Early Chalukyan Architecture
Early Chalukyan Architecture
CHALUKYAN ARCHITECTURE
Ar. Kalpeshkumar Patel
THE CHALUKYAS OF AIHOLE, BADAMI AND PATTADAKAL (450 AD to 750 AD)
• The Chalukya Dynasty began in the mid fifth century AD. The capitals at Aihole , Badami and
y y y g y p ,
Pattadkal saw the construction of a fabulous serious of monuments.
• The Chalukya territory lay between Kanchipuram and Ellora and constituted a centre of influence
in medieval Indian art Many artistic innovations originated here and spread their influence far and
in medieval Indian art. Many artistic innovations originated here and spread their influence far and
wide, while the contributions of the Pallavas in the South and of Orissa in the north east were
absorbed into Chalukyan art with northern influence.
• Aihole Group of Temples
• Badami Group of Temples
• Pattadakal Group of Temples
Pattadakal Group of Temples
AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES (450 AD to 650 AD)
• Majority of Temples at Aihole are
Majority of Temples at Aihole are
Brahmanical, few are Jain.
• All appear to have been erected in the period
b t
between 450 AD and 650 AD.
450 AD d 650 AD
• Aihole group of temples consist of some
seventy buildings, about thirty of which are
contained inside a walled and bastioned
enclosure, while the other are disposed within
Ladh Khan Temple, Aihole y p
vicinity. It is in fact a town of temples.
• Temples at Aihole have flat or slightly sloping
roofs but in some instances are surmounted
by a small upper storey or tower (shikhara)
by a small upper storey or tower (shikhara),
which appears to have been added later.
• Aihole is significant in view of its two main
temples, the Ladh khan Temple and Durga
Temple. They illustrate two distinct variants in
the development of dressed stone Hindu
Architecture.
Durga Temple, Aihole
LADH KHAN TEMPLE AIHOLE (5th C) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• It is considered to be the oldest of the Aihole Group.
• The Temple is so called because of a Muslim hermit Ladh Khan had made it as his residence in
19th century.
• In shape it is a comparatively low flat roofed building.
LADH KHAN TEMPLE AIHOLE (5th C) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• It is inspired or devised from Village “Santhagraha” or Village Meeting hall which was planned for
secular and civic use. It was Timber Construction.
LADH KHAN TEMPLE AIHOLE (5th C) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• Th
The temple stands on square plan of
l d l f
15m side with high platform.
• It comprises a double peripheral
corridor surrounding a sculpture of
Nandi, the bull emblem of Shiva.
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It s cella or Garbhagriha stands next to
the back wall of the temple.
• Sixteen columns support this structure,
which is lit by holes in pierced in the
which is lit by holes in pierced in the
stone slabs.
• It is preceded by a vestibule with four
central and eight outer columns, all of
which rise from a low perimeter wall.
This form a sort of verandah and could
have served as a mandapa.
• Access is via a staircase flanked by an
elegant banister
elegant banister.
Plan and Section
LADH KHAN TEMPLE AIHOLE (5th C) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• The roofing technique seem to be a primitive effort
to replace the conventional thatched roof on a
wooden frame with a stone roof
wooden frame with a stone roof.
• The squat square section pillars carry the
considerable weight of the roof via a system of
capitals composed of four sturdy brackets arranged
in a cross shape.
LADH KHAN TEMPLE AIHOLE (5th C) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• Durga temple is another experimental stage in the development of the temple structure.
• It is Brahmanical version of Buddhist chaitya hall adapted to suit the service of the Brahmanical
It is Brahmanical version of Buddhist chaitya hall, adapted to suit the service of the Brahmanical
creed.
• The Durga Temple was probably erected during 6th Century.
DURGA TEMPLE AIHOLE (675 to 725 AD) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
Plan
• It is an apsidal – ended structure measuring 18m x 12m, with a large portico on its front 7.5m
depth, so that the entire length is 25.5m.
• Its peripheral colonnade itself has a apse, which encloses a structure of the same shape containing
a hall, in which two rows of four columns form a nave and the side aisles.
• The apsidal formula is reflected in the cella which stands in the centre of the apse leaving a narrow
The apsidal formula is reflected in the cella, which stands in the centre of the apse, leaving a narrow
corridor for circumambulation. The layout adopts some elements of the plan of a Buddhist
chaitya.
DURGA TEMPLE AIHOLE (675 to 725 AD) AIHOLE GROUP OF TEMPLES
• In front of the sanctuary an
In front of the sanctuary, an
entrance portico slightly
narrower than the temple is
reached by two staircases at
right angles to the temple axis.
• In the portico, a series of
columns rises from the low
perimeter walls. Graceful
deities, treated in a vigorous
deities, treated in a vigorous
style of relief carving,
ornament the pillars, which are
capped with bracket capitals.
d ith b k t it l
• Raised on a high particularly
high and heavily moulded
plinth, the topmost tier of the
flat roof is 9m from the ground.
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Over the apse a short
pyramidal tower or shikhara,
has been added later.
BADAMI GROUP OF TEMPLES
BADAMI GROUP OF TEMPLES (550 AD to 700 AD)
• Badami was the second Capital Town of the
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Chalukyas after Aihole.
• Badami was formerly called Vatapi. It stands in an
attractive setting formed by an artificial lake created
attractive setting formed by an artificial lake created
by a medieval dam and is surrounded by a
picturesque hillscape of red ochre rock. The town
offers a range of fine buildings.
• The site is also renowned for a series of caves
The architecture falls into two distinct types
1). Rock‐ Cut Temples
• Rock Cut Cave temples at Badami
2). Structural Temples
• Malegitti Shivalaya Temple Badami
Malegitti Shivalaya Temple, Badami
• Bhutanath Group of temples, Badami
Group of Temples, Badami • Maha kuta Group of Temples, Mahakuta
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD)
• A series of four cave temples hewn from
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top to bottom in the scrap of a southern
hill called Ranmandal (Fort of Battlefield).
• These are Brahminical in nature one
These are Brahminical in nature, one
Shaivite, two Vaisnavites and the fourth
one belongs to Jaina.
Cave 1 – Shaiva Temple
Cave 2 ‐ Vaishnava Temple
Cave 3 ‐ Vaishnava Temple
Cave 3 ‐ Vaishnava Temple
Cave 4 – Jaina Temple or Basti
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 1‐ SHAIVA TEMPLE
• This cave is reached by climbing about 35
This cave is reached by climbing about 35
steps.
• This is L‐Shaped cave and measures 14m long
and 7.5m deep and faces towards north.
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• The cave consists of pillared verandah, a hall,
and a small square cella hewn deep into the
rock.
• The Ceiling of the Verandah is carved with
huge “Naga”
huge Naga (Serpent) with human form and
(Serpent) with human form and
five hoods.
• The four square pillars of the verandah and
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hall are carved with animal figures like lion,
d ith i l fi lik li
elephant etc.
• The pillars ribbed shafts and capitals containing
bas reliefs of gods with amalaka type
cushions.
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 1‐ SHAIVA TEMPLE
• On the left side of the pillared hall, and outside the cave, a handsome sculpture of “Nataraja” (God
Shiva, the King of Dancers) with eighteen hands is carved.
• The snake , the drum, the trident, the fire and the tiger skin etc, held in his hands are all symbolic
and conventional representations of some abstract concepts.
• He is shown dancing on a lotus pedestal and flanked by Nandi (Bull) and Ganapati.
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 2‐ VAISHNAVA TEMPLE
• The cave can be reached by climbing about
65 steps from Cave I towards east. It faces
north.
• The four pillars of the verandah are carved
The four pillars of the verandah are carved
with bands of ornaments and brackets
containing sculpture “yalis” supporting eave
of the cave.
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• The mantap measures about 10m long and
7m wide and stands on eight massive pillars
3.5m high with capitals containing yalis,
lions etc.
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The ceiling is full of scenes based on
mythological stories.
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 3‐ VAISHNAVA TEMPLE
• The cave can be reached by
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climbing about 60 steps from
Cave II towards east, after
crossing through a door frame
crossing through a door frame
which contains inscription.
• The inscription states that
“Mangalesha” got excavated this
cave “ Vishnu Griha” in Shaka
500 (578 AD).
• The cave is about 21m long and
15m deep with high platform, the
front face of which is filled with
front face of which is filled with
delightful dwarfs playing the
musical instruments.
• The hall is supported by six
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massive pillars and two pilasters
carved with bracket figures.
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 3‐ VAISHNAVA TEMPLE
• In the cave we can see many images and sculptures like Narasimha (incarnation of Lord Vishnu –
with a face of a lion and body of a man), Varaha, Adishesha (Vishnu sitting on five hooded serpent).
• The mantapa has fourteen pillars and a few pilasters with capitals containing “yalis” supporting the
ceilings.
ceilings
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD to 700 AD) CAVE 3‐ VAISHNAVA TEMPLE
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD) CAVE 4‐ JAINA TEMPLE
• This cave is situated at top of the hill. It has the
Jaina temple or basti.
• Because of this cave, all the caves of Badami
a e o as
are known as “Mena Basti” meaning Jaina
e a ast ea g Ja a
Temple made of wax.
• This cave is dedicated to Adinath Tirthankara.
The four pillars of the verandah (10mx5m)
The four pillars of the verandah (10mx5m)
have wide capitals containing the hybrid
creatures – yalis supporting eave of the cave.
• In the cave we can see many images or
sculptures like Parshvanath, Jaina
Tirthankaras, Bahubali, Mahaveeer
Tirthankara etc.
• The entrance of the mantapa is lavishly
decorated The pillars are carved with
decorated. The pillars are carved with
sculptures of tirthankaras, yakshas and
yakshinis.
• The shrine contains the statue of Adinath
Tirthankara sitting on lion pedestal under a
tree.
ROCK CUT CAVE TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD) CAVE 4‐ JAINA TEMPLE
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD) MALEGITTI SHIVALAYA, BADAMI
• The temple stands on the hills on the
The temple stands on the hills on the
north side of Badami.
• It contains of a porch, assembly hall
and a cella or garbha griha.
• The square porch consists of large
monolithic pillars with heavy
bracket capitals. The entrance is
guarded by two Dwarpalakas.
• Sculptures of Shiva and Vishnu at the
Sculptures of Shiva and Vishnu at the
back, are carved on the south and
north walls of the temple into which
are built square perforated window
b ilt f t d i d
that let in a subdued light faintly
illuminating the interior of the hall.
• The high plinth contains a row of
lions and elephants symbolising
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strength, the outer wall contains a
belt of dwarfs dancing and playing
musical instruments.
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD) MALEGITTI SHIVALAYA, BADAMI
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD) AZAR SHIVALAYA, BADAMI
• Azar Shivalaya Temple displays an elegant
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profile on the height above Badami.
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• Little elephant mark the entrance of the
roofless mandapa.
• The abstraction of decorative forms is clear.
On either side of the entrance of the
garbhagriha is a door leading into the
circumambulatory passage.
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (550 AD TO 700 AD)
LOVAL SHIVALAYA, BADAMI HYPOSTYLE, BADAMI
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (7th C ) MAHAKUTA GROUP OF TEMPLES, MAHAKUTA
15kms from
Badami, at
,
Mahakuta, stands
a group of
temples enclosed
by a fort like
by a fort‐ like
heavily built wall.
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (12TH C) DATTATREYA TEMPLE, BADAMI
• The dam that maintains the artificial lake at
Badami has its own temple, Dattatreya Temple
built after 12th C, a syncretic deity combining
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.
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The columns inside the mandapa are made of
stone turned on a lathe, while the pillars at its
periphery are square.
• The multiple roof storeys contrast with the
The multiple roof storeys contrast with the
vertical projections and re entrants
surrounding the cella.
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (13th C ) BHUTANATH GROUP OF TEMPLES, BADAMI
• These temples are situated on the eastern
These temples are situated on the eastern
edge of the lake in which reflections
represents a fine enchanting view. These
temples stand on a high plinth, two to
three meters high.
• The big temple has a pillared hall, the door
frame of which consists of sculptures of
Ganga and Yamuna flanked by Dwarapalas.
• A “Shiva
A Shiva Linga
Linga” is enshrined in the temple,
is enshrined in the temple,
over which rises a vimana, which is
characterised by receding tiers resembling
a stepped pyramid culminating in a finial
t d id l i ti i fi i l
or kalasa.
STRUCTURAL TEMPLES, BADAMI (10th C ) BHUTANATH GROUP OF TEMPLES, BADAMI
PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES (650 AD to 750 AD)
• Under Vikramaditya I, the Chalukyans established yet another capital, that of Pattadakal, situated
half way between the older cities of Badami and Aihole.
• The Pallavas and Chalukyas were rival dynasties that battled for control of southern India. But in the
wake of war artistic influences were exchanged and the result was a style that combined Dravidian
wake of war artistic influences were exchanged and the result was a style that combined Dravidian
and Nagara styles.
• At Pattadakal, temples of no mean and order and in both styles of architecture are found side by
side.
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• There are ten temples of importance at
Pattadakal, four of which are in the
Indo‐Aryan or northern style, and six in
the Dravidian or southern.
INDO –ARYAN DRAVIDIAN
Papanath Temple Sangameshvar
Jambulinga Virupaksha
Karsedesvar Mallikarjuna
Kasinath g
Galagnath
Sunmeswar
Jain Temple
PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES (450 AD to 650 AD)
Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal
• The temple of Papanath , both in Plan and in elevation, bears every indication of a conception in
course of formation.
• In general appearance it is a long low composition, some 27m in length, with a tower at its end too
small and stunted to be in good proportion with the remainder of the building.
PAPANATH TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
GARBHA
ANTARALA MANDAPA PORCH
GRIHA
PRADAKSHINA
• O
Over the outer walls is a heavy cornice
h ll i h i
above which is a parapet of ornamental
shrines, while below is a substantial
basement formed of bold string courses
carried round the structure, like powerful
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bands binding the whole composition
together.
• It is the broad space between the upper
and lower members of the outside wall
and lower members of the outside wall
surface that the most instructive
architectonic sculpture has been applied.
This consists of a repetition of a feature
derived from a particular type of shrine for
decorative purposes into a bas relief.
• Each niche is composed of two pillars, a
cornice and a traceried canopy.
PAPANATH TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
• The interior produces that massive solid
character, both in bulk of its wall and
particularly in the shape of its pillars it
suggests rock cut influence.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
• It is a comprehensive scheme, as it not only consists of the central structure, but a detached
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nandi pavilion in the front and is contained within a walled enclosure entered by an
appropriate gateway.
• Larger in size, it measures 36m from the front of the porch to the back of the shrine.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
• Standing within a huge walled
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courtyard, the Virupaksha Temple is
symmetrical in plan. On the axis of the
gopuram that leads into the courtyard
that leads into the courtyard
stand the square Nandi pavilion, then
GOPURAM MANDAPA
GARBHA the great hypostyle mandapa that
GRIHA
NANDI
precedes the sanctum . The garbha
PAVILION griha is surrounded by a narrow
circumambulatory corridor, with a
courtyard forming a further peripheral
passage.
• Two pillars precede the cella forming
Two pillars precede the cella, forming
a kind of porch. Hypostyle hall has
four bays of four pillars. The
Hypostyle forms the centre of the
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composition and is surrounded by
three projecting portals, creating a
most original cruciform plan.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
• I h f
In the front of the axial portal is a
f h i l li
mandapa, which accommodates
the bull Nandi, which symbolizes
Shiva’s presence. It stands in the
centre of a courtyard, which is
g y
entered via a gateway in the form
of low gopuram.
• Owing to its balanced composition
it is much more pleasing to eye
it is much more pleasing to eye.
This satisfactory effect has been
obtained by treating the building as
unity, so that there is a definite
coherence and rhythmic grouping
of its parts.
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE, PATTADAKAL (6th C) PATTADAKAL GROUP OF TEMPLES
• Th
The temple displays projections and re‐entrants
l di l j i d
whose vertical rhythms contrast with the
vigorous horizontal mouldings of its base. A
multitude of divinities inhabits its recesses .
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