  z , t   E0 e  z cos t   z  aˆ x H  z , t   0 e z cos t   z    aˆ y

Substituting these expressions into the definition of the instantaneous Poynting vector gives
  
 t   E  t   H  t 

E 
  E0 e  z cos t   z  aˆ x    0 e  z cos t   z    aˆ y 
 

 E2 E2
 t   0 e 2 z cos    aˆ z  0 e 2 z cos  2t  2  z    aˆ z
2 2
Constant power  Rapidly oscillating fluctuation in 
flow power flow
Slide 13

13

Animation of Instantaneous Power Flow

 E2 E2
 t   0 e 2 z cos    aˆ z  0 e 2 z cos  2t  2  z    aˆ z
2 2
Constant power  Rapidly oscillating fluctuation in 
flow power flow Slide 14

14

7
3/5/2020

Average Poynting Vector ℘
The instantaneous power flow is rarely of interest because the rapidly fluctuating term does 
not transport any net power.  The more practical and useful quantity is the time‐average 
Poynting Vector ℘ .

To obtain the time‐average Poynting vector ℘ , integrate over one wave cycle 𝜏.

 1 
avg   t  dt Integrating cosine over one wave cycle equals zero 
 0
because cosine is both negative and positive equally.

1  E02 2 z  1  E2 
 
   e cos    aˆ z  dt    0 e 2 z cos  2t  2  z    aˆ z  dt
 0 2   0 
2  

 E2
avg  0 e2 z cos    aˆ z
2

Slide 15

15

Complex Poynting Vector ℘
For time‐harmonic signals, the frequency‐domain Poynting vector is complex.
  
 E  H*
The field expressions for the plane wave are
  E
E  z   E0 e  z aˆ x H  z   0 e  z e  j aˆ y

Substituting these into the definition of complex Poynting vector gives
*
 E 
   E0 e  z aˆ x    0 e  z e  j aˆ y 
 
 E* 
  E0 e  z e  j  z aˆ x    0 e  z e j  z e j aˆ y 
 
E
2
 E2
 0 e 2 z e j  aˆ x  aˆ y     0 e 2 z e j aˆ z


Slide 16

16

8
3/5/2020

RMS Poynting Vector ℘
The complex Poynting vector ℘ is like the instantaneous Poynting vector ℘ 𝑡 and contains 
the rapidly varying fluctuations in power flow.
A more meaningful quantity is the root‐mean‐square (RMS) power flow that is easily 
calculated from the complex Poynting vector.

 1  1  
avg  Re   Re  E  H * 
2 2
 1 
avg  Re 
2
1  E2   E2
avg  0 e 2 z cos    aˆ z
 Re  0 e 2 z e j aˆ z 
2  2

2
E
 0 e 2 z cos    aˆ z
2
Slide 17

17

Total Power
The Poynting vector is a power density with units of W/m2.

To calculate total power flow through some area, integrate the Poynting vector over that 
area.
 
P  t    t   ds
S

The average power flow is simply calculated from the average Poynting vector.

 
Pavg  avg  ds
S

Slide 18

18

9
3/5/2020

Index Ellipsoids and Power Flow
Isotropic Materials Anisotropic Materials
y  y
P 
P
 
k k
x x

Phase propagates in the direction of 𝑘.  Therefore, the refractive index 𝑛 derived from |𝑘| is best described as the phase 


refractive index 𝑛 .  Velocity here is the phase velocity 𝑣⃗ .

Power propagates in the direction of the Poynting vector ℘ which is always normal to the surface of the index ellipsoid.  
From this, we can define a group refractive index 𝑛 and group velocity 𝑣⃗ .
Slide 19

19

10

You might also like