Learning Area Basic Calculus Grade Level 11

W5 Quarter Fourth Quarter Date (Week 5)

I. LESSON TITLE INTEGRATION
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING Solve Situational Problems Involving Exponential Growth and Decay
COMPETENCIES (MELCs)
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT The learners demonstrate an understanding of Anti-derivatives and Reimann
Integral
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: __20 minutes)
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:
a. solve situational problems involving exponential growth and decay, bounded growth, and logistic growth
Recall the exponential functions with definition of f(x) = bx
where in b is the constant of the base and the restrictions
that b>0 and that b ≠ 1. The domain of the exponential
function is the set of all real numbers, and the range is all
positive real numbers. For example, f(x) = 2x is an
exponential function with base of 2. The graph shows the
function f(x) - 2x

D. Development (Time Frame: _90 minutes)

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

The simplest growth model for a population depends only on the occurrence of births and deaths. Births and deaths, in turn,
depend on the current size of a population. In particular, they are fractions or percentages of the population. Thus, if y = f(t) is
the size of a certain population at time t, and the birth and death rates are given by positive constants b and d, respectively,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
the rate of change in the population at time t is given by = by - dy, henceforth replace b- d with the constant k. = ky.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
To depict rates of change, it follows that k may be positive or negative. If it is positive, meaning b>d
or there are more births than deaths, it denotes growth. If it is negative, meaning b<d or there are
more deaths than births, it denotes decay.
How does integration come into play?
A sample graph will illustrate why exponential growth is also called unbounded growth. Assume a
certain population begins with 100 individuals with a growth rate k = 1. The population at any time
t > 0 is given by y = 100et whose graph is as follows

EXAMPLE 1: Suppose that a colony of lice grows exponentially. After 1 day, 50 lice are counted.
After 3 days, 200 were counted. How many are there originally? What is the exponential growth
equation for the colony?

Solution. Recall the exponential growth Note that these two equations will give us the values for the two unknowns, y0
equation and identify information given and ek.
in the problem that will help answer the 50 = y0ek
question. 200 = y0e3k.
• y1 = 50 means that 50 = y0ek·1. From the first equation, y0 = 50e-k. Using this in the second equation, 200 = (50
y3 = 200 means that 200 = y0ek·3. e-k)e3k
200 = 50 e2k
4 = e2k
4=(ek)2
or 2 = ek
Substituting this in the first equation, 50 = y0 · 2 or y0 = 25.
Since the two questions are given, first, there were originally 25 lice in the
colony and second, the exponential growth equation for the given word
problem is y = 25 · 2t.
EXAMPLE 2: The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of
radium present. If the half-life of radium is 1690 years and there are 200 grams on hand now, how much radium will be
present in 845 years?
Solution. The exponential decay equation again starts off as y = Cekt. Since there are 200 grams present at the start, the
equation immediately evolves to y = 200ekt.
A half-life of 1690 years means that the initial amount of 200 grams of radium will reduce
to half, or just 100 grams, in 100 years. Thus, 100 = 200ek·1690.
1
This gives ek = (2)1/1690
1
and consequently, y = 200(2)𝑡/1690
1
To answer y = 200( )845/1690
2
1
= 200( )1/2
2
1
- 200( )
√2
1
= 200(0.707)
y = 141.4
Therefore, after 845 years, there will be approximately 141.4 grams of radium left.
BOUNDED GROWTH
In many cases, the population is limited by some resource, such as food or space. This limiting quantity or upper bound is
sometimes referred to as the carrying capacity, and researchers measure the difference between this limiting quantity and
the actual population. If the carrying capacity is given by a positive constant, K, the rate of change of y with respect to time
𝑑𝑦
t is proportional to the difference (K ! y). That is, 𝑑𝑡 = k(K - y). This type of growth is called bounded growth.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Now - k(K - y) implies that (𝐾 − 𝑦) = k dt Integrating both sides of the equation, we get -ln |K - y| = kt + C1 and so, |K - y| = e-
𝑑𝑡
kt+C1. Finally, we have, |K - y| = C · e-kt
Two cases emerge from the absolute value expression on the left: K-y > 0 and K-y < 0. The former means that population is lower
than the carrying capacity, while the latter has the opposite meaning. It is more usual that the former happens, thus for the
succeeding computation we consider the former, i.e., y<K.
y<K |K- y| = K - y
K- y = C · e-kt
y = K - C · e-kt
For future problem-solving, it is useful to note that C is equal to K - y0, where again y0 is the initial population, or the population
at time t.
EXAMPLE 3: A certain pawikan breeding site is said to be able to sustain 5000 pawikans. One thousand pawikans are brought
there initially. After a year, this increased to 1100 pawikans. How many pawikans will there be after 5 years? Assume that
pawikans follow the limited growth model.
Solution. We recall the bounded growth equation and With the values we have enumerated and solved, the
identify parts given in the word problem. bounded equation is now of the form
• K = 5000. y = 5000- 4000 · (0.975)t.
• y0 = 1000. This means that C = 5000 - 1000 = 4000 and the find the required population, y5.
equation becomes y = 5000 -4000 · e-kt. y= 5000- 4000 · (0.975)5
The population after 1 year, y1 = 1100, means we can = 5000 - 4000 · (0.881)
substitute y with 1100 and t with 1 to obtain e-k. = 5000 - 3524
1100 = 5000 - 4000 · e-k y = 1476.
4000 · e-k Therefore, there will be approximately 1476 pawikans in the
≈ 5000 - 1100 breeding site.
= 3900
3900
e-k = 4000
= 0.975
EXAMPLE 4: Suppose that newly-baked cupcakes are taken out of the oven which is set at 100 degrees. Room temperature is
found to be 25 degrees, and in 15 minutes the cupcakes are found to have a temperature of 50 degrees. Determine the
approximate temperature of the cupcakes after 30 minutes.
Solution. Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object is equal to the difference
between the object’s temperature and that of the surrounding air. This gives the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
- -k(y - 25)
Thus, y is assumed to be greater than ya. Furthermore, to denote the decrease, the constant of proportionality is written as !k,
with k > 0. t in this problem is measured in minutes. By separation of variables, this becomes y = 25 + Ce-kt , y0 = 100, we get
C = 75 and the equation becomes, y = 25 + 75e-kt.
1
The 50-degree temperature after 15 minutes gives e-k =(3)1/15
1
and the equation changes further to y = 25 + 75 (3)𝑡/15
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1
approximate the temperature after 30 minutes: y = 25 + 75( )30/15
3
1
y = 25 + 75( )2
3
1
y = 25 + 75( )
9
≈ 25 + 8.33
y = 33.33
Hence, after 30 minutes, the cupcakes’ temperature will be approximately 33 degrees.

LOGISTIC GROWTH
Further studies say that it is more appropriate for the rate of change of a population to be expressed as proportional to both
𝑑𝑦
the size of the population, y, and the difference between a limiting quantity, K, and the size of the population. Hence, = ky(K
𝑑𝑡
- y). This is called logistic growth.

n preparation for integration, we write the above equation We follow the same assumption for bounded growth that
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
as, = k dt; where the left side of the equation may be y<K. Thus, / /= and / / = eK kt + C , isolate y
𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦) 𝐾−𝑦 𝐾−𝑦 𝐾−𝑦

written as,
1 1
( +
1
), y = (K - y)eKkt+c
𝐾 𝑦 𝑘−𝑦
y + yeKkt+c
We solve this differential equation. 𝐾𝑒 𝐾 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
1 y = 1 + 𝑒 𝐾 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
I∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦) 𝐾
1 1 1 = 𝑒 −(𝐾 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶) + 1
∫ 𝐾 (𝑦 + 𝐾−𝑦
)𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝐾
1 1 1 = where C = e-c
𝐶 ∗ 𝑒 −(𝐾 𝑘𝑡 ) + 1
K
∫(𝑦 + 𝐾−𝑦
) ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
1 1
∫(𝑦 + ) K∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝐾
The logistic equation is thus, 1 + 𝐶 ∗ 𝑒 −(𝐾 𝑘𝑡 ) where C and K are
𝐾−𝑦
ln /y/ - ln /K - y/ = K kt + C positive constants. Its graph is shown on the right.
𝑦
ln/𝐾 − 𝑦 /= K kt + C
𝑦
/𝐾 − 𝑦 / = eK kt + C
EXAMPLE 5: Ten Philippine eagles were introduced to a national park 10 years ago. There are now 23 eagles in the park. The
park can support a maximum of 100 eagles. Assuming a logistic growth model, when will the eagle population reach 50?

Solution. To solve the problem, we first This piece of information allows us to Instead of solving for k, it will suffice to
recognize how the given information solve for the exponential term. find a substitute for e-Kk = e-100k. Clearly,
will fit into 100
23 = 1 +9𝑒 −100𝑘∗10 if e-1000k ≈ 0.37, then e-100k ≈ (0.37)1/10.
and improve our equation. 100
100
So, y = 1 +9(0.37)𝑡/10
100 23 = 1 +9𝑒 −1000𝑘
Since K = 100, we have y = 1 +𝐶 ∗ 𝑒 −100𝑘𝑡 100
1 + 9e-1000k =
100 50 = 1 +9(0.37)𝑡/10
and Since y0 = 23, we can solve for C. 23
100 9e-1000k =
100 50(1 + 9(0.37)𝑡/10 ) = 100
10 = -1
0
1 +𝐶 ∗ 𝑒
100
23
77 50 + 450 (0.37)t/10 = 100
10 =1 +𝐶 9e-1000k = 23 100−50
77
(0.37)t/10 = 450
10 + 10C = 100 e-1000k = 23 ∗ 9 1
(0.37)t = (9)10
C=9 e-1000k ≈ 0.37 1
Hence, the equation becomes; y = ln(0.37)t = ln(9)10
100 1
1 +9 ∗ 𝑒 −100𝑘𝑡
t*ln(0.37) = 10* ln( )
9
The current population of 23 eagles is t ≈ 10(2.2) = 22
equal to the population after 10 years, The eagle population in the said
or y10 = 23. national park will reach 50 in
approximately 22 years.
E. Engagement (Time Frame: _30 minutes)
LEARNING TASK 1: Solve the following problems.
1. The population of Barangay Siksikan is increasing at a rate proportional to its current population. In the year 2000, the
population was 10,000. In 2003, it became 15,000. What was its population in 2009? In approximately what year will its population
be 100,000?
2. Certain bacteria cells are being observed in an experiment. The population triples in 1 hour. If at the end of 3 hours, the
population is 27,000, how many bacteria cells were present at the start of the experiment? After how many hours,
approximately, will the number of cells reach 1 million?
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 30 minutes)
LEARNING TASK 2:
1. The half-life of a radioactive substance refers to the amount of time it will take for the quantity to decay to half as much as
it was originally. Substance Q has a half-life of 20 years. If in 2015, 100g of Q was at hand, how much will be at hand in 2055?
How much will be at hand in 2060?
2. Your parents bought a car in 2012 at the price of P1.2 million. The value of your car will depreciate over the years due to
use. Thus, in 2015 your car is valued at Php900,000. What will be your car’s worth in 2018? In what year, approximately, will
your car just be worth Php200,000?
V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: _60 minutes_)
1. A 1.5 liters of Cola at 45 0F is place into a 750 room. After an hour the temperature has risen to 500. How long will it take for the
temperature to rise to 70 degrees?
2. The sweet jelly was taken out to the fire with the ideal temperature of 180 0F and it is place into 380F refrigerator. After 10
minutes the sweet jelly has cooled to 1200F. If we must wait until the jelly has cooled to 500F before we eat, how long will we
have to wait?
3. Mariel comes from an island-town of 2000 people. She goes to the mainland with a friend and there they catch a highly
contagious virus. A week after their return to their island-town, 8 people are infected. How many will be affected after another
week? Their public health center decides that once 30.
4. The Covid-19 pandemic spreads through a population rapidly at rate that depends on physical contacts. The more people
who have a physical contact on the person who carries the virus the more it rapidly spreads and also the more uninfected
people there are, the more rapidly it spreads. These two factors make the logistics model good for studying the spread of the
virus. And clearly there is a maximum value for the people infected the entire population. At time t=0, there is one person in the
community of 1,000 people who has infected by the virus. Researchers find that for this particular strain of the virus the logistic
growth constant is b = 0.6030. Estimate the number of people in the community who will have had infected the virus after 10
days.
5. As the biologist for a certain crocodile farm, you know that its carrying capacity is 20,000 crocodiles. You initially release 5000
crocodiles into the farm. After 6 weeks, the crocodile population has increased to 7500. In how many weeks will the population
reach 10,000? In how many weeks will the population reach 20,000?

VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: __10 minutes)

• Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
✓ - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform thi s
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8

VII. REFERENCES Basic Calculus Learner’s Material, DepEd-BLR, First edition 2016.

Prepared by: Jasmin S. Velasco Checked by: Joralie J. Mendoza

Severa C. Salamat