Lecture Math With Vectors
Lecture Math With Vectors
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Math with Vectors
Outline
• Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Dot Product & Projections
• Cross Product & Area
• Vector Algebra Rules
• Triple Products
Slide 2
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Visualization of Vector Addition & Subtraction
Vector Addition 𝑈 𝑉 Vector Subtraction 𝑈 𝑉
y y
V
V
U U
U V
U V
x x
Slide 3
Vector Addition & Subtraction
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
Starting Vectors Starting Vectors Starting Vectors
U U x aˆ x U y aˆ y U z aˆ z U U aˆ U aˆ U z aˆ z U U r aˆr U aˆ U aˆ
V Vx aˆ x Vy aˆ y Vz aˆ z V V aˆ V aˆ Vz aˆ z V Vr aˆr V aˆ V aˆ
Slide 4
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The Dot Product 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
The dot product is all about projections. That is, calculating how much of one vector lies in
the direction of another vector.
A B A B cos
Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
A
B
Slide 5
Projection of 𝐴⃗ onto 𝐵
B B A B
AB A 2 B
B B B
Magnitude Direction
B
AB Bˆ
B
A
B
AB
Slide 6
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Projection of 𝐵 onto 𝐴⃗
A A B A
BA B 2 A
A A A
Magnitude Direction
A
BA Aˆ
A
BA A
B
Slide 7
The Dot Product Test
The dot produce can be used to test of two vectors are perpendicular. If they are, the
component of one along the other must be zero so the dot product must be zero.
A B 0 when A B
A A B 0 A A B 0
B B
Slide 8
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The Cross Product, 𝐴⃗ 𝐵
The cross product is all about area and calculating vectors that are perpendicular to 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵.
Area A B
B
A B A B sin aˆn
90°
90° A
aˆn is a unit vector perpendicular
to the plane defined by A and B.
A B
Slide 9
Handedness of the Cross Product
Slide 10
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Calculating Cross Products (1 of 2)
Suppose we wish to calculate the cross product 𝐴⃗ 𝐵.
A Ax xˆ Ay yˆ Az zˆ B Bx xˆ By yˆ Bz zˆ
Step 1 – Construct an augmented matrix.
First two columns are repeated
outside of the matrix.
xˆ yˆ zˆ xˆ yˆ
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay
Bx By Bz Bx By
Slide 11
Calculating Cross Products (2 of 2)
Step 2 – Multiply elements along the diagonals.
Ay Bx zˆ Ax By zˆ
Az By xˆ Az Bx yˆ
Ax Bz yˆ Ay Bz xˆ
Step 3 – Make left‐hand side products negative.
Step 4 – Add up all of the products.
A B Ay Bz Az By xˆ Az Bx Ax Bz yˆ Ax By Ay Bx zˆ
Slide 12
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The Cross Product Test
The cross product can be used to test if two vectors are parallel. If they are, the cross
product will be zero because the angle between the vectors is zero.
A B 0 when A || B
A B 0 A A B 0
B B
A
Slide 13
Vector Algebra Rules
Commutative Laws
A B B A A B B A
Associative Laws
A B C A B C
Distributive Laws
A B C A B AC
A B C A B A C
Self‐Product
2
A A A A A 0
Slide 14
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Triple Products
A B
Scalar Triple Product
The scalar triple product is the volume of a
parallelpiped.
B C A C A B A B C C
B
A
Vector Triple Product
The vector triple product arises when deriving the wave equation.
A B C B A C C A B
Slide 15